Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in an adult patient responded well to corticosteroid therapy

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a very rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent or chronic hemorrhage and accumulation of hemosiderin in the lung parenchyma. It is most common in children but can occur in adults. Clinical manifestations of the disease include iron deficiency anemia without any known cause, pulmonary symptoms such as hemoptysis, dyspnea and cough, and parenchymal lesions on chest X-ray. The clinical course of the disease may vary from patient to patient however, in general, the prognosis of the disease is worse. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Corticosteroids and other immune suppressive agents were used for the therapy of IPH. Since it is seen rarely in adults and the clinical course of the disease vary from patient to patient we presented an adult male patient with IPH responded well to steroid therapy clinically and radiologically.     

高血压病合并高尿酸血症与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的:探讨高血压病合并高尿酸血症(HUA)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法:连续入选原发性高血压病患者428例,根据是否合并HUA分为HUA组(88例)和非HUA组(340例),收集两组患者临床和实验室检查资料,通过回顾性研究高血压病合并HUA与T2DM的关系。结果:与非HUA组比较,HUA组的BMI、收缩压、舒张压、脉压、血清尿酸水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),而两组的年龄、性别构成比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。HUA组患者的T2DM患病率明显高于非HUA组(P0. 01)。二分类Logistic回归分析显示:HUA是高血压病合并T2DM的危险因素(OR=5. 004,95%CI:1. 781~14. 059,P=0. 002)。Spearman相关性分析显示,T2DM患病率与HUA呈正相关(r=0. 231,P=0. 000)。结论:高血压病合并HUA患者的T2DM患病率明显升高。T2DM患病率与HUA具有相关性。HUA是高血压病合并T2DM的危险因素。     

2型糖尿病大鼠并发心肌病的研究

目的 在大鼠中复制类似人类2型糖尿病模型,观察并发糖尿病性心肌病的情况.方法 取健康雄性SD大鼠120只,体质量180～220 g,按体质量及血糖值分为4组:(1)糖尿病组:40只,高糖高脂饲料喂养,一次性腹腔注射30 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液;(2)STZ组:30只,普通饲料喂养,一次性腹腔注射30 mg/kg STZ溶液;(3)高糖高脂饲料组:25只,高糖高脂饲料喂养,一次性腹腔注射等容积柠檬酸盐缓冲液溶液;(4)对照组:25只,普通饲料喂养,一次性腹腔注射等容积柠檬酸盐缓冲液溶液.腹腔注射STZ溶液或柠檬酸盐缓冲液溶液后,观察动物饮水、进食及尿量变化.注射后4、8、12、16周,各组分批抽样检查,称取体质量,取血检测空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、三酰甘油、总胆固醇;处死动物取心脏称质量,取心肌组织行光镜及透射电镜观察.结果 实验饲料喂养1周,各组大鼠体质量、血糖差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);喂养4周,STZ或柠檬酸盐缓冲液注射前,糖尿病组和高糖高脂饲料组大鼠体质量、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数较对照组和STZ组明显升高(P<0.05);糖尿病组与高糖高脂饲料组相比、STZ组和对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).注射后4个时段,糖尿病组和高糖高脂饲料组大鼠血糖、体质量、心脏质量、血三酰甘油、总胆固醇比同时段的对照组和STZ组增高(P<0.05),糖尿病组大鼠的上述指标较高糖高脂饲料组大鼠增加更显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),STZ组和对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).心肌光镜和电镜检查结果显示,糖尿病组大鼠心肌细胞肥厚并出现变性、凋亡等显著病变,间质胶原纤维增生;STZ组大鼠心肌无明显病理改变;高糖高脂饲料组大鼠心肌呈现类似糖尿病大鼠病理改变,但与糖尿病组大鼠相比,改变较不明显.结论 2型糖尿病大鼠成模4周后,心脏发生糖尿病性心肌病的病理改变,表现为心肌细胞肥大、变性,间质纤维组织增生,其发生率为100%.     

