黄芪多糖对IL－2／LAK抗肿瘤增强作用的动物实验研究

采用Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６鼠荷其自发产生的黑色素瘤Ｂ＿１６细胞，以生存期为指标，建立了黄茂多糖（ＡＰＳ）增强ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ抗肿瘤作用的动物模型，结果表明：ＡＰＳ自身具有一定的抗肿瘤作用，ＡＰＳ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）与ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ（５×１０￣３Ｕ／ｋｇ、５×１０￣７／ｋｇ）的抗肿瘤作用相似，荷瘤鼠生存期分别为２１．５７±１．８１天和２０．８６±１．８６天（荷瘤对照鼠为１５．７１±０．４９天）；ＡＰＳ对ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ的抗肿瘤效应有明显的增强作用，二者在上述剂量下联合应用，荷瘤鼠生存期为２４．８６±２．７３天（Ｐ＜０．０１）。并对荷瘤鼠进行动态细胞免疫功能观察，提示：ＡＰＳ和ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＭ均具有抵抗鼠脾ＮＫ细胞活性，ＩＬ－２产生能力和腹腔Ｍψ吞噬能力下降的作用，ＡＰＳ对ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ仍有显著增强效应。     

锂增强小鼠LAK细胞活性及其体内抗瘤作用的研究

本文观察了锂体外对小鼠ＬＡＫ细胞的作用及其体内抗瘤作用，以期找到一种能增强ＬＡＫ细胞活性，降低ＩＬ－２毒副作用的免疫调变剂。在ＩＬ－２诱导ＬＡＫ的同时加入ＬｉＣｌ，则能增强ＬＡＫ细胞的活性。以Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠接种Ｂ１６黑色素瘤细胞为荷瘤小鼠模型，比较了ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ，单独锂及ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ合并锂三组的抗瘤作用，结果表明，单独锂及ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ组与对照组相比均有抗瘤作用，但ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ和锂一起作用，其抗瘤作用最强，表现为能抑制肿瘤的生长及延长荷瘤小鼠的存活时间。因此，锂可望作为一种新型的免疫调节剂用于免疫性疾病及肿瘤的治疗。     

白细胞介素4基因转移的肿瘤细胞体内诱导杀伤细胞活性及细胞因子产生的实验研究

观察了小鼠接种高分泌ＩＬ－４的黑色素瘤细胞后体内免疫效应细胞（包括ＣＴＬ、ＮＫ细胞及ＬＡＫ细胞）抗肿瘤活性及其分泌的细胞因子（包括ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ－ｒ、ＴＮＦ及ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）水平的变化，荷瘤后第１５天小鼠脾细胞ＮＫ活性及经诱导后的ＬＡＫ活性有所降低，而经诱导后的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性显著升高，荷瘤小鼠腹腔内巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其分泌的ＩＬ－１水平也明显升高；在荷瘤后第４天及第１２天出现两个高峰，实验结果表明，高分泌ＩＬ－４的黑色素瘤细胞体内生长受抑制是因为ＩＬ－４基因的导入及ＩＬ－４的分泌使体内ＣＴＬ及巨噬细胞杀伤活性提高，因而使机体抗肿瘤免疫功能得以增强。     

慢性活动性乙型肝炎患者细胞免疫功能检测及其临床意义

测定了例慢性活动乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）产生的白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）活性，其中部分病人检测了血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平，膜白细胞介素２受体（ｍＩＬ－２Ｒ）表达，ＬＡＫ活性及外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，并分析了它们之间的相关性，结果表明：ＩＬ－２活性，ｍＩＬ－２Ｒ表达，ＬＡＫ活性，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．００１），而ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平，ＣＤ８细胞显     

