大剂量地塞米松联合重组人血小板生成素治疗重症免疫性血小板减少症的临床疗效研究

目的 比较大剂量地塞米松联合重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)与单纯使用大剂量地塞米松冲击治疗重症免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)的疗效.方法 选择2013年1月至2015年3月于济宁市第一人民医院血液内科住院治疗的75例重症ITP患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其随机分为治疗组(n=38)和对照组(n=37).两组患者年龄、性别构成比等一般情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗组给予静脉滴注地塞米松40mg/次×1次/d×4 d+皮下注射rhTPO 15 000 U/次×1次/d×14 d,若血小板计数＜10×109/L,则给予输注新鲜单采血小板1个治疗量.对照组仅给予静脉滴注地塞米松40 mg/次×1次/d×4d,余辅助治疗同治疗组.治疗14 d后,对两组患者的临床疗效和不良反应发生率进行统计学分析.本研究遵循的程序符合济宁市第一人民医院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象本人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书.结果 两组患者治疗有效率(77.3％比47.8％)、达有效时间[(6.9±1.4)d比(10.2±2.1)d]、血小板升高值[(155.2±101.2)×109/L比(55.7±33.3)×109/L]比较,差异均有统计学差异(x2=5.01,U=2.46、3.15;P＜0.05).两组患者血小板输注率、药物不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 大剂量地塞米松联合rhTPO治疗重症ITP患者安全有效,较单纯使用大剂量地塞米松能有效缩短血小板起效时间,并且能明显提高血小板水平.     

ITP患者血小板计数和出血分级之间关系的临床研究

目的 探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患者血小板计数与出血分级之间关系.方法 采用ITP出血分级标准对123例ITP患者的424例次出血事件的评估,采用x2检验比较ITP患者的血小板计数的程度及时长的不同分组的严重出血(2级出血)发生率的关系.ITP患者依据血小板计数分成A组(20～30)×109/L、B组(10～20)×109/L和C组(0～10)×109/L,同时依据天数分成7组,共计21小组.结果 血小板减少≥4d的C组与B组的严重出血的发生率之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而＜3d的B组和A组的严重出血的发生率之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ITP患者＜3dPLT下降至≤20×109/L或＞4d PLT下降至≤10×109/L时,容易发生严重出血,故可作为ITP患者输注血小板的指征.     

血小板异常并发脑卒中临床分析

目的:总结血小板异常患者并发脑卒中的临床特点.方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2009年1月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院收治的血小板异常(原发性血小板增多症、特发性血小板减少性紫癜)并发脑卒中患者的临床资料.结果:原发性血小板增多症(ET)患者60例中,10%(6/60)出现脑梗死,年龄为69±11岁.血小板计数为(1112±366)×109/L;1.7e(1/60)出现脑出血,54岁,血小板计数为597×109/L.特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患者696例中,0.6%(4/696)患者出现脑出血,年龄为56±30岁,血小板计数为(29±12)×109/L:ITP患者中0.3%(2/696)出现脑梗死,分别为64岁、73岁,血小板计数分别为49×109/L、166×109/L.结论:ET患者脑梗死发生率高,建议二级预防治疗中强化抗血小板治疗以预防再次脑梗塞;ITP患者并发卒中少见,二级治疗中建议谨慎选择抗血小板方案.     

应用重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)临床观察

目的　评价沈阳三生的重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)对血小板减少患者的疗效和安全性。方法　11例血液恶性肿瘤患者和7例难治性ITP患者皮下注射rhTPO(1 0 μg/kg·d) ,动态监测注射后血小板生长情况。结果　肿瘤化疗组使用rhTP0 9d后,血小板计数较对照组明显升高(P <0 0 5 ) ,血小板恢复至10 0×10 9/L需19±9 4d ,较对照组2 4±6 .2d明显缩短。难治性ITP组显效6例,良好1例,总有效率10 0 %。无明显不良反应。结论　rhTPO对化疗后骨髓抑制引起的血小板减少及难治性ITP患者的血小板严重减少有促进增生作用,无明显不良反应     

