黄海棠提取物抗炎镇痛效应的研究

目的:研究黄海棠提取物的抗炎镇痛效应。方法:采用4种急性炎症模型和2种疼痛模型,包括角叉菜胶及蛋清诱导大鼠足跖肿胀、二甲苯致小鼠耳片肿胀、1%冰醋酸致小鼠腹腔渗出模型及扭体、热板法疼痛模型,观察黄海棠提取物的抗炎镇痛作用。结果:GHL低、高剂量组对二甲苯致小鼠耳片肿胀、角叉菜胶和蛋清引起的大鼠足跖肿胀、急性炎症导致小鼠的皮肤和腹腔毛细血管通透性、冰醋酸导致的小鼠慢性炎性疼痛及热板导致的快痛均有不同程度抑制作用,其中GHL高剂量组与模型组相比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:黄海棠提取物具有较强的抗炎镇痛效应。     

臭牡丹根提取物对小鼠的镇痛效应

背景臭牡丹属马鞭草科植物,现代药理学研究表明臭牡丹具有抗炎,抗肿瘤,提高机体非特异性免疫,兴奋子宫圆韧带肌电作用与激动α肾上腺受体有关,关于镇痛作用的实验研究较少.目的通过热板法和扭体法观察臭牡丹的乙醇提取物对小鼠的镇痛作用.设计以动物为观察对象,随机对照实验.单位赣南医学院的药理学教研室.材料实验于2004-03/06在赣南医学院药理教研室完成,选择昆明种小白鼠120只,体质量(20±2)g,由赣南医学院实验中心提供.干预50只小白鼠用于扭体法实验,随机分为生理盐水组,氨基比林0.1 g/kg组,吗啡0.01 g/kg组,臭牡丹提取物20 g/kg组,臭牡丹提取物40 g/kg组,每组10只,分别经腹腔注射给药,40 min后腹腔注射6 mL/L乙酸溶液(10 mL/kg),5 min后开始观察小鼠扭体数和扭体抑制率,共观察10 min.40只小白鼠用于热板法实验,随机分为生理盐水组,吗啡0.01g/kg组,臭牡丹提取物20 g/kg组,臭牡丹提取物40 g/kg组,每组10只,经腹腔注射给药后即刻置于热板金属表面,温度控制在(55±0.5)℃,分别记录给药后15,30,60 min痛阈值.30只小白鼠用于对抗纳洛酮的热板法实验,随机分为纳洛酮0.04 g/kg+吗啡0.01 g/kg组,纳洛酮0.04 g/kg+臭牡丹提取物40 g/kg组,纳洛酮0.04 g/kg+生理盐水组,经腹腔注射给药,记录给药后15,30,60,90 min痛反应时间值.主要观察指标①小白鼠扭体次数和扭体抑制率.②痛反应时间.③纳洛酮对抗后,痛反应时间.结果120只小白鼠全部进入结果分析.①扭体次数和扭体抑制率通过腹腔注射臭牡丹提取物20和40 g/kg后小白鼠的扭体次数为2.4±2.5,0.6±1.7,它们对6 mL/L乙酸溶液引起的疼痛反应的抑制率为93.3%,98.3%.②热板法实验给药后15,30,60 min的痛阈值给予臭牡丹提取物20 g/kg后15,30,60 min痛阈值为[(121.2±98.7)s,(191.2±78.6)s,(133.1±91.1)s];给予臭牡丹提取物40 g/kg后15,30,60 min痛阈值为[(233.9±70.4)s,(219.6±78.2)s,(218.3 ±92.6)s],均高于生理盐水组[(13.7±15.2)s,(9.7±12.5)s,(22.1±15.6)s](P＜0.01～0.001).③在纳洛酮对抗吗啡的实验中,吗啡0.01 g/kg+纳洛酮0.04 g/kg组给药后15,30,60 min的痛域明显小于臭牡丹提取物40 g/kg+纳洛酮0.04 g/kg组[(1.7±5.2)s,(124.9±79.4)s,P＜0.001;(6.4±8.6)s,(139.3±72.9)s,P＜0.001;(21.8±34.0)s,(137.9±60.8)s,P＜0.001].结论臭牡丹的乙醇提取物具有很强的镇痛作用,这种镇痛作用不是通过激动阿片受体而发挥镇痛效应的.     

