异丙酚和安氟醚对支气管粘液纤毛运输功能的影响

目的 观察安氟醚吸入麻醉和异丙酚静脉麻醉对支气管粘液纤毛运输速度的影响。方法 选择40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级病人,随机分二组,每组20例。一组吸入安氟醚,呼气末浓度为3.1％,另一组静脉异丙酚麻醉,两组病人分别在机械通气10min和60min后测量支气管粘液纤毛运输速度。测定方法 在小儿支气管镜直视下,在左主支气管背部粘膜上方通过硬膜外导管注射亚甲蓝,标记染料在0、2、4、6min的移动距离,计算支气管粘液纤毛运输速度。结果 安氟醚组,机械通气10min和60min后的测量值分别为(13.9±1.4)mm·min~(-1)和(9.9±2.0)mm·min~(-1)(P<0.05),通气60min较10min粘液纤毛运输速度显著下降;异丙酚组,10min和60min的测量值分别为(14.1±1.6)mm·min~(-1)和(14.7±1.5)mm·min~(-1)无统计学差异(P>0.05)。两组在机械通气10min后比较,P>0.05;60min后比较,异丙酚组运输速度显著高于安氟醚组(P<0.05)。结论 安氟醚可抑制支气管粘液纤毛运输功能,而异丙酚静脉麻醉则没有影响。     

丙泊酚静脉麻醉与喉罩通气对支气管黏液运输速度的影响

目的比较丙泊酚或七氟醚麻醉应用喉罩或气管插管机械通气时患者支气管黏液运输速度(BTV)的变化。方法 44例全身麻醉下机械通气患者随机均分为四组:喉罩+丙泊酚组(LP组),气管插管+丙泊酚组(TP组),喉罩+七氟醚组(LS组);气管插管+七氟醚组(TS组)。麻醉诱导用药相同,麻醉维持分别采用丙泊酚6～7mg·kg-1.h-1或七氟醚1.5%～2%联合雷米芬太尼0.1～0.2μg·kg-1.min-1。机械通气5、60min时,在纤维支气管镜引导下,用亚甲蓝在右支气管背段黏膜标记,通过测定亚甲蓝的移动速率计算BTV值。结果机械通气5min后,四组BTV值差异无统计学意义。机械通气60min后,TP、LS、TS组BTV值下降(P0.01),LP组BTV值差异无统计学意义;组间比较,四组BTV值LP组TP组LS组TS组(P0.01)。结论丙泊酚静脉麻醉联合喉罩机械通气对呼吸道黏液纤毛传输功能的抑制作用最小。     

地氟醚麻醉深度对单侧肺通气时肺内分流的影响

目的观测地氟醚麻醉深度对单侧肺通气(OLV)时低氧性肺血管收缩(HPV)的影响。方法择期行左侧开胸的成年手术患者36例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为丙泊酚组(P组)、0·5MAC地氟醚组(D1组)和1MAC地氟醚组(D2组),每组12例。分别用咪唑安定0·2mg/kg(D1组和D2组)、丙泊酚4μg/ml靶控输注(P组),三组均用芬太尼4μg/kg和罗库溴铵0·9mg/kg行静脉诱导,经口插入Mallinckrodt右双腔支气管导管。以3%地氟醚(D1组)、6%地氟醚(D2组)、丙泊酚[P组,保持脑电双频指数(BIS)在40~49]、芬太尼、罗库溴铵维持麻醉。于双侧肺通气15min(TLV-15)、右OLV15min(OLV-15)、右OLV30min(OLV-30)时取足背动脉血和右心房静脉血做血气分析,计算肺内分流率(Qs/Qt)。结果D2组OLV后Qs/Qt均值超过30%,OLV-15时Qs/Qt增幅比D1组大70·6%(P<0·05)。三组OLV后动脉血氧分压(PaO2)降幅均超过40%(P<0·01)。结论1MAC地氟醚对OLV时HPV有明显抑制作用,0·5MAC地氟醚影响轻微。     