绿茶儿茶素体内增强小鼠的肿瘤免疫反应

研究绿茶儿茶素（Ｇｒｅｅｎｔｅａｃａｔｅｃｈｉｎ，ＧＴＣ）在小鼠体内对淋巴瘤Ｌ５１７８Ｙ免疫反应的影响。结果表明，ＧＴＣ能（１）促进对Ｌ５１７８Ｙ产生免疫反应的小鼠细胞的特异性增殖，这一作用在ＧＴＣ２ｍｇ／ｄ灌喂的小鼠尤为显著，增殖作用比不灌喂的高６～１０倍；（２）加强特异性ＣＴＬ的诱导；（３）增加ＩＬ－２分泌和ＩＬ－２ｍ－ＲＮＡ表达；（４）培强ＮＫ细胞活性。ＧＴＣ上述作用可能与降低巨噬细胞的抑制     

TNF通过自分泌方式促进人T－LAK细胞体外增殖和功能分化

ＴＮＦ通过自分泌方式促进人Ｔ－ＬＡＫ细胞体外增殖和功能分化［英］／ＩｎｎｉｎｓＥＫ…／／Ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｅ．－１９９２，４．－３９～３９６用ＩＬ－２刺激的人ＦＢＭＣ能释放ＴＮＦ等细胞因子。本实验首次检测了内源性ＴＮＦ对人Ｔ－ＬＡＫ（Ｔ细胞衍生的）细胞增...     

转移因子和免疫核糖核酸对LAK细胞抗肿瘤活性的影响

本研究用重组白细胞介素２（ｒＩＬ－２）联合转移因子（ＴＦ）或抗肿瘤免疫核糖核酸（ｉＲＮＡ）作用于外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ），测定其对Ｋ５６２，Ｒａｊｉ及Ｈ７４０４细胞的杀伤活性。结果发现，高浓度ＴＦ（０．２５ｕ／ｍｌ）可抑制ＬＡＫ活性，ＴＦ进一步稀释（０．１２５ｕ／ｍｌ）可使其抑制作用消失。ＴＦ和抗肿瘤ｉＲＮＡ不能进一步提高最适剂量ｒＩＬ－２（５００ｕ／ｍｌ）诱导的ＬＡＫ活性，但能显著增强亚适剂量ｒＩＬ－２（２００ｕ／ｍｌ）诱导的ＬＡＫ活性，诱导ＬＡＫ活性增高的ＴＦ最适剂量为０．０３１ｕ／ｍｌ。ＴＦ或抗肿瘤ｉＲＮＡ单独不能诱导出ＬＡＫ活性，而当两者联合应用可诱导ＰＢＭＣ产生ＬＡＫ活性。本文为ＴＦ及抗肿瘤ｉＲＮＡ协同ＬＡＫ细胞疗法在临床应用提供实验基础。     

重组痘苗病毒载体介导的IL-2基因局部转染对小鼠黑色素瘤的治疗作用

采用编码人ＩＬ－２基因的重组痘苗病毒载体（ｒＶＶ－ＩＬ－２），以ｉｎｖｉｖｏ模式体内局部转染小鼠黑色素瘤，结果肿瘤生长速度明显减慢，荷瘤小鼠存活期显著延长。体内免疫功能的检测表明，荷瘤小鼠脾细胞的ＮＫ活性及诱导后的ＬＡＫ、ＣＴＬ活性明显高于对照组，表明采用ｒＶＶ－ＩＬ－２载体介导ｉｎｖｉｖｏ的肿瘤基因治疗具有一定的前景。     