槲皮素壳聚糖溶液的抗炎镇痛作用

背景：前期实验发现槲皮素壳聚糖膜对口腔溃疡有明显治疗作用。目的：验证槲皮素壳聚糖溶液的抗炎镇痛作用。方法：设计3组实验,均将SD大鼠或昆明小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组、壳聚糖对照组与实验组。①角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀实验：将各组大鼠双足分别浸泡在生理盐水、冰硼散溶液、壳聚糖溶液、槲皮素壳聚糖溶液中,再进行角叉菜胶足部注射。②巴豆油致小鼠耳郭肿胀实验：在各组大鼠耳部分别涂抹上述药物,再进行巴豆油耳部涂抹。③热板法致疼痛实验：在各组大鼠足底分别涂抹上述药物,涂抹前后行热板刺激实验。结果与结论：与模型组比较,实验组可明显抑制大鼠足部、耳部肿胀及足部疼痛（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,提高痛阈值和镇痛百分率（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,且效果优于阳性对照组与壳聚糖对照组。证明槲皮素壳聚糖溶液具有明显的抗炎镇痛作用。     

臭牡丹根提取物对小鼠的镇痛效应

背景：臭牡丹属马鞭草科植物，现代药理学研究表明臭牡丹具有抗炎，抗肿瘤，提高机体非特异性免疫，兴奋子宫圆韧带肌电作用与激动d肾上腺受体有关，关于镇痛作用的实验研究较少。目的：通过热板法和扭体法观察臭牡丹的乙醇提取物对小鼠的镇痛作用。设计：以动物为观察对象，随机对照实验。单位：赣南医学院的药理学教研室。材料：实验于2004-03／06在赣南医学院药理教研室完成，选择昆明种小白鼠120只，体质量(20&;#177;2)g，由赣南医学院实验中心提供。干预：50只小白鼠用于扭体法实验，随机分为生理盐水组，氨基比林0．1g／kg组，吗啡0．01g／kg组，臭牡丹提取物20g／kg组，臭牡丹提取物40g／kg组，每组10只，分别经腹腔注射给药，40min后腹腔注射6mL／L乙酸溶液(10mL／kg)，5min后开始观察小鼠扭体数和扭体抑制率，共观察10min。40只小白鼠用于热板法实验，随机分为生理盐水组，吗啡0．01g／kg组，臭牡丹提取物20g／kg组，臭牡丹提取物40g／kg组，每组10只，经腹腔注射给药后即刻置于热板金属表面，温度控制在(55&;#177;0．5)℃，分别记录给药后15，30，60rain痛阈值。30只小白鼠用于对抗纳洛酮的热板法实验，随机分为纳洛酮0．04g／kg+吗啡0．01g／kg组，纳洛酮0．04g／kg+臭牡丹提取物40g／kg组，纳洛酮0．04g／kg+生理盐水组，经腹腔注射给药，记录给药后15，30，60，90min痛反应时间值。主要观察指标：①小白鼠扭体次数和扭体抑制率。②痛反应时间。③纳洛酮对抗后，痛反应时间。结果：120只小白鼠全部进入结果分析。①扭体次数和扭体抑制率：通过腹腔注射臭牡丹提取物20和40g／kg后小白鼠的扭体次数为2．4&;#177;2．5，0．6&;#177;1．7，它们对6mL／L乙酸溶液引起的疼痛反应的抑制率为93．3％，98．3％。②热板法实验给药后15，30，60min的痛阈值：给予臭牡丹提取物20g／kg后15，30，60rain痛阈值为[(121．2&;#177;98．7)s，(191．2&;#177;78．6)s，(133．1&;#177;91．1)s]；给予臭牡丹提取物40g／kg后15，30，60min痛阈值为[(233．9&;#177;70．4)s，(219．6&;#177;78．2)s。(218．3&;#177;92．6)s]，均高于生理盐水组[(13．7&;#177;15．2)s，(9．7&;#177;12．5)s，(22．1&;#177;15．6)s](P&;lt;0．01～0．001)。③在纳洛酮对抗吗啡的实验中，吗啡0．01g／kg+纳洛酮0．04g／kg组给药后15，30，60min的痛域明显小于臭牡丹提取物40g／kg+纳洛酮0．04g／kg组[(1．7&;#177;5．2)s，(124．9&;#177;79．4)s，P&;lt;0．001；(6．4&;#177;8．6)s，(139．3&;#177;72．9)s，P&;lt;0．001；(21．8&;#177;34．0)s，(137．9&;#177;60．8)s，P&;lt;0．001]。结论：臭牡丹的乙醇提取物具有很强的镇痛作用，这种镇痛作用不是通过激动阿片受体而发挥镇痛效应的。     