七氟醚对心脏病病人维库溴铵肌松效力的影响

目的 :观察吸入七氟醚对维库溴铵肌松效力的影响。方法 :4 0例择期体外循环心内直视术病人随机分成两组 ,分别为静脉麻醉组 (对照组 )和静脉麻醉复合吸入 1 3MAC七氟醚组 (七氟醚组 ) ,采用累积剂量反应的方法测定两组维库溴铵的量效关系曲线。结果 :诱导期吸入七氟醚 15分钟后使维库溴铵的量效关系曲线左移 ,七氟醚组的ED50 和ED95分别为 19 2± 5 6和 3 7 0± 10 3 μg/kg ,与对照组的 3 0 7± 8 6和 5 7 8± 11 6μg/kg相比 ,分别减少3 6 5 %和 3 5 8% (P <0 0 1)。结论 :七氟醚麻醉能明显增强维库溴铵的肌松效力。     

异氟醚对上肢运动诱发电位的影响

目的　在保持病人肌松程度和镇痛一致的条件下 ,比较丙泊酚和不同呼末浓度的异氟醚对上肢前臂肌群运动诱发电位 (motorevokedpotential,MEP)的影响。 方法　选择 2 0例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行神经外科手术的病人先后给予三组麻醉状态。A组用丙泊酚 +芬太尼 +维库溴铵全凭静脉麻醉 ;B组用异氟醚 +芬太尼 +维库溴铵静吸复合麻醉 ,调节呼末异氟醚浓度为 0 5MAC ;C组同样静吸复合麻醉 ,调节呼末异氟醚浓度为 1 0MAC。每例病人术中均给予芬太尼以 2 μg·kg 1·h 1持续静脉输注至术毕前 30min。术中以维库溴铵维持T4/T1为 0 2 5。在保持病人血液动力学基本稳定的前提下 ,于A ,B ,C三组状态下监测MEP ,记录并比较潜伏期和波幅的变化。结果　随着异氟醚呼末浓度的升高 ,MEP的潜伏期逐渐延长 (P <0 0 5 ) ,波幅逐渐减小 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉能得到MEP的高检出率 ,而吸入性麻醉药异氟醚可明显抑制MEP的产生     

七氟醚对丙泊酚闭环靶控效果的影响

目的 探讨静吸复合麻醉中七氟醚对闭环靶控输注丙泊酚调控麻醉深度效果的影响. 方法 60例ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级择期行全身麻醉腹部手术患者,采用随机数字表法分为3组(每组20例):单纯丙泊酚组(A组)、丙泊酚复合吸入0.6MAC七氟醚组(B组)和丙泊酚复合吸入0.8 MAC七氟醚组(C组).3组患者丙泊酚输注速率均由BIS介导的闭环靶控系统自动反馈调节.A组患者全程持续使用丙泊酚静脉麻醉;B组和C组应用丙泊酚维持20 min后开始吸入3％七氟醚,并根据各自MAC设定值调整吸入浓度,于吸入40 min后停止七氟醚;给药过程中连续观察靶控输注丙泊酚的血药浓度变化并做统计分析. 结果 B组和C组术中BIS与A组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与A组比较,B组和C组丙泊酚血药浓度在七氟醚吸入后逐渐下降,停药后缓慢上升(P＜0.05);吸入后30 min和40 min时,C组[(1.8±0.6),(1.2±0.4) mg/L]较B组[(1.9±0.6),(1.7±0.6) mg/L]与A组[(2.5±0.6),(2.5±0.6)mg/L]比较,血药浓度下降的更明显(P＜0.05);组间丙泊酚血药浓度变化速度比较,C组比B组下降和上升的速度更快(P＜0.05),均于停止吸入后40 min趋于稳定. 结论 BIS闭环靶控丙泊酚麻醉系统在复合七氟醚0.8 MAC以内的状态下,可以有效地自动反馈调节麻醉深度.     