重组人白细胞介素-11联合糖皮质激素治疗免疫性血小板减少症的疗效分析

目的 探讨采用重组人白细胞介素(rhIL)-11联合糖皮质激素治疗初治免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者的疗效及安全性.方法 选取2011年12月至2014年12月于江苏省张家港市第一人民医院血液科接受住院治疗的60例初治ITP患者为研究对象.按照简单随机抽样法将60例初治ITP患者分为研究组(n=30)与对照组(n=30).研究组患者采用rhIL-11联合糖皮质激素方案进行治疗;对照组患者单用糖皮质激素进行治疗.本研究纳入标准:符合ITP诊断标准的初治患者,年龄大于18岁.排除标准:继发性血小板减少症患者,以及伴有基础疾病,如糖尿病、心功能不全或心律失常的ITP患者.检测并记录两组患者治疗前、治疗第4、7天血小板计数的变化情况及其血小板计数≥100×109/L的平均时间,根据ITP出血评分表(BAT)统计出血评分,以及治疗第7天患者的疗效评价、不良反应,并进行统计学分析.本研究遵循的程序符合江苏省张家港市第一人民医院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准.两组患者年龄与性别构成比等一般临床资料,以及治疗前血小板计数、出血评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结果 ①两组初治ITP患者治疗后血小板计数均逐步增高.研究组患者治疗第4天血小板计数[(37.9±30.4)×109/L]显著高于对照组[(22.5±16.0)×109/L],且差异有统计学意义(t=2.308,P=0.028);研究组患者治疗第7天血小板计数[(121.8±29.2)×109/L]亦显著高于对照组[(91.2±28.7)×109/L],且差异亦有统计学意义(t=5.444,P=0.000).但研究组血小板计数≥100×109/L的时间[(7.0±1.4)d]较对照组[(9.3±3.5)d]缩短,且差异有统计学意义(t=-3.820,P=0.001).②两组初治ITP患者治疗后出血评分均逐步减低.研究组患者治疗第4天出血评分[(2.0±1.1)分]显著低于对照组[(2.7±1.0)分],且差异有统计学意义(t=-2.588,P=0.015);研究组患者治疗第7天出血评分[(0.1±0.4)分]亦显著低于对照组[(0.5±1.2)分],且差异亦有统计学意义(t=-2.249,P=0.032).③研究组治疗第7天完全有效率达90.0％显著高于对照组(60.0％),且差异亦有统计学意义(x2=5.69,P＜0.05).④研究组初治ITP患者中有6例(20.0％,6/30)出现水、钠潴留,采用利尿剂治疗后好转;3例(10.0％,3/30)自感心悸,2例(6.7％,2/30)心电图结果示频发心房早搏,停药后均好转;1例(3.3％,1/30)快速房颤,停用rhIL-11,予毛花苷丙(西地兰)静脉注射后好转;20例(66.7％,20/30)发生结膜充血,未行特殊处理;其中有2例患者合并2种不良反应.对照组初治ITP患者中有5例(16.7％,5/30)患者出现体重轻度增加,无下肢浮肿,未行特殊处理;2例(6.7％,2/30)出现窦性心动过速,停药后好转;其余患者均无不良反应.结论 rhIL-11联合糖皮质激素治疗初治ITP患者起效快、疗效好、安全性高,且患者可耐受.     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜抗核抗体阳性的临床意义

目的 探讨抗核抗体(ANA)在特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2009年1月间进行的ANA检测的71例ITP患者临床资料.71例ITP患者中,ANA阳性20例(28.2%).42例ITP患者接受了初治方案为泼尼松1 mg/(kg·d)的治疗,其中12例ANA阳性(ANA阳性组).结果 治疗第7天,ANA阳性组平均血小板计数增加(16.5±14.0)×10~9/L,ANA阴性组增加(42.7±15.2)×10~9/L,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗第15天,ANA阳性组平均血小板计数增加(43.1±8.1)×10~9/L,ANA阴性组增加(64.2±14.8)×10~9/L,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对年龄、性别、骨髓巨核细胞数和红细胞沉降率进行调整后,ANA阳性组与ANA阴性组之间血小板计数增加值仍具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ANA阳性的ITP患者可能对泼尼松治疗反应差.     

