RANTES与糖尿病及其血管并发症

调节活化正常T细胞表达与分泌的趋化因子（regulated upon activation,normal T-cell espressed and secreted,RANTES）与其特异性受体结合后,可趋化炎症细胞和炎症因子到达胰腺组织,损伤胰岛β细胞功能,促进糖尿病的发生.研究发现,RANTES在糖尿病大血管及微血管内皮表面表达增加,其与黏附分子相互作用后,可激活白细胞释放多种炎症因子,诱导炎症反应及血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞的增殖,从而参与糖尿病大血管及微血管并发症的发生、发展.     

RANTES与糖尿病及其血管并发症

调节活化正常T细胞表达与分泌的趋化因子(regulated upon activation,normal T-cell ex-pressed and secreted,RANTES)与其特异性受体结合后,可趋化炎症细胞和炎症因子到达胰腺组织,损伤胰岛β细胞功能,促进糖尿病的发生。研究发现,RANTES在糖尿病大血管及微血管内皮表面表达增加,其与黏附分子相互作用后,可激活白细胞释放多种炎症因子,诱导炎症反应及血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞的增殖,从而参与糖尿病大血管及微血管并发症的发生、发展。     

气道平滑肌细胞作为免疫调节细胞与支气管哮喘炎症的关系

气道平滑肌不仅能调节支气管收缩,而且与支气管哮喘气道炎症和气道重塑的发生、发展密切相关.近年研究表明,气道平滑肌细胞在支气管哮喘的免疫调节、气道炎症反应方面起着重要免疫调控作用.     

合成/增殖表型气道平滑肌在支气管哮喘发病中的作用

气道慢性炎症与气道重建是支气管哮喘的重要特征,与气道平滑肌的功能状况密切相关.近年研究发现,气道平滑肌细胞可合成和表达多种调节因子,在支气管哮喘的发病机制中起着重要的免疫调节功能.     

气道平滑肌G蛋白耦联受体信号通路在哮喘发病中的作用

G蛋白耦联受体（GPCRs）是一组蛋白超家族成员,负责将胞外多种刺激通过细胞膜转导到细胞内不同的信号分子,从而调节多种细胞功能.目前大多数治疗哮喘的药物作用靶点是气道平滑肌（ASM）上的GPCRs.以往的研究均集中在GPCR调节ASM收缩和气道阻力方面,越来越多的资料表明,GPCRs如果对于ASM收缩状态的影响甚微,那么就可能会调节ASM的生长或分泌各种细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子等,作用于间充质细胞和浸润的炎症细胞,在气道炎症、气道重构的发生发展起重要作用.本文综述ASM上各种GPCRs的信号通路与功能,以进一步理解哮喘的发病机制.     

滤泡辅助T细胞相关分子与支气管哮喘

滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper cells,Tfh)是近来发现的CD4+T细胞亚群,它能够迁移至次级淋巴中心的B细胞滤泡,促进生发中心反应,包括调节生发中心的形成、发展和成熟以及辅助B细胞产生具有免疫功能的球蛋白及影响类别转换.Tfh能连续产生趋化因子受体5,在其配体CXCL13的作用下,外周的Tfh被募集至生发中心的B淋巴滤泡,参加生发中心的形成.诱导性共刺激分子和CO40L可以与B细胞表面的配体结合可以调节Tfh分泌IL-21参与B细胞的免疫应答,参与体液免疫.支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)发病机制复杂,T淋巴细胞在哮喘的气道炎症反应中起重要作用.本文回顾了Tfh细胞相关分子在哮喘气道炎症中的作用.     

气道平滑肌细胞作为免疫调节细胞与支气管哮喘炎症的关系

气道平滑肌不仅能调节支气管收缩,而且与支气管哮喘气道炎症和气道重塑的发生、发展密切相关。近年研究表明,气道平滑肌细胞在支气管哮喘的免疫调节、气道炎症反应方面起着重要免疫调控作用。     

白细胞介素-13可溶性受体对支气管哮喘小鼠嗜酸粒细胞凋亡的影响

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是由多种细胞包括气道炎症细胞、结构细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病[1].嗜酸粒细胞( Eos)是哮喘气道炎症的关键效应细胞.哮喘气道Eos凋亡不足或延迟是气道Eos大量浸润的成因之一.阻断IL-13信号通路可明显改善气道炎症,减轻气道高反应性(AHR).本研究中应用重组IL-13可溶性受体α2(sIL-13Rα2)治疗哮喘小鼠模型,观察BALF中Eos凋亡率及嗜酸粒细胞趋化因子(Eotaxin)表达的影响,探索sIL-13 Rα2对哮喘的治疗作用及相关机制.     

