广州地区中老年人群骨量减少及骨质疏松患病率的调查

目的：了解广州地区中老年人骨量减少（Osteopenia）及骨质疏松（Osteoporosis,OP），患病率的变化规律，为防治OP提供科学依据。方法：居住广州市内及郊区农村20年以上的40岁以上人群进行整群随机抽样，样本共1160人，准确记录其性别和年龄后，用美国Lunar公司的DEXA测试受试者L2－4和髋部的骨密度（BMD），然后进行统计、比较与分析。结果：40岁组女性L2－4及Ward‘s区BMD高于男性，该组骨量减少患病率男女性都超过样本数的1／3，50岁以男性高于女性，男性70岁组L2－4下降才明显，女性L2－4及髋部BMD从50岁起加速下降，L2－4BMD70岁以后减慢，男性60岁以后髋部BMD下降明显，不论男、女性髋部BMD下降直到80岁以上都较显著，骨质疏松患病率随年龄的增长而增加，女性50岁组起变化开始明显，60岁组OP患病率85％，并一起以重度OP占多数，农村患病率高于城市，男性在70岁组起OP患病率显著上升，结论：广州地区中老年人骨量减少及OP患病率与北京、上海、成都等地区近似，老年女性以重度OP占多数，50岁以上男性OP患病率达到30％，应得到足够的重视。     

新疆石河子地区汉族中老年人骨质疏松患病率调查

原发性骨质疏松症严重危害着中老年人的身体健康,发病率较高。为了解我区发病情况,本采用单光子骨矿测定仪对本地区584名汉族中老年人行骨矿含量测定。结果显示：男女性40岁以后骨密度(BMD）随年龄增长而逐年下降,骨量与年龄呈负相关。以峰值骨量头减少2．0SD为骨质疏松的诊断标准,50－59年龄段男性患病率为5．7％,女性为33．3％;60－69年龄段男性患病率达25％,女性达78．9％。两性间差异有显性（P＜0．01）;女性发病率为男性2．73倍。研究表明：本地区中老年男女性随年龄增长骨矿丢失明显加速,骨质疏松患病率随之增加,女性发病率明显高于男性。     

佛山地区中老年人骨密度测定及骨质疏松患病率分析

目的了解佛山地区中老年人群骨密度（BMD）变化规律及骨质疏松（OP）患病率,为本地区骨质疏松症的防治提供参考。方法使用美国Hologic公司双能X线骨密度仪对839例广东省佛山地区40～85岁中老年人正位腰椎和股骨近端进行骨密度测定。结果随着年龄的增加（40岁以上）,男女性各部位BMD逐渐下降,女性更为明显,男性腰椎BMD下降程度较轻。男性腰椎50～岁组与60～岁组比较和60～岁组与70～岁组比较、女性腰椎60～岁组与70～岁组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,其余各组比较差异有显著性意义。腰椎的OP患病率最高,40~59岁男女患病率差异无显著性,60岁以后女性明显高于男性（P〈0.001）。40～84岁人群腰椎和股骨骨质疏松症发病率男性为27.1%和2.2%,女性为46.4%和11.8%,男女比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.001）。结论佛山地区中老年人群BMD逐年下降,腰椎骨质疏松的患病率最高,研究的重点在中老年妇女。中老年人应坚持适当的体育活动,并注意防止跌倒导致的骨折发生。     