重组人血小板生成素治疗儿童重症免疫性血小板减少症25例临床观察

本研究旨在通过对国产重组人血小板生成素（rhTPO）治疗儿童重症免疫性血小板减少症（ITP）的临床资料分析,探讨儿童患者使用rhTPO的疗效及安全性。采用回顾分析方法,收集北京儿童医院2009年12月-2012年11月收入院的25例予rhTPO治疗（连续14d）的重症免疫性血小板减少症患儿临床资料。分析rhTP0治疗儿童重症免疫性血小板减少症的疗效及安全性。结果表明：25例病例用药前血小板中位数为4×10^9／L（0×10^9／L-10×10^9／L）,用药后最高值中位数为71×10^9／L（14×10^9／L-439×10^9／L）,升至最高值中位时间为11d（范围3—15d）。停用TPO后,血小板计数逐渐下降。疗效分析显示,完全反应11／25例（44％）,有效8／25例（32％）,无效6／25例（24％）,总有效率19／25（76％）。对于治疗有效的患者,用药后血小板最高值中位数为112×10^9／L（43×10^9／L-439×10^9／L）,升至最高值中位时间为12d（范围7—15d）;达到有效疗效的平均中位时间为4d（范围1—11d）。治疗有效者停药2周时平均血小板计数仍显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05）。12例子rhTPO治疗前用足量丙种球蛋白治疗无效的病例,在rhTPO治疗结束后予丙种球蛋白治疗有效。应用rhTPO治疗期间,2例患者出现轻微不良反应,用药后及随访过程中未发现其他相关副作用。结论：儿童重症ITP应用rhTPO治疗安全有效,可以帮助患儿更平稳度过严重出血的危险期,但rhTPO作用不持久,停用后血小板计数逐渐回落,需维持治疗以巩固疗效。     

未成熟血小板分数在血小板减少性疾病中的变化

目的 了解血小板减少性疾病患者外周血未成熟血小板分数(IPF)、高荧光强度未成熟血小板分数(H-IPF)、未成熟血小板绝对值(IPF#)和血小板平均侧向荧光强度(PLT-X)的变化,探讨其在血小板减少性疾病中的临床意义.方法 选取血小板减少性疾病86例[特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)50例、再生障碍性贫血(AA)15例、急性白血病(AL)21例]、骨髓增生性疾病(MPD)32例[慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)11例、原发性血小板增多症(ET)16例、真性红细胞增多症(PV)5例]和健康对照者50名.应用SYSMEX XE-5000全自动血液分析仪检测各疾病组及健康对照组外周血血小板(PLT)、IPF、H-IPF、IPF#和PLT-X.将ITP组按PLT计数结果分为≤30×109/L、(>30~<60)×109/L、(60~<100)×109/L 3组,并比较各组IPF.结果 ITP组IPF、H-IPF、IPF#和PLT-X测定值分别为(19.8±12.7)%、6.7(4.7~12.3)%、3.1(2.0~12.1)×109/L和(27.8±8.6)ch;AA组IPF、H-IPF、IPF#和PLT-X测定值分别为(5.6±2.5)%、1.9(0.7~4.0)%、0.8(0.4~1.4)×109/L和(17.3±2.4)ch;AL组IPF、H-IPF、IPF#和PLT-X测定值分别为(6.3±3.4)%、2.1(1.2~4.1)%、2.4(1.5~3.2)×109/L和(18.7±3.0)ch;MPD组IPF、H-IPF、IPF#和PLT-X测定值分别为(3.1±1.6)%、2.1(0.9~0.7)%、19.2(14.0~22.5)×109/L和(16.9±2.3)ch;健康对照组IPF、H-IPF、IPF#和PLT-X测定值分别为(4.1±1.3)%、1.2(1.0~1.7)%、9.3(7.4~12.1)×109/L和(18.4±1.5)ch.ITP组IPF、H-IPF和PLT-X明显高于AA组、AL组、MPD组和健康对照组(P<0.05);ITP组IPF#与AA组、AL组、MPD组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),和健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).ITP各组间IPF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论检测血小板相关参数(IPF、H-IPF和PLT-X)可能有助于血小板减少性疾病的鉴别诊断.     

腹腔镜下脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜

目的 探讨腹腔镜下脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜的安全性和临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2006年9月～2009年12月该院30例采用腹腔镜下脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者的临床资料.结果 30例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜下脾切除术,平均手术时间为(156.0±45.0)min,术中出血量为(120.0±65.0)mL,胃肠功能恢复时间为(22.0±10.8)h,术后平均住院时间为(9.0±5.6)d,总有效率达到93.3%;术后第1、3、5、7及14天血小板计数分别为(180.6±63.2)×109/L、(232.6±75.8)×109/L、(263.0±83.5)× 109/L、(298.0±93.7)×109/L和(142.0±52.6)×109/L,与术前(31.6±13.0)×109/L相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),术后并发腹腔脓肿1例,腹壁穿刺孔感染1例,均经非手术治疗治愈,全组无手术死亡.结论 LS治疗ITP安全可行,疗效满意,是一种较理想的治疗手段.     

