MRI对双侧头颈部软组织病变的诊断意义

目的:基于双侧头颈部软组织病变的临床不典型性,旨在探讨核磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)对其进行鉴别诊断的影像学依据。方法:对本组32例发生于双侧头颈部的软组织病变进行MRI检查,并与病理学结果进行对照。结果:本组32例的MRI诊断与病理学诊断结果的符合率约为84%(27/32)。结论:MRI是对累及双侧头颈部软组织病变的重要检查手段,并能为明确其诊断提供影像学依据。     

涎腺对称性肿块的MRI诊断特征

目的:通过研究总结双侧涎腺肿块的临床表现及其MRI征像特征,并与病理学检查结果相对照,探讨双侧涎腺肿块的临床鉴别要点,以提高其确诊率。方法:收集双侧涎腺对称性肿块患者21例,回顾性分析其临床资料、MRI征象及病理学诊断,评价临床表现结合MRI检查对诊断的意义,并从中归纳出具有鉴别诊断意义的MRI特征。结果:本组21例双侧涎腺肿块,经病理学诊断,分别为淋巴上皮病变5例,涎腺慢性炎症7例,涎腺良性肥大3例,腺淋巴瘤2例,嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿2例,恶性淋巴瘤及涎腺脂肪增生各1例;临床表现结合MRI检查得到准确诊断的共16例,总诊断符合率为76.2%,其中对于淋巴上皮病变的诊断符合率为95.2%,对于涎腺慢性炎症的诊断符合率为90.5%。结论:双侧涎腺对称性肿块以淋巴上皮病变或涎腺慢性炎症为多见,在MRI影像学上具有其特征性表现。     

Kimura病的病理学分析

目的:探讨Kimura病(Kimura’s disease,KD)的临床病理学特点,提高对该病的认识及诊断。方法:分析和观察7例KD的临床资料、病理组织学表现及免疫组织化学特征。结果:7例KD患者均为男性,发病年龄21～73岁,主要表现为头颈部皮下或大唾液腺的无痛性肿块,组织学上以淋巴组织增生为主,可见淋巴滤泡形成,生发中心扩大,滤泡间见血管增生,大量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。免疫组织化学显示KD中的淋巴滤泡表达B细胞抗原,滤泡间的淋巴细胞多表达T细胞标记。结论:KD是一种少见的淋巴组织增生性疾病,需与部分富含淋巴组织的肿瘤鉴别,组织病理学及免疫组化对其诊断具有重要意义。     

嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿

嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿是一种病因不明的、多累及头颈部浅表淋巴结和软组织的慢性肉芽肿病变。病理学上表现为淋巴滤泡形成或滤泡样结构增生,存在生发中心。外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞增多。该病变组织对放疗极为敏感,此外,还可采用化疗、手术等方法。虽然本病预后良好,但容易复发,早期患者的确诊较困难,应引起口腔颌面外科医生的高度重视。     

腮腺恶性淋巴上皮病变（附2例报告）

目的探讨腮腺恶性淋巴上皮病变的临床病理特征、发病机制及鉴别诊断。方法对2例腮腺恶性淋巴上皮病变进行病理组织学观察与免疫组化检测,并复习文献34例进行讨论。结果该病的组织病理学特征为肿瘤细胞呈大小不等的团巢状分布,间质大量淋巴细胞浸润;免疫组化显示细胞角蛋白和上皮膜抗原阳性。结论腮腺恶性淋巴上皮病变是一种低分化鳞状细胞癌,好发年龄40～49岁,其形成与EB病毒感染有关。     

口腔念珠菌病8例临床病理分析

目的:探讨口腔念珠菌病的临床诊断与病理诊断,以减少误诊.方法:对8例病理诊断为口腔念珠菌病的患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对其标本进行组织病理学HE和PAS染色研究.结果:8例患者病理诊断为口腔念珠菌病,而临床上均未考虑为本病.常规组织病理切片均见上皮内微小脓肿,PAS染色可见真菌菌丝侵入上皮表层.结论:临床上遇到长期不愈的增生或溃疡型病变时,应考虑是否有念珠菌感染;组织病理学检查发现病变上皮内出现微小脓肿时,应高度怀疑本病,PAS染色有助于确诊.     

嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿

嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿是一种病因不明的、多累及头颈部浅表淋巴结和软组织的慢性肉芽肿痛变。病理学上表现为淋巴滤泡形成或滤泡样结构增生，存在生发中心。外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞增多。该病变组织对放疗极为敏感，此外，还可采用化疗、手术等方法。虽然本病预后良好，但容易复发，早期患者的确诊较困难，应引起口腔颌面外科医生的高度重视。     

29例头颈部炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤的CT及MRI影像学特征分析

目的: 探讨头颈部炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤 (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)的CT及MRI影像学特征,以提高该肿瘤的术前正确诊断。方法: 回顾性收集2012年1月——2018年12月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院初诊并经术后病理检查证实的29例头颈部IMT患者,总结分析患者术前CT及MRI影像学表现。结果: 29例头颈部IMT患者中,67.0%（20/29）的患者术前被误诊为恶性肿瘤。头颈部IMT的影像学表现多样,局限性软组织内肿块7例,软组织肿块伴邻近骨质破坏12例（颞下窝5例,上颌窦6例,颌面部广泛软组织病变1例）,骨内肿块10例（上颌骨5例,下颌骨4例,颞骨1例）。89.7%（26/29）病灶边界不清楚;75.9%（22/29）病灶有骨质破坏,34.5%（10/29）病灶骨质破坏与骨质增生硬化并存。8例患者沿神经孔道侵犯邻近结构（6例发生于颞下窝,其中4例侵犯翼腭窝,沿圆孔、卵圆孔累及颅内,2例侵犯眶尖视神经管;2例发生于下颌骨,侵犯下颌神经管）。头颈部IMT在CT平扫时呈等或稍低密度, 未见钙化,增强扫描呈中度至明显强化。在MRI上,9例T1WI呈等或稍低信号;7例T2WI呈低信号;9例DWI呈高信号,ADC值约（0.6~1.0）×10^-3mm²/s。TIC曲线Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型2例。均未出现颈淋巴结及远处转移。结论: 头颈部IMT的影像学特征与恶性肿瘤相近,但骨质破坏的同时伴有骨质增生硬化,T2WI呈低信号,TIC曲线以Ⅰ型为主,极少发生颈淋巴结及远处转移。结合CT、MRI及功能学检查,可在一定程度上反映病灶的组织构成,为术前正确诊断提供重要依据。     

头颈部病变切割针活检的术前组织学评价

细针吸活检已广泛应用于头颈部病变的诊断,但其准确性不如组织学检查。最近出现了切割针活检技术。笔者采用切割性技术,对16例头颈部病变进行了术前活检。 材料和方法 所用切割针活检工具为便携式两步自动穿刺装置。其工作原理为一经启动,首先带有7 mm标本槽的内针向前穿刺11 mm,随后其外层套管快速前冲套切,从而切取进入标本槽内的组织标本。对于直经大于11 mm的病变,启动前,针尖定位于病变的边缘。如病变直经小于11 mm,针尖应位于病变外约 2 mm处。 本组患者16例,男性9例,女性7例。平均年龄60.8岁。病变分布于头颈部6个解剖区域。其中13例临床考虑为肿瘤,3例怀疑癌颈淋巴结转移。活检在门诊局麻下进行。所有患者在切割针活检     

口腔颌面-头颈部眶外巨细胞血管纤维瘤的临床及病理特征分析

目的: 探讨口腔颌面-头颈部眶外巨细胞血管纤维瘤（extra-orbital giant cell angiofibroma,EO-GCA）的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断及治疗方法。方法: 收集整理Pubmed数据库中已报道的12例口腔颌面-头颈部EO-GCA文献资料,并结合我院2例患者的临床病理资料进行分析。结果: 14例患者（男9例,女5例）年龄24~84岁,平均43.5岁。肿瘤多数生长缓慢,大小与发生部位有关。镜下见肿瘤细胞呈卵圆形或短梭形,以富含血管和多核巨细胞为特征。免疫组织化学CD34及vimentin等间叶组织标志物呈阳性。临床极易误诊,确诊依赖于术后病理学检查,手术完整切除后复发少见。结论: 口腔颌面-头颈部EO-GCA是一种罕见的软组织良性肿瘤,临床易误诊,确诊依赖于组织病理学检查,手术完整切除后预后较好。     

