非小细胞肺癌中微血管密度的水平及临床意义

目的 研究非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中微血管密度(MVD)的水平及临床意义.方法 用免疫组织化学技术分别检测了24例NSCLC组织、24例相应的癌旁组织和24例正常肺组织中的MVD,并借助Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行图像分析和处理.结果 NSCLC组织中MVD水平显著高于癌旁组织和正常肺组织(P<0.01);中期因子(MK)蛋白表达阳性患者的MVD高于MK蛋白表达阴性患者(P<0.05);NSCLC中MVD水平与NSCLC的TNM分期显著相关,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期NSCLC中MVD水平明显高于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期(P<0.01).结论 血管生成水平与NSCLC进展密切相关.     

喉鳞状细胞癌中的血小板反应蛋白-2的表达及与微血管生成的关系研究

目的探讨血小板反应蛋白-2(TSP-2)在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达及与肿瘤内微血管生成的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学法分析TSP-2在喉鳞状细胞癌和癌旁正常黏膜中的表达情况及与肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)的关系,并结合临床病理参数分析两者的临床意义。结果喉癌及癌旁正常组织中TSP-2的阳性表达率分别为25%和80%,MVD分别为(45±13)条和(17±9)条,喉癌组织中TSP-2阳性组与阴性组MVD分别为(13±3)条和(42±8)条,高分化组与中低分化组TSP-2阳性表达率分别为9%和34%,淋巴结转移组与非淋巴结转移组TSP-2的阳性表达率分别为50%和19%,Ⅰ~Ⅱ期组与Ⅲ~Ⅳ期组TSP-2的阳性表达率分别为36%和5%。结论喉癌组织中TSP-2表达低于癌旁正常组织,TSP-2蛋白表达与MVD呈负相关,TSP-2在不同病理学参数之间差异有统计学意义,说明TSP-2可能通过抑制肿瘤血管生成并影响肿瘤的生长与转移。     

食管癌组织血管内皮生长因子的表达与血管生成的关系

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)对食管癌血管生成的影响.方法 应用SP法对90例食管鳞癌组织和34例癌旁正常黏膜进行VEGF和CD34免疫组化染色,检测VEGF表达和微血管密度(MVD),分析VEGF的表达、MVD以及食管癌临床病理特征之间的关系.结果 食管癌组织中VEGF的阳性表达率和MVD分别为71.1%和29.70±3.82,显著高于癌旁正常黏膜的11,76%和15.10±2.38(P＜0.01).VEGF表达及MVD均值与淋巴结转移、肿瘤TNM分期有关(P＜0.05和P＜0.01),与患者年龄、性别、分化程度、以及肿瘤组织学类型、肿瘤部位均无关(P＞0.05);VEGF表达与MVD均值呈显著正相关(P＜0.01).结论 VEGF异常表达在食管癌的血管生成中起重要作用,VEGF及其诱导的血管生成与食管癌的侵袭和转移密切相关.     

胃癌组织中HER-2表达及与血管生成的关系

目的探讨HER-2在胃腺癌组织中的表达及与血管生成的关系。方法采用免疫组化学法检测478例胃腺癌组织及49例癌旁组织中HER-2、VEGF和微血管密度(MVD)的表达。结果胃癌组织HER-2阳性表达率为10.9%(52/478),癌旁组织未见HER-2阳性表达,HER-2阳性表达与肿瘤部位、Lauren分型及分化程度显著相关(P0.05);VEGF在胃癌和癌旁组织中的阳性率分别为63.2%(302/478)和26.5%(13/49)(P0.01),VEGF表达与胃癌组织浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期、静脉侵犯显著相关(P0.05);MVD在胃癌组织与癌旁组织间有显著性差异[(51.44±19.24)vs(34.28±14.74),P0.01)],MVD与分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期、静脉侵犯显著相关(P0.01)。胃癌组织中HER-2表达与VEGF、MVD均呈显著正相关(P0.01),VEGF表达与MVD呈显著正相关(P0.01)。结论 HER-2表达可能与胃癌血管生成有关,值得进一步研究。     

小细胞肺癌中RECK基因的表达及与VEGF和MVD的关系

目的 探讨RECK基因与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达、微血管密度(MVD)在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)的表达和相关性,及其与临床病理特征的联系.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测43例肺癌组织和10例癌旁正常肺组织中RECK和VEGF、MVD的表达水平.结果 SCLC癌组织中RECK蛋白表达低于癌旁正常组织(P值为0.003),VEGF蛋白表达和MVD值高于癌旁正常组织(P值分别为0.011和0.001).三个指标在临床病理特征分析中数据差异未见统计学意义.RECK与VEGF表达无相关,RECK与MVD呈现负相关,且当VEGF表达高时两者负相关更加显著.结论 RECK基因与SCLC的侵袭和转移可能有一定关系.RECK、VEGF、MVD与患者的临床病理特征未见明显相关性.     