济南市1116例中老年人跟骨骨密度分析

目的探讨济南市中老年人骨质疏松的患病情况，为老年病工作者和老年人群的骨保健提供资料。方法对1116例中老年人健康查体者应用单能X线骨密度仪测量的右跟骨骨密度资料进行了回顾性分析，比较了骨密度与年龄和性别的关系。结果①在男性和女性45岁以上的人群中，随着年龄的增大，T值和BMD均逐渐降低，女性的降低幅度明显高于男性（P〈0．05）。②骨量减少和骨质疏松者在60岁以上男性中占60％，75岁以上占70％；骨质疏松患病率男性65岁～69岁组约占5％，70岁～74岁组约占10％，大于75岁组在20％以上。45岁～49岁的女性有30％的骨量减少；骨量减少和骨质疏松在女性50岁～54岁约占45％，55岁～59岁约占80％，60岁～69岁约占90％，70岁以上者高达99％。骨质疏松患病率在女性50岁～54岁近10％，55岁～59岁近30％，60岁～64岁近40％，65岁～69岁50％以上，70岁以上在70％以上。女性的骨质疏松患病率明显高于男性（P〈0．01）。③骨密度测定结果与年龄的相关性分析也显示，T值和BMD与年龄呈显著的负相关（P〈0．05），在女性其相关性更强。④以年龄为自变量，以T值和BMD为应变量，进行曲线拟合也看出，无论在男性还是在女性，T值和BMD随年龄的增大而逐渐变小，在女性曲线更陡。结论在中老年人群，随着年龄的增大，骨密度逐渐降低，骨质疏松的患病率明显增加，尤其在女性更为明显。     

湖北十堰地区正常人群骨密度调查研究

目的调查十堰地区正常人群的骨密度变化规律及骨质疏松患病情况,为骨质疏松的诊断和防治提供科学依据。方法选取居住在湖北十堰地区的居民3026例(男性1468例,女性1558例),用DTX-200骨密度仪(美国OSTEOMETER MEDITECH公司生产)测量非优势手尺桡骨远端1/3的BMD。结果男女性BMD均在30～39岁达到骨峰值,各年龄段男性的BMD均高于女性。女性从40～49岁开始(男性组从50～59岁开始),BMD开始明显下降(P0.05),骨量减少和骨质疏松的检出率明显增加(P0.05)。同龄组女性骨质疏松患病率比男性高(P0.05)。结论十堰地区正常人群BMD随年龄增长而降低,OP患病率随年龄增加而增加,女性OP患病率高于男性。     

武汉地区1359例骨密度测定及骨质疏松患病率分析

目的 分析武汉地区人群骨密度（BMD）变化规律及骨质疏松（OP）患病率。方法 使用美国Hologic公司双能X线骨密度仪对武汉地区2－91岁的居民1359人进行L1－4和髋部BMD测定,然后进行比较和统计分析。结果 男性腰椎骨峰值在30－34岁年龄段,女性在35－39岁;男、女性髋部骨峰值均在30－34岁。峰值后随年龄增长BMD逐渐下降,女性在50岁后可见明显的骨质丢失加速,而男性丢失是逐渐和缓慢的。武汉地区50－79岁人群骨质疏松症发病率男性为37．8％,女性为67．3％。结论 骨质疏松研究的重点在中老年妇女,但对于男性也不可忽视;骨质疏松的预防应从青少年开始。     

昆明地区中老年人群定量CT骨密度测定及骨质疏松症患病率调查

目的 采用定量CT（quantitative computed tomograph,QCT）分析昆明地区中老年人群腰椎和髋部骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)及骨质疏松（osteoporosis,OP）情况。方法 选取2021年3月至11月于云南省第一人民医院自愿接受腰椎和髋部QCT扫描的昆明地区50岁及以上中老年人,并记录其身高、体重和病史。将受检者以10岁为1个年龄层,按照不同性别,各分为3组（50~59岁,60~69岁,70岁及以上）。分别测量腰1~2椎体平均骨密度（L1-2 BMD）及全髋面积骨密度（TH aBMD）、全髋体积骨密度（TH vBMD）、股骨颈面积骨密度（FN aBMD）、股骨颈体积骨密度（FN vBMD）、股骨大粗隆面积骨密度（TR aBMD）、股骨大粗隆体积骨密度（TR vBMD）、股骨粗隆间面积骨密度（IT aBMD）、股骨粗隆间体积骨密度（IT vBMD）等参数。结果 共纳入555例受检者（男性180例,女性375例）,基于腰椎、全髋及二者任一部位BMD测量获取的OP总体患病率分别为33.51 %、12.79 %和36.04 %,其中任一部位的OP检出率与腰椎检出率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,腰椎和任一部位的OP检出率均明显高于髋部（P均＜0.001）。50~59岁年龄组,男性与女性L1-2 椎体BMD差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,60~69岁及70岁以上年龄组女性L1-2 椎体BMD均小于男性（P<0.001）。男性髋部各部位BMD与年龄无关（P>0.05）,女性则与年龄呈负相关（P<0.05）。50~59岁年龄组男女TH vBMD、FN vBMD、TR aBMD、IT vBMD差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,除女性TR aBMD低于男性外,其余均高于男性;60~69岁年龄组男性TH aBMD、FN aBMD、TR aBMD、TH vBMD、IT aBMD均大于女性（P<0.05）;70岁以上年龄组男性髋部各部位BMD均大于女性（P<0.05）。结论 昆明地区中老年人群腰椎测量OP总体患病率为33.51 %,全髋为12.79 %。60岁以上女性OP患病率显著高于男性,女性髋部BMD较男性更低。     