老年人口腔鳞癌颈淋巴结转移CT诊断标准的病理学再评价

目的：虽然CT和MRI对口腔颌面部鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断具有很大的帮助，但评价颈部淋巴结病变的方法仍有缺陷。本文对颈淋巴结转移的影像学诊断标准进行再评价。方法：运用显微病理方法检查了口腔颌面部鳞癌病人42例，颈淋巴结清扫术的1722个淋巴结的形态学特征。结果：37％恶性转移淋巴结的直径小于10mm，而淋巴结结外膨隆在很小的淋巴结也可发现。结论：目前，评价颈淋巴结状态的影像学标准主要建立在淋巴结的大小上，本文结果提示，现有的影像学诊断标准，对判断颈淋巴结转移存在局限性，本文旨在对改善口腔颌面部鳞癌颈淋巴结转移诊断的新方法进行讨论。     

Lymphoscintigraphy for interpretation of changes of cervical lymph node function in patients with oral malignant tumors: comparison of Tc-99m-Re and Tc-99m-HSA-D

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the usefulness of technetium-99m-rhenium colloid (Tc-99m-Re) and technetium-99m-human serum albumin diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (Tc-99m-HSA-D) as lymphoscintigraphic agents and to discuss the significance of lymphoscintigraphy in comparison with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US). STUDY DESIGN: Dynamic and static lymphoscintigraphies were performed with Tc-99m-Re and Tc-99m-HSA-D. The usefulness of the 2 agents was evaluated statistically in comparison with pathologic findings and palpation. The significance of lymphoscintigraphy is discussed in comparison with CT, MRI, and US (by the literature of CT, MRI, and US). RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy was superior to palpation, and Tc-99m-Re was superior to Tc-99m-HSA-D in accuracy, specificity, and the incidence of true-positive and false-positive. Statistical significance was shown between the static lymphoscintigraphy with Tc-99m-Re and palpation. The reliability of lymphoscintigraphy seemed to be slightly inferior to CT and MRI in specificity and accuracy. However, lymphoscintigraphy had some advantages that CT and MRI lacked; for example, it showed very high sensitivity (100%) and no false-negative (0%). It also showed changes of lymph node function, showed all levels of neck nodes at one time, and showed a possibility of detecting small lymph node metastases. CONCLUSION: Lymphoscintigraphy was more useful than palpation in detecting lymph node metastases, and Tc-99m-Re was superior to Tc-99m-HSA-D as an agent. Lymphoscintigraphy is significant when it is performed as a preliminary examination before CT or MRI.     

磁共振弥散加权成像在口腔鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移中的初步应用

目的：评价磁共振弥散加权成像（MR-DWI）在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）颈部转移性淋巴结诊断中的应用价值。方法：结合术后病理结果,分别分析51例OSCC患者的CT检查资料及20例OSCC患者的MR-DWI影像资料,采用SPSS16.0软件包中的χ2检验,比较不同检查方法对OSCC颈部转移淋巴结诊断的准确性,确定OSCC患者头颈部MR-DWI扫描的最佳参数设置。结果 ：CT、MR-DWI扫描检查淋巴结转移情况与术后病理结果的符合率分别为69.2%和85.0%。MR-DWI取b值为800s/mm2时图像质量最佳,其诊断的敏感度及特异性分别为87.5%和83.3%,CT为76.2%和63.3%。经χ2检查,MR-DWI扫描诊断结果与术后病理诊断结果具有中等相关性,Kappa值=0.694（P〈0.005）。结论：OSCC颈部转移淋巴结的MR-DWI影像特征与病理诊断结果具有较好的相关性,且与CT检查相比,MR-DWI能够更准确地预测OSCC颈部淋巴结转移情况。     

MRI结合动脉造影检查在头颈部血管畸形中的应用价值

目的：建立头颈部血管畸形合理的影像检查流程。方法：采用磁共振（ＭＲＩ）检查４５例头颈部血管畸形患者。其中１５例还进行了增强ＣＴ检查,１５例进行了动脉造影（ＤＳＡ）检查。比较这３种检查手段的影像特征。结果：ＭＲＩ对各种头颈部血管畸形检查都有意义,多于其它任何一种血管影像方式可提供的病变信息。但在显示高流速及混合性血管畸形的供应动脉及回流静脉方面,ＤｓＡ明显优于ＭＲＩ。结论：以ＭＲＩ作为头颈部血管畸形的最初检查手段,在高流速及混合性血管畸形中结合ＤＳＡ。     

