腭咽闭合不全患者异常声学特点的分析研究

目的:应用VS99-CSL计算机语音声学频谱分析评估系统对病理性语音中的部分元音、辅音音频语图特点进一步分析研究,给予先天性腭咽闭合不全的诊断与治疗提供理论及临床支持。方法:采集单纯性先天腭咽闭合不全患者22例。评估咽成形术后及腭裂术后26例,上述患者针对咽腔情况视诊、blowing test测验及雾镜实验测试综合分析,对较难判断的病例可结合CT进行诊断,单元音:[a、o、e、i、ü]辅音;擦音[s、x]、塞擦[z、j、c、q]实施语音评估对其单元音共振峰和额外共振峰及辅音和元音节的频谱特点进行分析、同时比较各组空白间隙、冲直条、噪音乱纹的出现率,并设定正常对照组。结果:比较发现[a]的共振峰普遍残缺,而[iü]会出现额外附加共振峰,其共振峰均值F1咽成形术后较高,先天性腭咽闭合不全则低。擦音[s、x]、塞擦音[z、j、c、q]实施语图对频谱特点进行分析、同时比较各组空白间隙、冲直条、噪音乱纹的出现频率,嗓音起始时间(voice onsettime,VOT)以及语音清晰度,P<0.01说明正常对照组与病例组有显著性差异。结论:CSAS能客观评价腭咽闭合不全,其获得的语图及相关物理声学参量对腭咽闭合不全临床治诊疗提供理论依据。     

腭咽闭合不全的个体化治疗策略

目的 探讨腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的个体化治疗方式.方法 对48例腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者进行病史回顾、查体、鼻咽纤维镜检查以及语音评估,根据检查结果分为3型.A型:腭咽闭合率在80％以上,软腭后缘距离咽后壁6 mm以内.B型:腭咽闭合率在80％以下,软腭短,咽侧壁动度较差.C型:腭咽闭合率在80％以下,软腭短,咽侧壁动度较好.对这3型患者分别采取不同的手术方式进行治疗.结果 所有48例患者经个体化手术治疗后,腭咽闭合率以及语音效果都得到明显改善和提高.结论 对腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的患者,应在详细检查的基础上针对性地施行个体化手术治疗方案.     

腭咽闭合功能障碍诊断和术后语音治疗

良好的腭咽功能在腭裂术后的语音康复中具有决定性作用。因此,腭咽功能的评估成为腭裂序列治疗中的核心环节。腭裂术后腭咽功能构建的完善与否,亦决定着不同的治疗方向。腭咽功能的评估需要综合主观评估、客观评估的结果,评估不仅能够确定腭咽功能完善与否,还能够提供制定手术方案和语言治疗策略的重要信息。腭咽闭合功能障碍术后的语音治疗有其特殊性,但同样使用构音障碍的治疗方法和技术治疗。代偿性构音是特征性的腭裂语音,源于患者对腭咽闭合不全的代偿,是腭咽功能障碍患者语音治疗的重点。     

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良好的腭咽功能在腭裂术后的语音康复中具有决定性作用。因此,腭咽功能的评估成为腭裂序列治疗中的核心环节。腭裂术后腭咽功能构建的完善与否,亦决定着不同的治疗方向。腭咽功能的评估需要综合主观评估、客观评估的结果,评估不仅能够确定腭咽功能完善与否,还能够提供制定手术方案和语言治疗策略的重要信息。腭咽闭合功能障碍术后的语音治疗有其特殊性,但同样使用构音障碍的治疗方法和技术治疗。代偿性构音是特征性的腭裂语音,源于患者对腭咽闭合不全的代偿,是腭咽功能障碍患者语音治疗的重点。     

改良腭咽肌瓣重建腭裂术后腭咽闭合功能的临床研究

目的:研究改良腭咽肌瓣重建腭咽闭合功能治疗中的应用。方法:对25例腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的患者实施改良的腭咽肌组织瓣转移术。结果:手术效果好,高位形成新的咽环,腭咽肌瓣同软腭协同作用完成腭咽闭合。鼻音计检测鼻音化率明显降低,语音功能改善。结论:改良腭咽肌组织瓣转移术用于治疗腭裂术后腭咽闭合功能不全,具有创伤小,手术时间短,并发症较少,手术效果稳定可靠。     