重组人血小板生成素治疗脓毒症血小板减少症

目的 评价重组人血小板生成素(recombinant human thromobopoietin,rhTPO)对脓毒症相关血小板减少症的疗效和安全性.方法 前瞻、对照方法观察2009年1月至2009年11月入住天津市第一中心医院ICU的脓毒症并发生血小板减少的患者,外周血血小板计数≤40×109 L-1且主治及以上医师认为有必要升高血小板治疗的脓毒症患者为研究对象,排除恶性肿瘤、6个月内接受过免疫调节剂治疗、年龄＜14岁或＞75岁、心肺复苏后、入院24 h内转出或死亡者及终末期肝或肾功能衰竭者.将入选43例患者根据"不平衡指数最小的分配原则"随机分为特比奥(rhTPO)组(21例)和静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白(Intravenous Immunoglobulin,IVIG)组(22例),rhTPO组在综合治疗的基础上加用特比奥300 U·kg-1·d-1,2～8 d,IVIG组则在综合治疗的基础上加用静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白400 mg·kg-1·d-1,连用5 d.观察比较两组患者治疗后第1,2,3,5,7天外周静脉血血小板计数以及凝血指标、肝肾功能、出血及血制品输注情况、ICU住院时间、治疗费用等指标,随访并比较28 d病死率等预后情况.两组间参数的比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料进行χ2检验.结果 rhTPO组治疗后血小板恢复最高值明显高于IVIG组(t=2.21,P=0.032);rhTPO组血小板最低值和最高值的差值明显大于IVIG组(t=7.40,P＜0.001).治疗前两组血小板计数差异无统计学意义(t=0.458,P＞0.05),用药第2天、第3天rhTPO组血小板计数升高明显高于IVIG组(t=2.166和t=2.132,P=0.036和P=0.041),两组存活病例用药第3天rhTPO组血小板计数明显高于IVIG组(t=2.28,P=0.032),两组出血发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.720,P＞0.05),但rhTPO组血小板及血浆输注量明显少于IVIG组(t=2.038和t=2.252,P=0.048和P=0.030).两组ICU住院时间及病死率差异无统计学意义(t=0.91和χ2=0.264,P＞0.05),但rhTPO组用药平均消费显著低于IVIG组(t=16.93,P＜0.001).所有病死病例治疗前血小板计数显著低于存活组(t=3.448,P=0.001).rhTPO组无一例发生不良反应.结论 重组人血小板生成素可促进脓毒症相关血小板减少症血小板计数的恢复,减少患者血制品输注量,降低医疗费用且安全可靠.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rhTPO (recombinant human thromobopoietin) employed for the treatment of sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia. Method There were 47 patients with sepsis-associaiod thrombocytopcnia eligible for the prospective, randomized (random number) and controlled clinical study from January 2009 to November 2009 in ICU of the Tianjin First center Hospital. According to the principle of minimum distribution imbalance index, these patients were randomly divided into the rhTPO group (n = 21) and the IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin) control group (n = 22). In the rhTPO group, rhTPO was given subcutaneously to patients in a dose of 300 U/kg/d for 2 ～ 8 d, and in the IVIG control group, IVIG was used instead of rhTPO in a dose of 400 mg/kg/d for 5 days. Laboratory tests included blood routine examination, hepatic function, kidney function, coagulation function. The amount of blood products used, bleeding events, the days of ICU and hospital stay, total therapy cost and 28-day mortality were compared between two groups. Results The maximal platelet count in the rhTPO group was significantly higer than that in the contral group (t = 2.21, P =0.032). The mean value of difference between minimal and maximal platelet counts in the rhTPO group was much higher than that in the control group (t =7.40, P ＜0. 001). The average platelet count was no statistical difference between two groups before treatment (t =0. 458, P ＞ 0.05), but the average platelet counts in the rhTPO group were significantly higer than those in the contral group on the second and third day after treatment(t = 2. 166 and t = 2. 132, P =0. 036 and P =0.041. There were no statistical differences in incidence of bleeding, length of ICU stay and mortality between two groups (χ2 =0.720, t =0.91 and χ2 =0.264, P ＞0.05) , but the amounts of plasma and platelet transfusion were significantly less in the rhTPO group than those in the control group (t = 2.038 and t =2.252, P=0.048 and P=0.030) and the medical cost was cut down significantly in rhTPO group (t = 16.93, P ＜ 0.001). There was no adverse reaction occurred during period of observation. Conclusions The rhTPO can significantly increase platelet count, and decrease the amount of blood transfused and the medical cost. The administration of rhTPO is safe and efficient for the treatment of sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.