合成／增殖表型气道平滑肌在支气管哮喘发病中的作用

气道慢性炎症与气道重建是支气管哮喘的重要特征,与气道平滑肌的功能状况密切相关。近年研究发现,气道平滑肌细胞可合成和表达多种调节因子,在支气管哮喘的发病机制中起着重要的免疫调节功能。     

合成／增殖表型气道平滑肌在支气管哮喘发病中的作用

气道慢性炎症与气道重建是支气管哮喘的重要特征，与气道平滑肌的功能状况密切相关。近年研究发现，气道平滑肌细胞可合成和表达多种调节因子，在支气管哮喘的发病机制中起着重要的免疫调节功能。     

Pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions of airway smooth muscle: Emerging concepts

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) is the main regulator of bronchomotor tone. Extensive studies show that in addition to their physical property, human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells can participate in inflammatory processes modulating the initiation, perpetuation, amplification, and perhaps resolution of airway inflammation. Upon stimulation or interaction with immune cells, ASM cells produce and secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. These released mediators can, in turn, contribute to the inflammatory state, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling present in asthma. As our knowledge of ASM myocyte biology improves, novel bioactive factors are emerging as potentially important regulators of inflammation. This review provides an overview of our understanding of some of these molecules, identifies rising questions, and proposes future studies to better define their role in ASM cell modulation of inflammation and immunity in the lung and respiratory diseases.     

Circulating adhesion molecules in sera of asthmatic children

Infiltration of cells into the lung in asthma is regulated by several expressions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on cells present in the airways, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We sought to evaluate the role of serum concentrations of the soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin (sE-selectin) in the control of disease activity in acute asthma. Circulating levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin in sera from 15 normal control subjects and from 20 allergic asthmatic children with acute exacerbations who had returned to stable condition were determined by using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mean concentration of serum sICAM-1 levels was significantly higher during an acute exacerbation of asthmatic children than in those with stable asthma (19.41 +/- 10.65 ng/mL vs. 13.46 +/- 5.44 ng/mL; P < 0.001) or in control subjects (9.83 +/- 2.02 ng/mL; P < 0.001). For sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin, the mean serum concentration of sVCAM-1 was slightly higher in children during an acute exacerbation asthma than when stable. However, the differences did not reach statistical significance. The mean serum concentrations of sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin in acute asthma or stable asthma were significantly higher than in control subjects. This study provides further evidence that serum concentrations of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin are increased in acute asthma. These findings further confirm that leukocyte endothelial adhesion plays a role in inflammatory airway disease.     

Changes of Soluble ICAM-1 Levels in Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with Atopic Bronchial Asthma After Allergen Challenge

Leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction is essential for leukocyte infiltration into inflammatory sites. Initiation of adhesion is through the up-regulated expression of adhesion molecules in the endothelium or epithelium and the activation of adhesion molecules on leukocytes. To our knowledge, there have been few reports concerning soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s1CAM-1) in patients with atopic bronchial asthma after allergen challenge. If the levels of s1CAM-1 vary between bronchial asthma patients and normal controls, this variance would be useful to assess the state of this disease. Therefore, we measured the levels of s1CAM-1 in sera from 17 patients with atopic bronchial asthma and normal control subjects. Levels of s1CAM-1 in sera from bronchial asthma patients in prechallenge conditions were higher than in normal control subjects. Levels of s1CAM-1 in sera from bronchial asthma patients 8 hr after challenge were higher than those in sera obtained during prechallenge periods. s1CAM-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from bronchial asthma patients 8 hr after challenge were higher than at 30 min after challenge. These results suggest that higher levels of s1CAM-1 in sera and BAL fluids reflect the up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression in allergic bronchial asthma and these high levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic bronchial asthma.     

Circulating adhesion molecules in allergic and non-allergic asthma

Circulating forms of adhesion molecules (intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin ) are related to the turnover of these molecules on the cell surface. In contrast to the other molecules, the levels of E-selectin probably exclusively reflect the activity of endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to compare levels of circulating adhesion molecules in patients with allergic (AA) and non-allergic asthma (NA) and to relate the levels of soluble adhesion molecules to methacholine responsiveness and lung function. The study comprised 19 patients with AA, 15 patients with NA and 17 healthy subjects. Soluble adhesion molecules, spirometry, methacholine responsiveness and peak flow variability was measured. The group of patients with AA had higher levels of sE-selectin than the reference group (P=0.046). Serum levels of sE-selectin correlated significantly with bronchial responsiveness (r=0.76) and peak flow variability (r=0.75) (P<0.01) in the NA but not in the AA group. All adhesion molecules in AA (P<0.05-<0.001), but only sE-selectin in NA (P<0.05), were correlated to airway conductance. sVCAM-1 was reduced by inhaled steroids (P<0.01). Our results indicate that endothelial cells are activated in asthma and that this activity has a bearing on airflow variability and bronchial responsiveness in NA.     

免疫球蛋白超家族与支气管哮喘

本文概述了免疫球蛋白超家族血管细胞黏附分子-1（VCAM-1）、细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）的结构、表达和调节。主要阐述VCAM-1、ICAM-1参与嗜酸粒细胞（EOS）、淋巴细胞等炎症细胞的黏附、迁移过程,参与机体的免疫应答和气道重构过程,探讨支气管哮喘（哮喘）的发病机制。     

Chlamydia trachomatis infection induces mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, providing an immunologic link between the fallopian tube and other mucosal tissues

The development of a protective vaccine against the sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis may prevent complications associated with insidious infection. Vaccination via the vaginal route may not be practical, and other routes should be investigated. To this end, the adhesion molecules induced on the fallopian tube endothelium during infection with C. trachomatis were characterized. Adhesion molecules were identified in fallopian tube biopsy specimens cultured with 5 x 10(6) infection-forming units of C. trachomatis serovar E. Frozen sections were prepared from these tissues and were stained by immunohistochemical techniques. Infection with live, but not UV-inactivated, C. trachomatis induced a significant increase in levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 but not of other adhesion molecules. Therefore, infection with C. trachomatis induces adhesion molecules that are associated with other mucosal tissues and inflammatory sites, which suggests that mucosal routes of immunization may be effective.     

