Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and histologic subtypes, pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment options for basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, and the molecular biology of sunlight-induced carcinogenesis. DATA SOURCES: Journal and review articles, research studies, textbooks, and clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma will occur in more than one million cases annually in the United States, and are highly curable when detected and treated early. During the last decade, significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis and in identifying newer approaches for the management and treatment of these keratinocyte cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can play crucial roles in decreasing the morbidity and mortality from the skin cancer epidemic by identifying and referring patients with lesions suspicious for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.     

Basal and squamous cell carcinoma

Nonmelanotic skin cancer, primarily basal and squamous cell carcinoma, represents a major health concern in both the United States and the world. Primary care physicians must be able to recognize these cancers and perform the appropriate diagnostic tests to confirm their clinical suspicion. Several biopsy techniques are available for the physician to use in their office, and once diagnosis is confirmed, a variety of treatment modalities exist that provide excellent cure rates. Nevertheless, primary prevention with the use of sunscreen, protective clothing, and wide-brimmed hats is necessary to reduce the incidence of this costly disease.     

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Recognition and treatment

Although they are common, careful attention is necessary to detect basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas early on. Suggestions for easier detection, as well as proper selection of therapy, are discussed.     

Diagnosis and treatment of Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma

Cutaneous malignant melanoma accounts for 3 to 5 percent of all skin cancers and is responsible for approximately 75 percent of all deaths from skin cancer. Persons with an increased number of moles, dysplastic (also called atypical) nevi, or a family history of the disease are at increased risk compared with the general population. An important tool to assist in the evaluation of potential melanomas for patients and health care professionals is the ABCDE mnemonic, which takes into account asymmetry, border irregularities, color variation, diameter, and evolution. Any suspicious pigmented lesion should be biopsied. Appropriate methods of biopsy can vary, and include deep shave, punch, and excisional biopsy. Regardless of the procedure selected, it is essential that the size of the specimen be adequate to determine the histologic depth of lesion penetration, which is known as the Breslow depth. The Breslow depth is the most important prognostic parameter in evaluating the primary tumor. Because early detection and treatment can lead to identification of thinner lesions, which may increase survival, it is critical that physicians be comfortable with evaluating suspicious pigmented lesions and providing treatment or referral as necessary.     

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is increasing rapidly in the United States. Difficulties in diagnosis are presented not only by the carcinoma's pleomorphic nature but also by its close resemblance to several benign cutaneous neoplasms. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment require a thorough understanding of the clinical types and the varying clinical behavior of this multifaceted tumor, as well as the advantages and limitations of the therapeutic options.     

血清鳞状细胞癌抗原在宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的意义

目的探讨血清鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCC-Ag)在宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的变化及诊断意义。方法选取40例行根治性手术治疗的宫颈鳞状细胞浸润癌患者为宫颈癌组,40例子宫肌瘤患者为非宫颈癌组。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测宫颈癌组(术前、术后)与非宫颈癌组患者血清SCC-Ag水平。计算SCC-Ag对宫颈鳞状细胞癌诊断的灵敏度与特异度;分析SCCAg水平与宫颈鳞状细胞癌临床病理特征的关系。结果宫颈癌组SCC-Ag阳性率显著高于非宫颈癌组(P0.01);SCC-Ag对宫颈鳞状细胞癌诊断的灵敏度为86.2%,特异度为63.6%;宫颈癌组血清SCC-Ag水平高于非宫颈癌组(P0.01);血清SCC-Ag水平与临床分期、浸润深度、盆腔淋巴结转移存在明显相关性(P0.01),与组织分化程度无显著相关性(P0.05);行根治性手术治疗后,宫颈癌组血清SCC-Ag水平明显低于手术前(P0.01)。结论 SCC-Ag为宫颈鳞状细胞癌特异肿瘤标志物,可作为辅助诊断指标;对于宫颈鳞状细胞癌的早期诊断、临床分期、治疗效果评价等方面具有重要的临床意义。     

From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common human cancer with over 250,000 new cases annually in the US and is second in incidence only to basal cell carcinoma. cSCC typically manifests as a spectrum of progressively advanced malignancies, ranging from a precursor actinic keratosis (AK) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (SCCIS), invasive cSCC, and finally metastatic SCC. In this Review we discuss clinical and molecular parameters used to define this range of cutaneous neoplasia and integrate these with the multiple experimental approaches used to study this disease. Insights gained from modeling cSCCs have suggested innovative therapeutic targets for treating these lesions.     

前列腺基底细胞癌1例报道

前列腺基底细胞癌是一种很少见的肿瘤,1974年首先由Frankel提出,当时称为腺样囊性癌.此后,国外陆续有个例报道和综述,国内极少有关文献,本文报告1例前列腺基底细胞癌,并结合文献探讨其诊断、鉴别诊断及预后特点.     

Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma and sorafenib

Pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas are not often thought to sensitive to targeted agents, like their cousin the adenocarcinoma of the lung. With appropriate testing of molecular markers, squamous cell carcinomas, like adenocarcinomas of the lung, melanomas, and renal cell carcinomas, may be found to be sensitive to newer, targeted agents.     

Bowen's disease: squamous cell carcinoma in situ

Bowen's disease is a premalignant condition that clinically presents as an asymptomatic, scaly or crusted plaque on the skin. Since the morphology of the lesions can mimic that of other cutaneous disorders, Bowen's disease is often not recognized initially. The diagnosis of Bowen's disease should be considered and a skin biopsy performed when a patient presents with a persistent cutaneous lesion that is of uncertain diagnosis or that has been previously diagnosed as "atypical" or "steroid-nonresponsive" dermatitis.     

Hypnotic Depth and Basal Skin Resistance

This study investigated the relationship between a self-report scale for measuring the depth of the hypnotic state and basal skin resistance (BSR). 10 Ss participated in 2 training and 2 experimental sessions each, and BSR was recorded during the latter two sessions. The self-report depth scale accurately predicted the occurrence of hypnotic dreaming and amnesia, traditional criteria for medium and deep hypnotic states. BSR showed a high, positive correlation with the self-report depth scale. Although the study was exploratory in nature, the data suggest that both the self-report depth scale and BSR may be useful measures for detecting changes in the depth of the hypnotic state, and encourage further research.     

Basal cell carcinoma: a practical approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the skin, and the majority of those afflicted are elderly Caucasians with sun-damaged skin. Knowledge of the indications for and contraindications to the various treatment modalities is required in order to choose the proper treatment for each patient. Only long-term follow-up can detect recurrent or new lesions.