鼻咽镜、阻塞器在治疗腭咽闭合不全中的应用

目的应用鼻咽纤维镜、腭咽阻塞器治疗腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全。方法腭咽闭合不全患者通过鼻咽镜检查，根据腭咽孔大小、形状制作腭咽阻塞器。结果４５例腭咽闭合不全患者经戴阻塞器治疗后，１００％腭咽闭合不全得到改善，其中１５例（３３％）２年后摘掉阻塞器发音正常。结论联合应用鼻咽镜与腭咽阻塞器是保守治疗腭咽闭合不全的好方法     

Hogan法治疗大龄腭咽闭合不全患者的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨使用Hogan法咽后壁组织瓣转移术治疗大龄腭咽闭合不全（VPI）患者的临床疗效。方法收集33例腭裂术后VPI患者，年龄10～35岁，平均年龄20.4岁。所有患者均行Hogan法咽后壁组织瓣转移术治疗腭咽闭合不全。采用汉语语音清晰度测定法评估患者语音情况，鼻咽纤维镜（NPF）评估腭咽闭合程度，并进行分级。平均随访时间13.3个月。结果 33例患者术后创口均达到Ⅰ期愈合。术后语音清晰度明显提高，鼻漏气及高鼻音减少，与术前相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。NPF检查示，术后腭咽闭合功能明显改善，30例（91%）患者腭咽闭合率达到Ⅰ级，3例（9%）患者达到Ⅱ级。结论 Hogan法咽后壁组织瓣转移术可显著改善大龄VPI患者的腭咽闭合状况，减少鼻漏气和高鼻音。     

腭咽阻塞器在腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全语音障碍中的治疗作用

目的 :探讨腭咽阻塞器对腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全 (VPI)的语音功能障碍的治疗作用。方法 :应用腭咽阻塞器治疗腭裂术后VPI患者 13 5例 ,分别于治疗前 ,治疗后 180d、1年、2年 ,观察VPI患者的腭咽闭合不全率 (RVPI)、腭咽闭合不全改善率 (IRVPI)、各单元音共振峰频率F3以及语音效果的变化。结果 :腭咽阻塞器治疗后 ,VPI患者的RVPI逐渐降低 ,IRVPI逐渐增高 ,且各单元音共振峰F3逐渐增高 ,接近正常人 ,与治疗前比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。去除阻塞器后 ,45例患者腭咽闭合正常 ,语音恢复正常 ,45例患者腭咽闭合基本正常 ,语音基本正常。结论 :腭咽阻塞器治疗腭咽闭合不全具有恢复语音功能的作用     

大龄腭裂患者治疗模式的初步研究

目的改进大龄腭裂患者的治疗模式,提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率和语音清晰度。方法对37例年龄大于6岁（含6岁）的腭裂患者进行同期腭裂与腭咽肌瓣咽成形整复术,并对其术后10~15个月的效果进行了随访和语音评估。结果22例患者术后腭咽闭合完全,15例术后虽仍有腭咽闭合不全,但在鼻咽纤维镜下腭咽闭合度达85%以上;所有患者X线侧位咽腔造影显示软腭与咽后壁贴合;语音检测显示,高鼻音和鼻漏气程度显著下降,辅音清晰度提高。结论本研究中建立的大龄腭裂患者治疗模式可以显著提高腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率和语音清晰度,为改善其生存质量创造了条件。     

不同咽成形术式对腭裂术后继发腭咽闭合功能不全合并睡眠呼吸障碍的影响

目前国际上治疗腭裂继发腭咽闭合不全的常用术式包括咽后壁瓣成形术、腭咽肌瓣成形术和Furlow瓣(双反向Z形瓣).多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)结合主诉症状表明,部分腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者在接受咽成形术后会出现不同程度的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apne...     

Velopharyngeal function during vocalization in infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the age at which infants achieve velopharyngeal closure during vocalization. DESIGN: Longitudinal with repeated measures. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Six healthy infants were studied monthly from ages 2 to 6 months while they interacted with a parent and an investigator. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of velopharyngeal closure, as determined by sensing ram pressure at the anterior nares. RESULTS: The velopharynx was open for windups, whimpers, and laughs, and it was closed for cries, screams, and raspberries, regardless of age. The frequency with which the velopharynx closed during syllable utterances increased significantly with age. CONCLUSIONS: Velopharyngeal closure for speech-like utterance increases with age, but is not complete and is still undergoing development at 6 months of age. Velopharyngeal closure during infancy may be influenced by pressure demands of the utterance; however, support for this speculation is stronger for other types of utterances than it is for speech-like utterances. The method used in this study holds promise for evaluating infants with suspected velopharyngeal impairment.     