Bardet-Biedl综合征合并2型糖尿病一例

Bardet-Biedl综合征(Bardet-Biedl syndrome, BBS)系常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,主要临床表现为视网膜色素变性,先天性肥胖,多指(趾)畸形,智力轻度下降,肾功能衰竭,性腺发育不全.     

Scleroderma associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia that responded well to cyclosporin

A 55-year-old woman came to our hospital because of cutaneous sclerosis of the limbs in September 1996, and was diagnosed with scleroderma based on a skin biopsy. In August 1997, the cutaneous sclerosis became progressive (hemoglobin level, 4.3 g/dl; platelet count, 7 x 10(9)/l). The laboratory results were positive for the direct Coombs test, bone marrow aspiration showed a dry tap, and the bone marrow biopsy showed marked fatty marrow. Indium-111 bone marrow scintigraphy showed a markedly decreasing uptake. These findings indicated bone marrow hypoplasia associated with hemolytic anemia. After prednisolone therapy (60 mg) was initiated, the direct Coombs test became negative but the blood cell count did not increase. Then, 300 mg of cyclosporin was initiated and anemia and thrombocytopenia improved. The cyclosporin dosage was gradually decreased and the patient's hematological condition was good, although the cutaneous sclerosis changed only a little. This is a rare and interesting case of a patient with scleroderma associated with bone marrow insufficiency and hemolysis who responded well to cyclosporin.     

Pharmaceutical therapy of diabetes mellitus type 2

The sequelae and complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus can be reduced or inhibited by optimal therapy. Currently, a variety of medications are available for differentiated therapy, which should be used according to the German Diabetes Association Guidelines. Changes in lifestyle represent the basic therapeutic principle, and it is mandatory to continuously maintain these measures throughout life. If this is not adequately effective (HBA(1c) <6.5%), treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) is necessary. Over time OAD monotherapy frequently fails, so that a combination of several oral antidiabetics is needed. The choice of oral antidiabetics is particularly dependent on the patient's body mass index and associated diseases. If combination therapy with OAD is not successful in achieving HbA1c values <6.5%, insulin therapy is required either in combination with OADs as a bedtime regimen or as intensive insulin therapy using both basal and short-term acting insulins.     

Insulin lispro therapy in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of preprandial administration of rapid-acting lispro analogue with regular short-acting insulin to pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. STUDY DESIGN: Open randomised multicentre study. Women were treated with multiple insulin injections aiming at normoglycaemia. Blood glucose was determined six times daily, HbA(1c) every 4 weeks. Diurnal profiles of blood glucose were analysed at gestational week 14 and during the study period at weeks 21, 28 and 34. PARTICIPANTS: 33 pregnant women with type 1 DM were randomised to treatment with lispro insulin (n=16) or regular insulin (n=17). RESULTS: Blood glucose was significantly lower (P<0.01) after breakfast in the lispro group, while there were no significant group differences in glycemic control during the rest of the day. Severe hypoglycaemia occurred in two patients in the regular group but biochemical hypoglycaemia (blood glucose <3.0 mmol/l) was more frequent in the lispro than in the regular group (5.5 vs. 3.9%, respectively). HbA(1c) values at inclusion were 6.5 and 6.6% in the lispro and regular group respectively. HbA(1c) values declined during the study period and were similar in both groups. There was no perinatal mortality. Complications during pregnancy, route of delivery and foetal outcome did not differ between the groups. Retinopathy progressed in both groups, one patient in the regular group developed proliferative retinopathy. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that it is possible to achieve at least as adequate glycemic control with lispro as with regular insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic pregnancies.     

腹主动脉瘤合并2型糖尿病的临床分析

目的:探讨腹主动脉瘤(AAA)合并2型糖尿病的临床特点和治疗效果。方法:回顾分析1991年1月至2016年6月我科AAA合并2型糖尿病研究组患者96例,同时以手术方式为匹配因素选取不合并2型糖尿病的AAA对照组患者96例进行分析。结果:两组相比术前检查中冠心病(P<0.01)、高脂血症(P<0.05)、高血压(P<0.01)、外周动脉病发病率高(P<0.05)差异有统计学意义,LDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C增高(P<0.01),而HDL-C降低(P<0.01),围术期循环、呼吸系统并发症率高(P<0.05)差异有统计学意义,手术失血量、ICU入住时间等差异无统计学意义,术后随访中支架及人工血管通畅率差异无统计学意义、循环系统并发症例数虽较对照组多(11/8)但差异无统计学意义。结论:对于合并2型糖尿病的AAA患者不仅应注意控制血糖,而且需加强冠心病、高血脂、高血压的控制,通过精细熟练的手术操作和细致的围术期管理减少并发症的出现,并进行密切的术后随访。     

