输尿管镜下弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石的方法改进

目的 探讨经尿道弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的新方法.方法 插入10～12F导尿管,导尿管旁输尿管镜进入膀胱内,气压弹道碎石术治疗28例膀胱结石患者.结果 均一次治疗成功,碎石、取膀胱结石时间20一50min,平均35 min.术后3～5 d拔除尿管,排尿通畅,无结石残留,无膀胱、尿道穿孔等并发症.结论 导尿管旁路输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石是一种操作简单、安全、有效的治疗方法.     

肾镜下超声/气压弹道碎石治疗下尿路结石

目的 探讨经尿道肾镜下超声/气压弹道碎石治疗下尿路复杂性结石的临床疗效.方法 采用肾镜经尿道行超声/气压弹道碎石术治疗下尿路复杂性结石90例.尿道结石18例,结石大小1.0 cm×0.8cm～1.2cm×2.2 cm:膀胱结石72例,膀胱结石长径平均(2.5±1.5)cm(1.0～6.5 cm),其中单发结石30例,2个结石12例,多发结石30例(最多10枚结石).结果 全部结石均1次碎石成功,结石清除率100%.粉碎并清除结石平均时间为(48.6±22.6)min(12～90min).术后平均住院天数(3.2±1.8)d(1～6 d),无严重并发症发生.结论 经尿道肾镜下超声/气压弹道碎石治疗下尿路复杂结石创伤小、安全、高效,可作为下尿路结石治疗的重要手段.     

应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石

目的:探讨应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石的治疗效果及预后.方法:对56例各种病因所致膀胱结石患者于肾镜或输尿管镜下应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统进行治疗.结果:56例均一次清除膀胱结石,其中12例为小儿膀胱结石患者.手术时间10～60 min.术中及术后未发生大出血、膀胱穿孔、水中毒等并发症.术后随访1～24个月,无结石复发和尿道狭窄出现.结论:应用超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石,尤其对小儿膀胱结石是安全、高效地手术方法.     

经尿道肾镜下气压弹道碎石治疗大膀胱结石

目的探讨腔内治疗大膀胱结石的微创、有效的新方法。方法经尿道肾镜下气压弹道碎石。碎石后借助膀胱内水的压力直视下将已碎结石自肾镜镜鞘内冲出。结果全部患者均一次碎石成功，碎石屑完全取出。结论经尿道肾镜下气压弹道碎石治疗大膀胱结石具有创伤小、效率高、疗效确切和并发症少等特点，值得推广应用。     

电切镜鞘辅助肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石

目的探讨电切镜鞘辅助肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年8月至2013年4月80例膀胱结石患者的临床资料,所有患者均使用电切镜鞘辅助肾镜气压弹道碎石,统计手术时间及手术并发症。随访6个月,观察有无尿道狭窄,比较手术前后尿流率变化。结果膀胱结石平均直径1．8cm,所有患者均碎石成功,平均手术时间22min,无残留结石,无膀胱穿孔等并发症。术后随访6个月,男性患者均无尿道狭窄,尿流率明显改善。结论电切镜鞘辅助肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗成人膀胱结石

目的初步探讨经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗成年患者膀胱结石的方法及疗效。方法54例膀胱结石,大小10mm×8mm～42mm×39mm,通过经皮肾镜通道采用气压弹道碎石术治疗。结果所有结石均一次粉碎成功。平均手术时间53.6min。单纯碎石者术后19例出现肉眼血尿,均于2d内消失。术后发热8例,均于3d内恢复正常。无膀胱穿孔等严重并发症。结论经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石术是治疗成年患者膀胱结石的良好方法,尤其对巨大膀胱结石更具优势。     

经电切镜鞘肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗膀胱结石20例分析

目的探讨经电切镜鞘肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗膀胱结石的有效方法。方法经尿道插入电切镜后,保留外鞘置入F20肾镜,采用瑞士第三代气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石20例。13例前列腺增生同时行前列腺等离子电切术。结果 20例均顺利一次性将结石取尽。术中、术后无大出血、膀胱穿孔和水中毒等并发症。术后随访3个月,未见结石复发,无尿道狭窄。结论电切镜外鞘气压弹道联合超声碎石是治疗膀胱结石的安全、有效方法。     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术的护理

目的探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术的护理。方法对202例泌尿系结石患者采用经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗,分别于术前、术中进行护理干预。结果 202例肾结石,单侧结石清除时间35～115min,平均45min。结石粉碎率100.0%,结石取净率89.8%（53/59）。平均失血量为（76±33）mL。术后5～7d拔除肾造瘘管,拔除肾造瘘管3d后拔除导尿管,术后1个月左右拔除双J管。术后住院5～14d,平均8d。194例一期完成（92.6%）;4例有结石残留;3例行二期经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）;1例因结石巨大（直径约8.5cm）,行二期PCNL共2次取石和体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）辅助碎石。结论对经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石患者,加强术前及术后护理,能减少并发症的发生,促进患者早日康复。     

肾镜结合气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石

目的 探讨肾镜结合气压弹道碎石治疗膀胱结石的临床疗效.方法 分析2004年9月-2011年3月男性膀胱结石患者87例的临床资料.结石直径1.5~6.7cm,使用肾镜结合气压弹道碎石术治疗,统计手术时间、手术并发症.随访3个月,观察有无尿道狭窄.结果 所有患者碎石成功,平均手术时间为37 min,无残留结石,无膀胱穿孔、...     

经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和前列腺电切术同期治疗前列腺增生症并膀胱结石

目的 探讨经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和前列腺电切术同期治疗前列腺增生症并膀胱结石的效果。方法 对63例前列腺增生症并膀胱结石患者，先置入膀胱镜鞘，建立“通道”，行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术，清除膀胱结石后同期行前列腺电切术。结果 63例患者均手术成功。无膀胱穿孔、水中毒、再出血、尿失禁等并发症，拔尿管后均排尿顺畅。2～3个月后复查，无结石残留。结论 膀胱镜鞘建立“通道”，采用经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和前列腺电切术同期治疗前列腺增生症并膀胱结石是一种创伤小、安全、疗效肯定的微创手术方法，值得推广。【关键词】前列腺增生症 膀胱结石 经尿道前列腺电切术 气压弹道碎石术     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.