阴囊纵隔皮瓣代尿道治疗尿道下裂45例报告

目的 探讨带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法及并发症的防治。方法 对45例应用带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂术式治疗的患的资料进行了分析。结果 45例一次手术治愈43例，2例术后并发尿瘘，1例尿道外口狭窄，手术成功率95％。结论 带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣血运丰富，成形尿道愈合力强，合并症少，尿道口能达正位，能Ⅰ期完成手术。     

应用带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣修复尿道下裂的远期疗效

目的报道应用带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣修复尿道下裂的远期疗效。方法应用显微外科技术施行带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣修复尿道下裂40例，术中注意保护皮瓣的血管，并进行长期随访。结果31例获得7～9年（平均8年）的随访，效果满意者29例，其中尿道开口于正位13例，尿道开口于冠状沟部位16例，尿道开口于冠状沟下方约0．3cm处2例，阴茎轻度下曲3例，排尿无力2例，排尿喷洒5例，患者均结婚其中配偶怀孕21例。结论应用显微外科技术施行带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣修复尿道下裂取材容易，方法简单，成功率高。     

阴囊纵隔血管蒂皮瓣尿道成形Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂16例

目的 介绍阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法和体会。方法 于阴囊纵隔部设计以纵隔血管为蒂，宽1.5～2 cm，长等于尿道外口至冠状沟距离的皮瓣，切取后成形尿道，修复下裂。结果 本组16例皮瓣全部成活，成形尿道排尿通畅。术后3例出现尿漏，2例换药治疗后自行愈合，1例6个月后行瘘修补。随访6个月-2年，无尿瘘及尿道狭窄，阴茎功能及外形满意。结论 阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术是Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂的良好方法。     

尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂(附18例报告)

目的：探讨应用尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的可行性,方法：对18例尿道下裂患者采用尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复,结果：除1例并发尿瘘外,余17例均获痊愈,尿道无狭窄,阴茎阴囊角正常,阴茎伸展自如。结论：尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣血运良好。一期治疗尿道下裂疗效确切,操作简单。     

横行带蒂包皮瓣法与阴囊纵隔皮瓣法在一期修复尿道下裂中的疗效比较

目的对比评价横行带蒂包皮瓣法与阴囊纵隔皮瓣法在一期修复尿道下裂中的治疗效果。方法123例尿道下裂患者随机分为横行带蒂包皮瓣法组（63例）和阴囊纵隔皮瓣法组（60例），比较两组的手术时间、治愈率和术后并发症发生率。瞎呆横行带蒂包皮瓣法组平均手术时间多于阴囊纵隔皮瓣法组（P〈0.05）。随访1—14个月，横行带蒂包皮瓣法组治愈率高于阴囊纵隔皮瓣法组（P〈0.05），尿瘘的发生率较低（P〈0.05）。两组尿道狭窄发生率差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论横行带蒂包皮瓣法虽稍复杂，但是术后并发症发生率低。若包皮发育符合要求，可优先考虑采用横行带蒂包皮瓣法一期修复尿道下裂。     

尿道下裂修复术中阴茎腹侧创面的修复

目的:介绍一种新的尿道下裂修复术中阴囊纵隔皮瓣的应用方法.方法:自2000年6月至2006年10月对30例尿道下裂病人采用阴茎局部皮瓣尿道成形,应用以阴囊前、后动脉为蒂的阴囊纵隔岛状皮瓣进行阴茎腹侧再造尿道表面创面的覆盖.结果:30例中有4例病人早期出现漏尿,2～4周后自行愈合,其余病人均Ⅰ期愈合,术后排尿通畅,阴茎阴囊外形满意.结论:尿道下裂修复术中,应用阴囊纵隔皮瓣覆盖尿道再造后阴茎腹侧创面,方法简便,效果良好,外形满意,是解决尿道下裂患者局部组织材料不足的理想供区.     

阴囊筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建尿道

目的探讨阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建尿道的方法。方法1998年3月～2004年8月对先天性尿道畸形患者8例及尿道下裂术后并发多孔尿瘘、尿道狭窄和阴茎弯曲畸形23例，采用阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣修复缺损的尿道。年龄6～34岁，平均20．3岁，皮瓣宽度：儿童为1．5～2．5cm，成人为2．5～3．5cm，长度可为宽度的1．5～2倍。其中尿道下裂阴茎型9例；阴茎阴囊型10例；阴囊型7例，其中3例为儿童伴阴囊分裂，尿道开口于阴囊分裂沟中；会阴型5例，为男性假两性畸形。结果术后皮瓣均成活，切口愈合良好，Ⅰ期愈合24例，Ⅱ期愈合7例。仅1例拔除支架管后发生尿瘘，嘱患者排尿时按压瘘口，2周后闭合。27例获随访1～4年，2例术后1年阴茎稍下弯，其余患者阴茎形态及功能良好。结论应用阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建缺损的尿道疗效满意，是一种修复尿道下裂术后并发症较理想的方法。     

带蒂阴茎、阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣正位尿道开口Ⅰ期尿道下裂成形术

目的 :探讨带蒂阴茎、阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣正位尿道开口Ⅰ期尿道下裂成形术的临床应用。　方法 :对 14 9例不同类型尿道下裂病人分别行带蒂阴茎、阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣正位尿道开口Ⅰ期成形术 ,并改进了引流形式。　结果 :一次排尿成功 12 2例 ,出现漏尿、包皮水肿 2 7例 ,其中尿道皮肤瘘 3例。　结论 :该手术方式适用于严重阴茎头型、阴茎型、轻度阴囊型的尿道下裂。该术式操作简单 ,易于掌握 ,但应注意术后感染的预防及引流管的护理     

阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂一例

阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂一例罗亚平尿道下裂是以尿道发育不全、外口开口于阴茎腹侧为特征的泌尿生殖系畸形［１］。过去多采用分期手术，治疗时间长，医疗费用高。１９９２年３月，作者采用阴囊纵隔皮瓣为１例阴茎型尿道下裂患儿Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂，取得了较为满意的...     

联合包皮及阴囊带蒂皮瓣修复阴囊型尿道下裂

目的　总结带蒂岛状包皮瓣尿道成形术 (Duckett术 )加阴囊中隔带蒂皮瓣翻转尿道成形术 (中隔皮瓣术 )治疗阴囊型尿道下裂的体会。　方法　对 19例年龄 2～ 12岁 ,尿道缺损长度 5 .0～ 9.0cm的严重阴囊型尿道下裂患儿应用Duckett包皮瓣成形加阴囊中隔皮瓣成形手术方法修复 ,探讨手术应用、并发症预防及尿流改道方法的选择。　结果　 19例随访 6个月～ 4年 ,17例获一期治愈 ,2例并发尿瘘 ,无尿道狭窄并发症。　结论　联合手术方法治疗阴囊型尿道下裂效果满意 ,并发症少 ,双管法尿液引流充分 ,对尿道刺激小     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.