IL-2基因修饰成纤维细胞对肝癌荷瘤小鼠的治疗实验

目的研究双顺反子逆转录病毒载体介导ＩＬ－２基因转导成纤维细胞对小鼠肝癌的治疗作用。方法利用双顺反子逆转录病毒载体ｐＧＣＥＮ／ＩＬ－２将ＩＬ－２基因转导小鼠成纤维细胞ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３，然后将分泌ＩＬ－２的成纤维细胞与６０Ｇｙγ射线照射的肝癌Ｈ２２细胞皮下植入三天前５×１０５或２．２×１０５肝癌Ｈ２２细胞皮下注射的ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ鼠。结果分泌ＩＬ－２的成纤维细胞治疗组能明显增加荷瘤小鼠的生存率（Ｐ＜０．０２５），抑制肿瘤生长（Ｐ＜０．０５），在肿瘤植入第７０天无肿瘤形成的小鼠再次注射１×１０６Ｈ２２细胞仍然不发生肿瘤。５１Ｃｒ释放试验表明来自照射Ｈ２２与分泌ＩＬ－２成纤维细胞混合液注射的小鼠脾细胞与５１Ｃｒ标记的Ｈ２２细胞共培养后，５１Ｃｒ特异释放明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论实验结果表明ＩＬ－２基因修饰的成纤维细胞能诱导针对肝癌的特异免疫反应。     

人白细胞介素4诱导杀伤细胞的研究

人重组白细胞介素４（ｒｈＩＬ－４）在ＰＨＡ协同下，从人外周血单核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）诱导出明显的ＬＡＫ活性，其对Ｋ５６２、Ｒａｊｉ细胞的杀伤力低于ＩＬ－２诱导者，对ＴＢＬ－Ｅ，ＰＨＡ活化的淋巴母细胞（ＰＨＡ－ｂｌａｓｔｓ）的杀伤力和ＩＬ－２诱导者相似。在ＰＨＡ介导的４小时５１Ｃｒ杀伤试验中，加入ＰＨＡ后，ＩＬ－４－ＬＡＫ对ＰＨＡ－ｂｌａｓｔｓ的杀伤力提高２．３倍，而ＩＬ－２－ＬＡＫ对ＰＨＡ－ｂｌａｓｔｓ的杀伤力无变化，提示ＩＬ－４主要诱导ＣＴＬ样活性，而ＩＬ－２主要诱导ＮＫ样活性，ＩＬ－４诱导效应ＣＴＬ的能力强于ＩＬ－２。我们的实验同时证实，在淋巴细胞活化的早期，ＩＬ－４抑制ＩＬ－２诱导的ＬＡＫ活性，淋巴细胞活化后，ＩＬ－４与ＩＬ－２有协同作用，增强ＩＬ－２诱导的ＬＡＫ活性。     

Differential bioassay of interleukin 2 and interleukin 4

The T cell-derived lymphokines interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 4 (IL-4, originally BSF-1) both exhibit T cell growth-promoting activity. Recent observations that T cell lines commonly used as indicator cells in IL-2 bioassays also proliferate in response to IL-4 demonstrate the lack of specificity of these bioassays for IL-2. In this report we describe a bioassay method to differentiate IL-2 and IL-4 through the parallel use of two T cell lines with defined lymphokine specificity. The IL-2-responsive CT6 cell line, when used in conjunction with the IL-2- and IL-4-responsive HT-2 cell line, allows for the differentiation of IL-2 and IL-4 in conditioned media.     

Solid phase interleukin 2

Interleukin 2 was bound to Sepharose beads in order to assess its potential bioactivity in vitro. Although the cytokine was attached to the solid phase via a standard chemical reaction for covalent coupling, it was spontaneously released into culture medium in an active form during short-term incubation. Release was absolutely dependent on the availability of soluble protein in the incubation medium, and it was greater at 37 than at 4 degrees C. Approximately 80% of the cytokine attached to the Sepharose beads was recovered in the medium after appropriate incubation for several days. The release of interleukin 2 from the solid phase resulted from the dissolution of aggregated cytokine. Noncovalent self-aggregation of interleukin 2 onto solid surfaces represents an unusual biochemical property that has implications for the molecular interactions of the cytokine with the solid phase, for the use of bound interleukin 2 in preparative or analytical modes, and for the development of immunotherapy for patients with solid tumors.     

Soluble interleukin 2 receptor release, interleukin 2 production, and interleukin 2 receptor expression in activated T-lymphocytes in vitro.