乳腺良恶性病变中VEGF的表达与血管生成相关性分析

目的探讨乳腺良恶性病变中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达及其与血管生成的相关性。方法采用免疫组化染色法分别检测60例癌旁乳腺组织(A组)、51例乳腺囊性增生(B组)、22例乳腺不典型增生(C组)、30例乳腺原位癌(D组)以及79例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者(E组)术后标本中VEGF的表达水平及微血管密度(MVD)值。结果 A、B、C、D、E组标本中VEGF表达水平和MVD值依次升高(P<0.01)。D、E组VEGF表达水平和MVD值随着癌组织学分级的升高呈逐渐升高趋势(P<0.05)。淋巴结转移阳性组中VEGF表达水平和MVD值高于未转移组(P<0.05)。VEGF表达水平和MVD值随临床分期进展而增高(P<0.05)。结论 VEGF可能与乳腺癌发生发展有关。VEGF与乳腺肿瘤血管生成密切相关,VEGF和MVD可作为反映乳腺癌恶性程度的指标。     

CD34血管内皮生长因子在胃癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨胃癌组织中CD34、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达与其生物学行为的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学技术检测55例胃癌组织及癌旁胃黏膜组织中CD34、VEGF的表达情况,分析微血管密度(MVD)计数、VEGF表达与胃癌生物学行为的关系。结果胃癌组织中VEGF的表达、MVD计数均明显高于癌旁胃黏膜组织,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且在胃癌组织中VEGF的表达与MVD计数呈正相关,r=0.728。MVD计数、VEGF的表达与胃癌胃壁浸润深度、局部淋巴结转移、近期远隔转移程度呈正相关,MVD计数在不同浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移、有无近期远隔转移各组间差异有统计学意义,不同分化程度各组间差异无统计学意义。结论胃癌组织中存在着肿瘤血管生成,在胃癌肿瘤血管生成的过程中VEGF发挥着重要的作用,且MVD计数、VEGF的表达可以反映胃癌的生物学行为。     

受体酪氨酸激酶EphA2与喉癌血管生成的关系

目的 探讨受体酪氨酸激酶EphA2在喉鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达与肿瘤血管生成的关系.方法 采用免疫组化S-P法检测EphA2和CD34在20例正常鳞状上皮组织和50例喉鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达,并分析EphA2表达强度与微血管密度(MVD)的关系.结果 EphA2和CD34在血管内皮细胞的胞膜和胞浆内表达.在正常鳞状上皮组织中CD34标记的MVD值为(17.15±5.21),而在喉鳞状细胞癌组织中为(54.89±13.67);EphA2在喉鳞状细胞癌组织中的平均表达计分为(4.56±1.38),而在正常鳞状上皮中为(2.49±1.23),两组差异均有统计学意义(t=16.721,5.847,均P＜0.05).EphA2在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达强度与MVD计数呈直线正相关关系(P＜0.01).结论 EphA2可能与喉癌血管生成有关,抑制EphA2表达可抑制肿瘤血管生长,从而抑制肿瘤生长.     

彩超结合MVD、VEGF检测对乳腺癌淋巴结转移及预后判断的意义

目的 探讨彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)结合微血管密度(MVD)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)检测对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移及预后判断的意义.方法 应用CDFI及免疫组化法检测75例浸润性乳腺癌患者癌组织和癌旁正常乳腺组织中VEGF、MVD,并分析其与乳腺癌病理特征间的联系.结果 病灶大小、肿瘤内彩色多普勒血流信号分布多少与腋窝淋巴结转移有关;癌组织中VEGF和MVD的表达较癌旁正常组织明显增高;淋巴结转移组VEGF与MVD的表达较未转移组明显增高(P＜0.05).结论 彩超联合检测VEGF和MVD对判断乳腺癌的预后有积极意义.     

PEDF和VEGF在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨膀胱移行细胞癌中色素上皮细胞衍生因子(PEDF)mRNA、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达及临床意义.方法 用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测42例膀胱移行细胞癌和20例癌旁正常组织中PEDF mRNA的表达.通过CD34免疫染色的办法检测肿瘤组织中微血管密度(MVD).采用免疫组织化学SP法检测VEGF的表达.结果 42例肿瘤组织中有34例(80.9%)检测到PEDF表达下调,而20例正常组织中只有1例(5.0%)(P＜0.01).PEDF表达下调与肿瘤的恶性程度和MVD相关,且与膀胱移行细胞癌组织中VEG蛋白表达程度呈负相关.结论 PEDF膀胱移行细胞癌中表达下调与肿瘤的恶性程度相关,PEDF表达与膀胱移行细胞癌组织中VEGF蛋白表达程度呈负相关,PEDF可能通过调节细胞因子从而发挥其抗肿瘤血管生长与转移功能.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.