散瘀消肿膏抗炎镇痛药效学试验

目的 研究不同浓度散瘀消肿膏的抗炎镇痛作用.方法 抗炎作用试验采用小鼠耳肿胀法和大鼠足爪肿胀法;镇痛作用试验采用小鼠热板法及光辐射热甩尾法.结果 中浓度散瘀消肿膏对小鼠二甲苯性耳肿胀及大鼠角叉菜胶性足跖肿胀有明显的抑制作用;对小鼠热板法和甩尾法致痛均有明显的镇痛效果.结论 中浓度散瘀消肿膏具有明显的抗炎镇痛药效.     

金花消痤胶囊抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的 :观察金花消痤胶囊的抗炎镇痛作用。方法 :采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀法 ,蛋清致大鼠足肿胀法和纸片致肉芽增生以及热板法和扭体法使动物产生炎症和疼痛 ,然后金花消痤胶囊按0 7、2 1、6 3 g/kg口服给药。结果 :金花消痤胶囊明显抑制小鼠的耳肿胀、大鼠的足肿胀和大鼠的肉芽增生 ,以及对抗热和化学物以及电刺激引起的疼痛有明显的抗炎镇痛作用     

夜来香提取物对小鼠的镇痛作用

背景:夜来香水提取物具有抗心律失常、局部麻醉以及中枢抑制作用。目的:探讨夜来香提取物对小鼠的镇痛作用,为临床疼痛治疗寻找新药。设计:随机对照观察。单位:赣南医学院现代教育中心与药理教研室。材料:实验于2005-03/04在赣南医学院科研中心实验室完成。①选取健康成年昆明种小鼠150只用于以下4个独立实验。②药品:夜来香提取物由沈阳药科大学植化教研室提供(药品批号:2002080901);盐酸吗啡注射液(沈阳第一制药厂,批号000305);盐酸纳洛酮注射液眼盐侨(湖南)制药有限公司,批号20021109演。方法:①夜来香提取物对醋酸引起小鼠扭体反应的实验:小鼠40只,随机数字表法分为4组,10只/组,分别腹腔注射0.02mL/g生理盐水,0.10,0.20mg/g夜来香提取物,0.10mg/g氨基比林。15min后腹腔注射6g/L冰醋酸0.01mL/g,观察记录15min内各组小鼠扭体反应次数。②夜来香提取物对小鼠热板法致痛作用的实验:雌性小鼠40只,随机数字表法分为4组,10只/组,分别腹腔注射0.02mL/g生理盐水,0.10,0.20mg/g夜来香提取物,0.01mg/g吗啡,用热板法测定给药后15,30,60min的痛觉反应。③纳洛酮拮抗吗啡、夜来香提取物对小鼠热板法致痛作用的实验:雌性小鼠30只,随机数字表法分为3组,10只/组,分别腹腔注射0.02mL/g生理盐水,0.004mg/g纳洛酮 0.01mg/g吗啡,0.004mg/g纳洛酮 0.10mg/g夜来香提取物,热板法测定给药后15,30,60min的痛觉反应。④夜来香提取物对电刺激致痛的实验:小鼠40只,随机数字表法分为4组,10只/组,分别腹腔注射0.02mL/g生理盐水,0.10,0.20mg/g夜来香提取物,1g/L吗啡,于给药后20,35,50,70min重复电刺激,电刺激法测定痛觉反应。主要观察指标:①小鼠扭体反应次数。②热板法致小鼠痛觉反应的时间。③电刺激法致小鼠镇痛率。结果:共选取健康成年昆明种小鼠150只用于4个独立实验,全部进入结果分析。①小鼠扭体反应次数:0.10,0.20mg/g夜来香提取物及0.10mg/g氨基比林对醋酸诱发小鼠扭体反应有非常显著的镇痛作用,给药后扭体反应次数均少于生理盐水组(20.2±10.8,14.5±7.6,7.6±4.5,50.6±15.5,P<0.01),且夜来香提取物的镇痛效果呈剂量依赖性。②热板法致小鼠痛觉反应的时间:0.10,0.20mg/g夜来香提取物对热板致痛有显著的镇痛作用,给药后15,30,60min痛觉反应的时间均长于生理盐水组(P<0.05或0.01),且呈剂量依赖性。纳洛酮0.004mg/g 夜来香提取物0.10mg/g组给药后各时间点痛觉反应的时间均长于生理盐水组(P<0.05或0.01),但纳洛酮0.004mg/g 吗啡0.01mg/g组与生理盐水组相接近。③电刺激法致小鼠镇痛率:夜来香提取物0.10,0.20mg/g组及吗啡组给药后20,35,50,70min镇痛率均高于生理盐水组(P<0.01)。结论:夜来香提取物具有明显的镇痛作用,且镇痛强度呈剂量依赖性。其镇痛作用并非通过激动阿片受体而实现的。     