Radioimmunodiagnosis of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer

INTRODUCTION: Reliable staging of the neck remains a diagnostic challenge in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against tumour-associated antigens can be used for selective tumour targeting. When labelled with a gamma-emitting radionuclide like 99mTechnetium, such MAbs can be used for tumour detection by radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the potential of RIS for the detection of lymph node metastases in HNSCC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 49 patients with HNSCC, who were scheduled to undergo surgery including neck dissection, RIS using 99mTc-labelled squamous cell specific MAb E48 or U36 administered intravenously was compared with clinical palpation, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological outcome. RESULTS: RIS detected lymph node metastases in 35 of 51 positive sides (sensitivity 69%). Interpretation of RIS was correct in 47 of 65 sides (accuracy 72%). Accuracy of palpation, CT and MRI were comparable. Immunohistochemical staining of lymph node metastases missed by RIS showed that the injected MAb had targeted these small tumour deposits but these were not visualized. CONCLUSIONS: RIS at its current stage of development is not superior to CT or MRI for the detection of lymph node metastases. As small tumour deposits were probably not visualized because of the limited sensitivity and/or spatial resolution of the gamma camera, positron emission tomography (PET) using MAbs labelled with positron emitters may improve the detection. As MAb-PET studies in an animal model showed promising results we will soon start a clinical MAb-PET study.     

The application of magnetic resonance imaging-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of deep lesions in the head and neck.

PURPOSE: Image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) may be useful as an alternative diagnostic approach to lesions in the head and neck. This study reports on the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided FNAC for diagnostic evaluation of deep lesions in this region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of 12 patients with deep lesions in the head and neck who underwent MRI-guided FNAC at the Shanghai 9th People's Hospital. A 0.2-T open magnet was used for MRI and localization of the 20-gauge MRI-compatible needle. All of the aspirated samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by a cytopathologist. RESULTS: The needle in all 12 cases was displayed on MRI in the central portion of the lesion under the guidance of MRI; 12 of 12 patients (100%) had diagnostic aspirations and none needed open biopsy for more specific histologic interpretation. Six of these 12 patients with tumors (4 malignant, 2 benign) underwent operative treatment with positive postoperative pathologic results. One patient had a diagnosis of inflammation. The diagnostic accuracy was 91.67% (11 of 12), the sensitivity was 85.71% (6 of 7), and the specificity was 100% (5 of 5). There were no false-positive results and 1 false-negative result, for a false-negative rate of 14.29% (1 of 7). All aspiration procedures were well tolerated and without complications. CONCLUSIONS: MRI-guided FNAC is a cost-effective tool for establishing tissue diagnosis as a primary investigative modality. It is helpful and accurate in the diagnosis of deep lesions in the head and neck and in follow-up of patients, thereby avoiding further surgical intervention.     

口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结临床触诊、B超和MRI检查的对比分析

目的：比较临床触诊、B超和磁共振（MRI）诊断口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的准确性,分析B超、MRI在口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移术前评估中的临床价值。方法：对20例口咽鳞癌患者的100个颈部分区行术前临床触诊、B超和MRI检查,以术后病理诊断为金标准,双盲法分析临床触诊、B超和MRI所见,将其结果在SPSS13.0软件中分别采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行统计学处理。结果：术后病理证实16个区存在淋巴结转移,临床触诊检出其中的7个区（敏感度43.8%,特异度96.4%,准确度88.0%）;B超确诊其中的10个区（敏感度60.0%,特异度97.6%,准确度92.0%）,可以发现33.3%的临床触诊隐匿性转移区;MRI确诊其中的13个区（敏感度81.3%,特异度96.4%,准确度94.0%）;可以发现66.7%的临床触诊隐匿性转移区。B超联合MRI检出其中的13个区（敏感度81.3%,特异度95.2%,准确度93.0%）。结论：B超或MRI评价口咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的敏感度、准确度均优于临床触诊,B超联合MRI的可靠性并不优于单独使用MRI,但两者存在互补性。