30%脂肪乳剂对异氟醚血/气分配系数的影响

目的　测定一定量的 30 %脂肪乳剂与血液混合后的异氟醚血 /气 (B/G)分配系数 ,观察血中含有不同浓度的 30 %脂肪乳剂后异氟醚B/G的变化。方法　 (1)选择 18例接受择期心脏手术的病人 ,静脉诱导后采集桡动脉血 2 0ml,用微量加样器分别配成含 4 %、2 %、1%、0 5 %及 0 2 5 %(Vol/Vol% )的 30 %脂肪乳剂与血的混合液。 (2 )用注射器 注射器二次平衡法测定 37℃、一个大气压下含不同浓度脂肪乳剂血液的异氟醚B/G。结果　异氟醚对含 4 %、2 %、1%、0 5 %及 0 2 5 %(Vol/Vol% )的 30 %脂肪乳剂的B/G分别为 2 5 2± 0 0 8、2 0 6± 0 0 9、1 72± 0 14、1 5 8± 0 11和1 5 2± 0 0 9,同时测定的异氟醚B/G为 1 4 2± 0 0 8。结论　临床应用的 30 %脂肪乳剂使挥发性麻醉药的B/G增大     

丙泊酚反馈靶控输注静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉的临床效果比较

目的　比较丙泊酚反馈靶控输注 (TCI)静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉的临床效果。方法4 0例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者随机分成两组。丙泊酚组 (n =2 0 )采用丙泊酚闭合环路TCI ,靶浓度 4 μg/ml,以脑电双频谱指数 (BIS) =5 0、MAP =80 %基础值作为反馈指标。异氟醚组 (n =2 0 )采用 3 4 %异氟醚吸入诱导 ,0 8%～ 2 %维持。术中监测HR、MAP、BIS等指标。结果　丙泊酚组入睡时间和诱导时间显著少于异氟醚组 (P <0 0 5 )。术中丙泊酚组生命体征维持相对平稳 ;术后苏醒明显优于异氟醚组 ,麻醉并发症明显减少。结论　用丙泊酚进行以患者自身MAP、BIS为目标的反馈TCI,能及时地调节及维持有效麻醉深度 ,对血液动力学的干扰较小 ,对腹腔镜手术是一种优于吸入麻醉的方法     

丙泊酚或异氟醚麻醉对单肺通气时氧化应激反应的影响

目的 观察丙泊酚或异氟醚麻醉对单肺通气(OLV)时氧化应激反应的影响.方法 48例择期行食管癌根治术患者,随机分为丙泊酚单肺通气组(Pro-OLV组)、异氟醚单肺通气组(Iso-OLV组)、丙泊酚双肺通气组(Pro-TLV组)和异氟醚双肺通气组(Iso-TLV组),每组12例.于开胸前(T0)、OLV后(TLV组于开胸后)30 min(T1)、90 min(T2)、150 min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及NO浓度.结果 与T0时比较,OLV组T1～T4时的SOD活性降低,MDA浓度及NO浓度升高(P<0.01),而TLV组无明显变化.与TLV组比较,OLV组T1～T4时的SOD活性降低,MDA及NO浓度升高(P<0.01).结论 丙泊酚或异氟醚麻醉均不能减轻OLV时氧化应激反应.     

婴幼儿腹部手术两种麻醉方法比较

目的:观察婴幼儿常用的两种麻醉方法氯胺酮复合硬膜外麻醉和氯胺酮复合安(异)氟醚吸入麻醉的优缺点。方法:将78例病人随机分为氯胺酮复合硬膜外组、氯胺酮复合安(异)氟醚组,分别在围麻醉期对其生命体征、麻醉诱导时间及清醒时间、麻醉药物用量等方面观察。结果:氯胺酮复合硬膜外组麻醉诱导时间20±3min、氯胺酮平均用量16mg/kg、术中比术前血压下降10±5mmHg、术后清醒时间5±3/min、术中复用安定4例;氯胺酮复合安(异)氟醚吸入组麻醉诱导时间7±2min、氯胺酮平均用量13.6mmHg、术中比术前血压下降3±1mmHg、术后清醒时间1±1min、术中复用安定0例。结论:氯胺酮复合安(异)氯醚吸入组在麻醉诱导时间、氯胺酮用量、术后清醒时间、对循环系的干扰方面明显优于氯胺酮复合硬膜外组。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.