Following activation in vitro, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) express cell-associated interleukin-2 receptors (IL2R). The present study was undertaken to define the proportion of T lymphocyte subsets that express the IL2R (CD25 antigen) upon different mitogenic stimulation. Double immunofluorescence staining with different fluorochromes, fluorescein isothiocyanate and phycoethyrin, was applied for identification of IL2R positive cells and individual lymphocyte subset. The exact percentage of individual activated lymphocyte subset bearing IL2R was enumerated by photographic counting. There was paucity of IL2R in freshly isolated, unstimulated peripheral blood, PBMC cultured without mitogen, and cultured B lymphocytes. Following pokeweed mitogen stimulation in vitro, 19% of CD4 (T-helper/inducer) lymphocytes and 14% of CD8 (T-suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytes expressed IL2R. Similarly, 25% of CD4 lymphocytes and 19% of CD8 lymphocytes expressed IL2R following phytohemagglutinin stimulation in vitro. Contrary to the reported data of Tac-positive cells in human lymphoid tissues, our study revealed that, upon lectin mitogen stimulation, approximately 55% of IL2R positive PBMC were CD4 lymphocytes, and 45% of them were CD8 lymphocytes. These observations imply the plausible notion that interleukin-2 mediated immune activation of T lymphocytes in PBMC is different from that in local lymphoid organs. It was also demonstrated that the release of soluble IL2R (sIL2R) and IL2 production in supernatant from cultured PBMC varied with different lectin stimulation. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the cellular and soluble IL2R but the production of IL2 from activated mononuclear cells bore no good correlation with either the cellular IL2R expression or the release of sIL2R.     

Corticosteroid-interleukin 2 interactions: inhibition of binding of interleukin 2 to interleukin 2 receptors.

PHA activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) were incubated with human interleukin 2 (IL-2) in the absence or in the presence of 10(-6)-10(-9) M hydrocortisone (HC). HC suppressed the proliferative response of the activated MNC to highly purified human leucocyte IL-2 in a dose dependent manner. This suppression was in full accordance with an inhibition of the IL-2 binding capacity, whereby the high affinity binding sites were reduced by 85%, while the low affinity sites were less affected. The mechanism by which HC inhibits the binding of IL-2 is still unknown. Evidence is presented that HC binds only weakly to IL-2. We conclude that HC interferes with the IL-2 binding by modulating the binding and/or signal processing function of the IL-2 receptor.     

Detection of interleukin 2 receptors on murine lymphocytes using fluorescent interleukin 2.

Murine interleukin 2 receptors found on freshly isolated and on in vitro activated lymphocytes were identified using a fluorescent interleukin 2 (IL2F). Three percent of freshly isolated small thymocytes bound the IL2F; these cells appeared to be dual CD4 and CD8 positive cells. Ten percent of the larger thymocytes also bound the IL2F; phenotypically, these cells were more heterogenous in their CD4/CD8 composition than the small IL2F+ thymocytes. Freshly isolated splenocytes bound more IL2F than did the thymocytes. Twenty-four percent of the small splenocytes were IL2F+ and they were mostly B220+ cells. Half of the larger splenocytes were IL2 receptor positive and these cells consisted of B and T cells. Using mitogen stimulated splenocytes, three times as many LPS stimulated B220+ blasts bound the fluorescent IL2 than freshly isolated large B220+ cells; this level of IL2F binding was maintained for four days. Of the Con A blasts, more CD8+ cells (30%) bound IL2F than did CD4+ blasts (19%); these cells maintained this level of IL2F binding for only three days. The IL2F binding could be completely inhibited by excess unlabeled IL2 and could be inhibited by 92% using a monoclonal antibody directed against the IL2 binding region of the IL2 alpha receptor, indicating that IL2F can bind to both IL2 alpha and IL2 beta receptors.     