广州地区1 530例骨密度分析及骨质疏松发病率研究

目的为了解广州地区正常人群骨密度(BMD)的变化规律和骨质疏松(OP)的患病率.方法采用美国Lunar公司的双能X线骨密度仪对广州地区1 530名20～89岁居民进行腰椎2-4和髋部骨密度测量.结果男性腰椎骨密度峰值在20～29岁,女性腰椎骨密度峰值在30～39岁,男性与女性髋部骨密度峰值均在30～39岁,峰值后随年龄增加而骨密度下降,女性在50～59岁出现明显加速,男性没有加速下降现象.广州地区男性50～89岁骨质疏松患病率26.53%,女性50～89岁骨质疏松患病率42.64%,两者之间差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).结论广州地区女性骨质疏松患病率高于男性,预防骨质疏松的重点在女性,但对男性骨质疏松患者也不容忽视.     

广州市多社区1529名中老年人骨质疏松患病率及骨质疏松性骨折发生率分析

目的调查了解广州市社区中老年人骨量减少、骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的患病率及骨质疏松性骨折发生率,分析近年来骨质疏松患病率的增减趋势。方法采用现场问卷调查了解受试者的基本资料(包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、骨折史等),并用美国双能X线骨密度仪测量1529例40～87岁中老年人群的腰椎正位和左髋部骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD),以性别、年龄分组进行分析。结果随着年龄递增,各组髋部BMD值逐渐下降,而腰椎BMD值并未随着增龄而呈现递减的趋势,60岁以上中老人髋部BMD值显著低于腰椎BMD值(P0.05)。根据腰椎BMD值计算,中老年人OP总患病率为30.7%,其中女性为34.2%,明显高于男性的17.9%(P0.05)。低骨量(osteopenia,OPA)总患病率为41.8%,男女分别为42.4%和41.6%(P0.05)。根据髋部BMD值计算,OP总患病率更高,达到38.2%,女性为39.4%,高于男性的33.9%(P0.05)。OPA总患病率为47.4%,男性为52.7%,女性为46.0%(P0.05)。受调查的中老年男性中有骨折史的为82例,女性为357例,OP患者骨折发生率为37.8%,远高于非OP患者23.1%(P0.01),再骨折发生率OP患者为6.2%,高于非OP患者的2.64%(P0.01)。结论广州市社区中老年人骨质疏松患病率和脆性骨折发生率较高,且其发生率均较以往有明显增高的趋势,建议早筛查、早诊断、早治疗。根据髋部BMD值进行骨质疏松评估的敏感性更高,应该首选髋部作为骨密度测量的部位。     

广西南宁地区汉壮族人群骨密度及骨质疏松患病率研究

目的 评估广西南宁地区汉壮族健康人群骨量和骨质疏松(OP)的发病情况。方法 l084名健康人群采用双能x线骨密度仪检测腰椎正位、髋部、前臂的骨密度(BMD)值。按民族、年龄、性别进行分组，以10岁作为1个年龄段。结果 骨峰值年龄分布：男女汉壮族各部位骨峰值年龄在30-39岁，60岁后OP患病率(WHO)汉族男性23．36％，壮族男性25．00％，汉族女性31．69％，壮族女性44．44％，汉壮族男女各年龄段和总体OP患病率差异无显性。结论 广西南宁地区汉壮族男女健康人群峰值骨密度水平及骨质疏松检出率差异无显性。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.