中药材满山红两种提取物抗炎与镇痛作用

目的:研究满山红两种提取物的抗炎与镇痛作用。方法:采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀实验、小鼠腹腔通透性实验观察满山红两种提取物的抗炎效果;采用冰醋酸致小鼠扭体实验、热板仪致小鼠疼痛实验观察满山红两种提取物的镇痛作用。结果:抗炎实验结果显示,与生理盐水组比较,满山红两种提取物低(4g/kg)、高剂量组(8g/kg)对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀有很明显的抑制作用,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01,P0.05);高剂量组(8g/kg)对小鼠腹腔通透性具有明显的抑制作用(P0.05);镇痛实验结果显示,满山红两种提取物低(4g/kg)、高剂量组(8g/kg)对醋酸致小鼠扭体和热板致小鼠疼痛有明显的抑制作用(P0.01,P0.05)。结论:满山红具有较好的抗炎和镇痛作用,水提物的镇痛效果略优于醇提物。     

拳参水提取物镇痛作用的实验观察

目的:探讨拳参水提取物对小鼠镇痛的作用及其机制。方法:①小鼠(n=40)腹腔注射拳参水提取物0.10mg/g,0.15mg/g,15min后腹腔注射0.6%冰醋酸0.01mL/g,观察记录给药后15min内小鼠扭体次数。②雌性小鼠(n=40)腹腔注射拳参水提取物0.10mg/g,0.15mg/g,用热板法测定小鼠15,30和60min痛觉反应。③雌性小鼠(n=30)分别腹腔注射拳参水提取物(0.15mg/g)、纳洛酮(0.004mg/g),用热板法测定小鼠15,30和60min痛觉反应。④小鼠(n=40)腹腔注射拳参水提取物0.10mg/g,0.15mg/g,用电刺激法测定痛觉反应。结果:①0.10mg/g,0.15mg/g拳参水提取物对醋酸诱发小鼠扭体反应有非常显著的镇痛作用,与对照组比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。②0.10mg/g,0.15mg/g拳参水提取物对热板致痛有显著的镇痛作用,与对照组比较差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.05～0.01);③0.004mg/g纳洛酮不能拮抗0.15mg/g拳参水提取物对热板致痛的镇痛作用,与对照组比较,差异有非常显著性意义(t=2.831,3.563,P<0.05～0.01)。④0.10mg/g、0.15mg/g拳参水提取物对电刺激致痛有显著的镇痛作用,与对照组比较,差异有非常显著性意义(t=3.455,P<0.01)。结论:拳参水提取物具有明显的镇痛作用,但纳洛酮不能对抗其镇痛作用。     

舒筋活血药抗炎、镇痛作用及急性毒性试验的实验研究

目的:进一步明确舒筋活血药的抗炎、镇痛作用及药用安全性。方法:分别用小鼠热板法、小鼠耳郭肿胀法、急性毒性试验,给实验小鼠灌服不同浓度的舒筋活血药药液,测定其最大耐受量(MTD)。结果:舒筋活血药能明显抑制炎症反应,能减轻物理刺激(热)所致的疼痛,急性毒性试验中测定小鼠对该药的最大日耐受量(MTD)为生药360g/kg,相当于人日常用量的900倍,小鼠观察期内无致死。结论:舒筋活血药具有良好的抗炎、镇痛作用,该药的使用安全性高。     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.