A soluble 'anchorminus' interleukin 2 receptor suppresses in vitro interleukin 2-mediated immune responses

The immunosuppressive effects of a recombinant soluble IL-2 receptor L chain (s-IL-2R) were analyzed. S-IL-2R protein was obtained from the conditioned medium of L cells transfected with a mutant cDNA clone encoding the extracytoplasmic portion of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and was purified to homogeneity by an IL-2-coupled sepharose column, following by reverse phase chromatography (HPLC). Soluble IL-2R protein thus prepared retained the ability to bind IL-2 specifically and suppressed the in vitro IL-2-mediated immune responses, including proliferation of IL-2-dependent cell line (CTLL-2), induction of secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), but did not suppress the growth of IL-3-dependent cell line. Kinetic studies revealed that s-IL-2R exhibited the suppressive effects on the proliferative responses of alloantigen stimulated human tonsillar cells, only when added at an early stage, namely 0-48 h after culture onset, whereas cyclosporin A (CsA) exhibited an inhibitory effect only when added at between 0 and 24 h. This implies that s-IL-2R exerts its effect on an early stage of lymphocyte activation. The observed immunosuppressive effects of s-IL-2R suggest the possibility that s-IL-2R might be useful for the protection of rejection crisis in organ transplantation.     

Augmentation of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 production by OK-432

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of OK-432 augmented both interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production to the rechallenge of OK-432 in vitro. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of mice 8 days after i.p. injection with OK-432 (1 KE/mouse) showed maximum IL-1 production to the restimulation with OK-432 in vitro. OK-432-induced IL-1 was consisted of three molecular weight species (two major peaks: 85 K and 15 K daltons and one minor peak: 67 K daltons) on Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Splenocytes of mice 4 days after i.p. injection with OK-432 (1 KE/mouse) demonstrated maximum IL-2 production to the in vitro rechallenge of OK-432, however, in vivo OK-432 administration failed to enhance ConA-induced IL-2 production in vitro. From gel filtration analysis, OK-432 induced IL-2 had an unique molecular weight (approximately 70 K daltons). From these results, OK-432-induced augmentation of cellular immunity against tumor cells might be due to the activation of so-called lymphokine cascade reaction mediated by IL-1 and IL-2.     

T-lymphocyte activation in IgA nephropathy: Serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor level,interleukin 2 production,and interleukin 2 receptor expression by cultured lymphocytes

The present study was undertaken to examine the T-lymphocyte activation in IgA nephropathy. Serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL2R) levels were studied in 29 IgA nephritic patients, 17 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (non-IgA nephropathy), and 30 healthy controls during an infection-free period. No difference in serum sIL2R level was demonstrated among these three groups of subjects. However, the serum sIL2R levels of IgA nephritic patient rose significantly during clinical exacerbation with synpharyngitic macroscopic hematuria and the serum sIL2R levels fell when hematuria subsided. Mitogen-stimulated cellular interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) expression, sIL2R release, and interleukin 2 (IL2) production were also examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured for 24–48 hr in 21 patients with IgA nephropathy, 17 patients with chronic glomerulonephritides, and 17 healthy controls. The total cellular IL2R expression and sIL2R release did not differ among these three groups of subjects. However, the individual T-cell subsets bearing IL2R were distinctly different between IgA nephritic patients and the other two groups of controls. IgA nephritic patients had increased activated CD4+ lymphocytes and reduced activated CD8+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, IL2 production in response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen stimulation was increased in lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy. The IL2 production did not correlate with the quantities of cellular and sIL2R yet the cellular IL2R expression paralleled the sIL2R released by cultured lymphocytes. Our present study suggests that the T lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy have a defect in overproduction of IL2 and increased activated T helper-cell subset upon mitogenic stimulation. Serum measurement of sIL2R could potentially be useful in monitoring the disease activity.     

Biochemical separation of interleukin 2

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a class of T cell growth factors produced by T cells of a number of species. The unique growth-promoting properties of these molecules allow the development of antigen-specific effector T cell lines which can be used to analyze the molecular basis of lymphocyte interactions. A murine T cell tumor line has been identified as a source of IL-2. The purification and biochemical properties of murine IL-2 are described, and compared with rat and human IL-2.