下颌体阶梯形截骨在颌骨畸形矫正的应用

本文回顾分析了１９８８年１１月～１９９４年２月间在香港大学口腔颌面外科接受下颌体阶梯形截骨手术（口内进路）的８７个病例，男性３１例，女性５６例，平均年龄２３岁。畸形分类：下颌前突畸形伴不同程度的上颌骨发育不良５３例，下颌骨前突畸形１６例，下颌骨不对称畸形８例，颅面综合征等１０例。治疗：双颌联合手术７８例，单独下颌体截骨９例。同期做的上颌骨手术中，ＬｅＦｏｒｔⅠ型７４例，ＬｅＦｏｒｔⅡ型４例。其中２０例有严重上下颌不协调的病例，同期做了ＬＥＦｏｒｔⅠ型、下颌体阶梯形截骨和升支的截骨手术。作者认为，下颌体阶梯形截骨可用于矫正不同类型的下颌骨畸形，也可与上颌截骨或／和下颌升支截骨联合应用，矫正严重颌面畸形。     

The dynamics of Passavant's ridge in subjects with and without velopharyngeal insufficiency--a multi-view videofluoroscopic study.

Passavant's ridge was studied in 43 patients via multiview videofluoroscopy incorporating the simultaneous recording of speech. Ratings of the videotapes were made at full speed, in slowmotion, and by stop-framing. The following results were found: (1) Just as there are variable patterns of velopharyngeal closure, there were also variations in the way in which Passavant's ridge is positioned relative to the velum, and in the ridge's subsequent role in velopharyngeal narrowing or closure. (2) The ridge was the primary pharyngeal structure at the level of the velum that closed or locally narrowed the velopharyngeal portal in 37% of patients. (3) Passavant's ridge usually appeared as a structure encompassing both the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls, and its presence was usually associated with active lateral pharyngeal wall motion. (4) Passavant's ridge was more prominent when the head was in the hyper-extended rather than the neutral position. (5) Passavant's ridge moved in a highly consistent manner, synchronous with velar movement.     

Perceptual evaluation of speech and velopharyngeal function in children with and without cleft palate and the relationship to nasal airflow patterns.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to study the relationship between perceptual evaluation of speech variables related to velopharyngeal function and the pattern of nasal airflow during the velopharyngeal closing phase in speech in children with and without cleft palate. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen children with cleft lip and palate or cleft palate only and 15 controls aged 7 and 10 years. All were native Swedish speakers. METHOD: Three experienced listeners performed a blinded perceptual speech evaluation. Nasal airflow was transduced with a pneumotachograph attached to a nasal mask. The duration from peak to 5% nasal airflow, maximum flow declination rate, and nasal airflow at selected points in time during the transition from nasal to stop consonants in bilabial and velar articulatory positions in sentences were estimated. The analysis was focused on the perceptual ratings of "velopharyngeal function" and "hypernasality." RESULTS: A strong association was found between ratings of "velopharyngeal function" and "hypernasality" and the pattern of nasal airflow during the bilabial nasal-to-stop combination /mp/. Both the sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 for the bilabial temporal airflow measure in relation to ratings of "velopharyngeal function." The nasal airflow rate during /p/ in /mp/ had a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.92 to 0.96 in relation to ratings of "hypernasality." CONCLUSION: Assessment of the nasal airflow dynamics during the velopharyngeal closing phase in speech presents quantitative, objective data that appear to distinguish between perceptually normal and deviant velopharyngeal function with high sensitivity and specificity.     

Pressure-flow measurements for selected oral and nasal sound segments produced by normal adults.

Pressure-flow data are often used to provide information about the adequacy of velopharyngeal valving for speech. However, there is limited information available concerning simultaneous pressure-flow measurements for oral and nasal sound segments produced by normal speakers. This study provides normative pressure, flow, and velopharyngeal orifice area measurements for selected oral and nasal sound segments produced by 10 male and 10 female adult speakers. An aerodynamic categorization scheme of velopharyngeal function, including one typical category and three atypical categories (open, closed, and mixed) is proposed.     