2型糖尿病的医学营养治疗

介绍2型糖尿病医学营养治疗的近年进展,认为主要应适当减少食物热卡及限制饱和脂肪酸＜7%,以控制血糖并降低心血管疾病危险等.     

Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that results from defects in both insulin secretion and insulin action. An elevated rate of basal hepatic glucose production in the presence of hyperinsulinemia is the primary cause of fasting hyperglycemia; after a meal, impaired suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin and decreased insulin-mediated glucose uptake by muscle contribute almost equally to postprandial hyperglycemia. In the United States, five classes of oral agents, each of which works through a different mechanism of action, are currently available to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The recently completed United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) has shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disorder that can be treated initially with oral agent monotherapy but will eventually require the addition of other oral agents, and that in many patients, insulin therapy will be needed to achieve targeted glycemic levels. In the UKPDS, improved glycemic control, irrespective of the agent used (sulfonylureas, metformin, or insulin), decreased the incidence of microvascular complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy). This review examines the goals of antihyperglycemic therapy and reviews the mechanism of action, efficacy, nonglycemic benefits, cost, and safety profile of each of the five approved classes of oral agents. A rationale for the use of these oral agents as monotherapy, in combination with each other, and in combination with insulin is provided.     

高血压合并糖尿病患者的降压治疗

高血压与糖尿病是经常伴随出现的2种常见慢性病。近40％的糖尿病患者同时患有高血压,即收缩压≥140mmHg（1mm Hg=0．133kPa）或舒张压≥90mmHg^[1]。按照最新的高血压诊治指南^[2],糖尿病患者的血压应控制在130／80mmHg以下．则大部分糖尿病患者都需降压治疗。高血压合并糖尿病患者的心血管风险极高,需要更为合理的降压治疗方案,才可充分发挥这种最有效的心血管药物治疗手段的作用,降低发生心、脑血管并发症的风险。近年在高血压合并糖尿病的降压治疗临床试验研究领域有许多重要进展,极大地提高了我们对糖尿病患者降压治疗的认识。本文将就此问题进行以下几个方面的讨论。     

Barriers to medical nutrition therapy in black women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore food purchasing, preparation, and consumption among black women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an urban setting to assess barriers to medical nutrition therapy recommendations. METHODS: A telephone survey was developed to assess shopping habits, the use of community resources for food supplementation, use of restaurant/fast-food establishments, dining habits, food purchasing and consumption, and food preparation methods. This 38-item questionnaire provided both frequencies and trends regarding participants' dietary habits. RESULTS: Black women identified ways in which their participation in a culturally competent intervention of diabetes care and education helped them to change dietary behaviors. The most common areas of change included purchasing, preparation, and portion size. Barriers to medical nutrition therapy identified included low income, time constraints, competing demands, and knowledge deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Culturally sensitive diabetes interventions are an effective way to overcome some of the barriers to medical nutrition therapy. Feedback provided by this survey suggests that identification of more affordable healthy food resources in the community is necessary. In addition, access issues such as transportation to grocery stores should be on the agenda for public policy issues. Finally, alternate sites for nutrition education, such as a supermarket forum, warrant further investigation.     