Up-regulation of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 differs between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

In present study, we investigated if inflammatory mediators secreted by the inflamed colonic mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis had the ability to up-regulate the expression of two adhesion molecules, E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Organ culture techniques and enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to quantify these up-regulations in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Our results show that, in Crohn's disease patients, the expression of E-selectin was up-regulated 5.5-fold over control values and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression was increased 2.4-fold. In ulcerative colitis patients, E-selectin expression was up-regulated twofold over controls with only a 1.5-fold increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. Histologically, there was no difference in the degree of inflammation between the two disease groups. Sulfasalazine, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited E-selectin expression up to 58% and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up to 62% when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The up-regulation of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 may play an important role in mediating the inflammatory process in inflammatory bowel disease. The observed difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis may reflect differences in inflammatory cell infiltrates or the histopathological differences between the two diseases.Support by The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America.     

Role and regulation of interleukin-1 molecules in pro-asthmatic sensitised airway smooth muscle.

Interleukin (IL)-1beta is a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been importantly implicated in driving the inflammatory response and resultant changes in airway smooth muscle (ASM) responsiveness in asthma. IL-1beta belongs to a family of molecules, known as the IL-1 axis, which exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Since dysregulation of IL-1 axis molecules may be critical in the pathobiology of asthma, the present study examined the expression and activation of both the inhibitory and stimulatory IL-1 axis molecules in human ASM cells and their roles in modulating cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig)E immune complex (IgE cx)-mediated changes in rabbit ASM constrictor and relaxant responsiveness. The results demonstrate the following. 1) Pre-treatment of isolated rabbit tracheal rings with the inhibitory IL-1 axis members, IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1 type-II receptor abrogated both IL-5- and IgE cx-induced changes in ASM responsiveness. 2) Administration of IL-5, IL-1beta and IgE cxs to human ASM cells increased mRNA and protein expressions of both stimulatory and inhibitory IL-1 axis molecules. 3) The time course of IL-5-induced IL-1 axis molecule expression preceded that of both IL-1beta and IgE immune cxs. Collectively, these findings suggest that modulation at the level of the interleukin-1 axis of molecules may have significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of asthma.     

Effects of anti-rheumatic herbal medicines on cellular adhesion molecules

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis whether herbal medicines ameliorate inflammatory diseases via the modulation of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs). METHODS: Human neutrophils, synovial fibroblasts, and endothelial cells were incubated with different concentrations of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook-f (TWH-f) or Tetrandrine in the presence or absence of interleukin 1 (IL1). The amount of soluble E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) secreted by cells were determined by ELISA. The cell surface expression of these three CAMs was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: TWH-f at high concentration (50 ng/ml) has a significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effect on both the secretion and the expression of the cellular adhesion molecules. However, Tetrandrine did not demonstrate the same effects. CONCLUSIONS: The cellular adhesion molecules of the endothelium and leucocytes may constitute excellent targets for the development of new anti-inflammation medicines. These results indicate that TWH could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

Vascular adhesion molecules in acute and chronic liver inflammation.

Adhesion to and penetration through the sinusoidal vascular endothelium is a mandatory step for leukocyte migration and accumulation at sites of liver inflammation. This leukocyte trafficking is controlled by interactions between adhesion molecules on leukocytes and corresponding ligands on endothelial cells. We have analyzed the in situ distribution of two recently described vascular adhesion molecules (i.e., endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and of the lymphocyte "homing" receptor cluster of differentiation antigen-44 in normal and inflamed liver biopsy specimens. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were absent from normal liver tissue, but they were strongly expressed on sinusoidal lining cells in inflammatory liver disease. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 expression predominated diffusely throughout the liver parenchyma in acute hepatitis; in contrast, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was mainly expressed in areas of periportal and intralobular inflammation in chronic active and persistent hepatitis. The "homing" receptor cluster of differentiation antigen-44 was weakly expressed on scattered mononuclear cells and on sinusoidal lining cells in normal liver tissue, but it was strongly up-regulated on mononuclear inflammatory cells and sinusoidal lining cells in acute and chronic hepatitis. In addition, reactivity for the cluster of differentiation antigen-44 was found on the membranes of variously sized clusters of hepatocytes in biopsy specimens with acute hepatitis. De novo or up-regulated expression of these adhesion molecules on sinusoidal lining cells in inflamed liver biopsy specimens indicates that these cells actively modulate their phenotype in response to environmental factors, thus playing a key role in the recruitment of leukocytes in acute and chronic liver inflammation.