Pressure-flow measurements for selected oral and nasal sound segments produced by normal adults.

Pressure-flow data are often used to provide information about the adequacy of velopharyngeal valving for speech. However, there is limited information available concerning simultaneous pressure-flow measurements for oral and nasal sound segments produced by normal speakers. This study provides normative pressure, flow, and velopharyngeal orifice area measurements for selected oral and nasal sound segments produced by 10 male and 10 female adult speakers. An aerodynamic categorization scheme of velopharyngeal function, including one typical category and three atypical categories (open, closed, and mixed) is proposed.     

Use of porous polyethylene implant for augmentation of the posterior pharynx in young adult patients with borderline velopharyngeal insufficiency

In the current study, we evaluated the efficiency of using porous polyethylene implant to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in young adult patients. Ten male patients with VPI, aged 21 to 27 years, underwent posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation with porous polyethylene implant. The evaluations for VPI on all patients in the study included speech evaluation of nasality and articulation, mirror test, nasopharyngoscopy, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Evaluation of the methods for correcting VPI was done preoperatively and 6 months after surgery, and the results were compared. According to preoperative speech evaluation, 7 patients had severe hypernasal speech and 3 patients had moderate hypernasal speech. Follow-up evaluations demonstrated that 7 patients had normal speech without hypernasal resonance. Although all patients had nasal escape on mirror test preoperatively, only 2 had nasal escape postoperatively. When the preoperative and postoperative results of the Multi-Dimensional Voice Programme were analyzed, there was a statistically significant improvement in all parameters. The distance between the posterior pharyngeal wall and the velum during phonation observed preoperatively had disappeared in the postoperative period in all of the patients' sagittal-plane MR scans. In the axial views of the MR scans, the velopharyngeal gap area calculated preoperatively was reduced in the postoperative period. We conclude that posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation with porous polyethylene implant is an effective method in the correction of mild VPI in adult patients.     

应用CT评价正常发音者的腭咽闭合功能

目的　建立CT客观评价腭咽闭合功能的方法。方法　应用CT对30例正常发音者在静止和发/i/音时腭咽腔的三维形态结构进行观察分析,并对腭咽腔的线距和面积进行了测量。结果　发/i/音时腭咽腔最小面积为（11.92±11.73）mm     

Coming to terms with VPI: a response to Loney and Bloem

This report agrees with Loney and Bloem (1987) that there is no consistency in the use of terminology for velopharyngeal function disorders. It extends the recommendations of those authors, however, by proposing a taxonomy for velopharyngeal disorders based on etiology. In this classification, velopharyngeal inadequacy is the genetic term used to denote any type of abnormal velopharyngeal function. Within the broad category of inadequacies, three subgroups are specified, as follows: velopharyngeal insufficiency, which includes structural etiologies; velopharyngeal incompetence, which includes neurogenic etiologies; and velopharyngeal mislearning, which includes functional etiologies. The classification uses diagnostic categories that are clinically meaningful and offer professionals an etiologically based system that can be applied in research and treatment.     

腭裂咽成形术后患者语音治疗疗效评价

目的:对腭咽成形术后存在语音障碍的患者进行语音治疗,通过治疗前后语音清晰度比较,评价该方法的疗效。方法:咽成形术后患者82例,年龄4~31岁。采用汉语语音清晰度测试表对患者进行治疗前后语音清晰度检测,根据代偿性发音特点进行系统化语音训练:①腭咽闭合功能锻炼;②音素→音节→词组→短句→短文、会话。训练时按发音部位由前→后,按发音方法由易→难、送气音→不送气音、塞音→擦音→塞擦音。训练周期1.5~12个月,平均3.83个月。结果:以腭咽闭合不全型为特点的代偿性语音患者共71例;其中声门塞音患者语音清晰度由治疗前的46.27%提高到治疗后的97.16%;咽摩擦音患者由治疗前的57.19%提高到治疗后的97.72%。以腭咽闭合良好型为特点的代偿性语音共11例,腭化、侧化音患者语音清晰度由治疗前的71.10%提高到治疗后的98.55%;3组经t检验,P均<0.001,具有极显著性差异。结论:对咽成形术后腭咽闭合不全型的代偿性发音,首先加强腭咽闭合功能,再建立正确的发音部位和方法;对咽成形术后腭咽闭合良好型的代偿性发音,可直接建立正确的发音部位和方法。