Platelet signalling abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review

The hyperactivation of platelets is involved in the cardiovascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Altered platelet behavior contributes to the angiopathies associated with diabetes. A number of mechanisms involved in platelet activation are altered in diabetes. Platelets from type 2 diabetic patients show an enhanced endogenous reactive oxygen species production and a reduced antioxidant capability, which increase the activity of several tyrosine kinases, such as the Bruton's tyrosine kinase, MAP kinases or proteins of the SRC family. Oxidative stress is also involved in the abnormal intracellular calcium homeostasis observed in platelets from type 2 diabetics, including an enhanced resting cytosolic calcium concentration and calcium release and entry in response to agonists. Moreover, diabetes alters the bioavailability of nitric oxide in platelets. Basal nitric oxide synthase activity is reduced in homogenates of platelets obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study of these abnormalities might be helpful in the development of new pharmacological strategies to reduce platelet activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

2型糖尿病合并高血压患者左心室结构和功能变化

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者在并发或不并发高血压时的心脏结构和功能的变化。方法 2型糖尿病98例,依血压水平分为单纯2型糖尿病组50例,2型糖尿病合并高血压组48例,对照组30例为体检健康者。观察血糖、血脂、体重指数,应用超声心动图仪检测左心室结构和功能。结果 与对照组相比,2型糖尿病患者有糖、脂代谢异常（P〈0.05）,3组之间左心室舒张末内径（left ventricular end diastolic dimension,LVEDd）、室间隔厚度（interventricular septum thickness,LVST）、左心室后壁厚度（left ventricular posterior wall thickness,LVPWT）及左心室质量指数（left ventricular mass index,LVMI）差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,2型糖尿病合并高血压组明显高于其他两组（P〈0.05）,3组间舒张早期血流充盈峰值流速E值及E/A比值差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）,2型糖尿病合并高血压组下降更明显;与对照组相比,2型糖尿病合并高血压组的左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左心室短轴缩短率（fractional shortening,FS）下降（P〈0.05）。结论 2型糖尿病患者存在左心室结构及功能受损,随血压升高,这些改变更为明显。     

2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者血清胱抑素C水平及其意义

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(Cys C)水平与2型糖尿病伴冠心病的关系。方法:收集40例单纯2型糖尿病患者(DM组)、120例2型糖尿病伴冠心病(CHD)患者(DM+CHD组)及40例健康者(对照组)的血清。分别测定基础代谢率、血压、血脂、血清糖化血红蛋白及Cys C水平。结果:血清Cys C水平在DM组[(1.58±0.78)mg/L]、DM+CHD组[(2.12±0.94)mg/L]较对照组[(0.82±0.23)mg/L]明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),DM+CHD组明显高于DM组(P<0.05)。冠状动脉狭窄支数越多,血清Cys C水平越高。结论:2型糖尿病伴CHD患者的血清Cys C水平增高,且随冠状动脉狭窄病变支数的相应增加呈增高趋势,提示Cys C在2型糖尿病伴CHD的发生发展中起一定作用。     

老年2型糖尿病并发败血症患者的临床分析

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病并发败血症患者的临床特点，以提高治疗水平。方法 对我院近13年来收治的58例老年2型糖尿病并发败血症患者的临床资料进行总结分析。结果 58例败血症患者致病菌入侵途径分别为：泌尿系统19例，呼吸系统17例，深静脉导管7例，胆管7例，破损皮肤1例，入侵途径未明7例。58例中，医院感染23例，占39．7％。血培养显示：肺炎克雷伯菌24例，大肠埃希菌16例，金黄色葡萄球菌10例，科氏葡萄球菌科氏亚种、表皮葡萄球菌、恶臭假单胞菌和光滑假丝酵母菌各2例。24例肺炎克雷伯菌败血症患者中，肝脓肿12例（50．0％），有肝内胆管积气现象15例（62．5％）。58例患者均用胰岛素强化降糖，其中56例细菌性败血症患者应用三代头孢和氟喹诺酮类抗生素；2例光滑假丝酵母菌败血症患者静脉应用氟康唑。死亡7例，病死率12．1％。结论 2型糖尿病并发败血症以革兰阴性菌败血症多见，其中肺炎克雷伯菌败血症常有迁移病灶形成肝脓肿和肝内胆管积气现象。深静脉穿刺留置导管与留置导尿是导致医院感染败血症危险的因素。强有力抗菌及病菌迁移病灶的处理非常重要，同时胰岛素强化降糖和对症支持治疗也是抢救成功的关键。