基质细胞衍生因子-1及其受体CXCR4在成体干细胞迁移中的作用

基质细胞衍生因子-1是一种重要的造血与非造血系干细胞形态发生因子和趋化因子。基质细胞衍生因子-1与其受体CXCR4结合,所介导的成体干细胞迁移归巢在多种组织器官损伤后的再生修复中发挥重要作用。基质细胞衍生因子-1及其受体CXCR4组成的功能轴在成体干细胞尤其是骨髓源干细胞迁移方面的研究进展,为研究牙髓干细胞迁移提供了新的方向。     

Expression and significance of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha and its receptor CXCR4 in human dental pulp cells

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of CXCR4 in cultured human dental pulp cells (HDPC) in vitro and the corresponding ligand SDF-1alpha level of HDPC supenatants stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and to explore the role of SDF-1alpha on the proliferation and the migration of HDPC. METHODS: The expression of CXCR4 in HDPC was detected by immunocytochemistry technique and indirect immunofluorescence technique. The culture supernatants of HDPC were collected after HDPC had been simulated by LPS and TNF-alpha of different concentrations for 48h and then the SDF-1alpha level was assayed by quantitative sandwich ELISA. Meanwhile, the effects of recombinant human SDF-1alpha (rhSDF-1alpha) on the proliferation and the migration of HDPC at different concentrations were observed by MTT and Boyden Chamber Assay. RESULTS: CXCR4 was expressed in cytomembrane of HDPC and SDF-1alpha was secreted into their normal cell supernatants with a concentration of (4513.55 +/- 962.92) ng/L. The secretion of SDF-1alpha was both significantly decreased by stimulation with LPS and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). In addition, rhSDF-1alpha stimulated the HDPC proliferation at the concentrations of 50, 100, 200 microg/L (P < 0.01) and increased the chemotactic migration of HDPC significantly after 9h's incubation with the concentrations of 50, 100 microg/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SDF-1alpha accelerated the proliferation and the migration of HDPC which expressed CXCR4. SDF-1-CXCR4 axis may play a role in repair of pulp injury.     

基质细胞衍生因子1α及其受体CXCR4在人牙髓细胞中的表达

目的 研究体外培养人牙髓细胞(human dental pulp cells,HDPC)上CXCR4的表达情况,检测大肠杆菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)刺激后HDPC培养上清液中基质细胞衍生因子1α(stromal cell-derived factor-1α,SDF-1α)的表达水平,探讨人工重组SDF-1α(recombinant human SDF-1α,rhSDF-1α)对HDPC增殖及迁移的影响.方法 采用免疫细胞化学及间接免疫荧光技术检测HDPC上CXCR4的表达.用不同浓度LPS(0.1、1、10、100 mg/L)和TNF-α(1、10、100μg/L)刺激HDPC 48 h后,ELISA法检测HDPC培养上清液中SDF-1α含量的变化.同时甲基噻唑基四唑(MTT)法及体外趋化实验观察不同浓度rhSDF-1α对HDPC增殖及迁移的影响.结果 正常HDPC胞膜表达CXCR4且其培养上清液分泌SDF-1α,浓度约为(4513.55±962.92)ng/L.在用LPS和TNF-α刺激HDPC后,SDF-1α的表达水平均显著降低(P＜0.05).50、100和200μg/L的rhSDF-1α可促进HDPC的增殖(P＜0.05),50和100μg/L rhSDF-1α作用9 h可显著趋化HDPC的迁移(P＜0.01).结论 CXCR4在HDPC上表达且SDF-1α能促进HDPC的增殖及迁移;SDF-1-CXCR4轴可能在牙髓组织损伤修复中发挥重要作用.     

基质细胞衍生因子-1刺激对周期性牵张力作用下ATDC5细胞的趋化因子受体4、白介素-6、胶原X表达的影响

目的 探讨诱导后ATDC5软骨细胞在20%形变的周期性牵张力及基质细胞衍生因子-1（SDF-1）刺激下,趋化因子受体4（CXCR4）、白介素（IL）-6及胶原X的表达变化,以期深入研究SDF-1/CXCR4信号轴在软骨细胞分化中的作用机制。方法 ATDC5细胞系经胰岛素铁硒传递蛋白（ITS）诱导3周后,分为加力和不加力两大组,每大组又分为对照组和SDF-1组。对加力组施以20%形变的拉伸力12 h。加力结束后,对各组细胞提取总蛋白,对CXCR4、IL-6及胶原X的蛋白表达进行Western blot检测。结果在不加力状态下,给予SDF-1刺激后,软骨细胞CXCR4、IL-6及胶原X的表达都出现了不同程度的增强;而在20%形变力和SDF-1的双重刺激下,此3种因子的表达出现进一步增强。结论 在异常应力作用下,SDF-1可通过上调其特异性受体CXCR4的表达进而增大与其结合的效率,最终促使SDF-1/CXCR4信号轴的激活,促进IL-6等炎症因子的表达增强,以及直接促进软骨细胞的肥大向分化,进而胶原X的表达量增高。     

趋化因子受体CXCR7在牙周炎中的表达及其作用机制

目的:探讨CXCR7在牙周炎中的表达、分布及SDF-1/CXCR7生物学轴在牙周炎中的作用。方法:运用免疫组化的方法检测SDF-1、CXCR4、CXCR7在15例正常的牙龈组织和15例牙周炎组织中的表达,同时运用PCR方法检测15例正常的牙龈组织和15例牙周炎组织中的表达情况。结果:免疫组化和PCR的结果均显示SDF-1、CXCR4、CXCR7在牙周炎组织中表达增高,高于正常牙龈组织(P<0.05)。SDF-1与CXCR7呈正相关关系(γ=0.533,P=0.041)。CXCR4和CXCR7的表达呈正相关关系(γ=0.533,P=0.041)。结论:CXCR7在牙周炎微环境中的不同细胞群过表达,在牙周炎的病理过程中发挥作用,可能是治疗牙周炎的一个新的作用靶点。     

SDF-1α/CXCR4信号轴介导柚皮素对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

目的: 探讨柚皮素对骨髓间充质干细胞（bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）成骨分化的影响,SDF-1α/CXCR4信号轴是否参与介导柚皮素促进BMSCs成骨分化。方法: 分离、培养及鉴定大鼠BMSCs,CCK8法检测不同浓度柚皮素对BMSCs增殖的影响,检测碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性;RT-qPCR法检测各组ALP、骨钙素（osteocalcin,OCN）、趋化因子受体4（CXCL receptor 4,CXCR4）和基质细胞衍生因子1α（stromal cell derived factor-1,SDF-1α）的表达,ELISA法检测各组CXCR4和SDF-1α蛋白的表达。采用SPSS 21.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 细胞鉴定结果表明,培养细胞为高纯度的BMSCs。第1、3天,柚皮素对BMSCs增殖无显著影响（P>0.05）;第5天时,50 μg/mL柚皮素可促进BMSCs增殖;第7天时,不同浓度柚皮素均促进BMSCs增殖（P<0.05）;同时,ALP活性随时间推移逐渐增强。RT-qPCR结果表明,柚皮素组和成骨诱导液组中相关基因表达均较培养基组明显增加,而AMD3100组中各基因表达均受到显著抑制（P<0.05）。ELISA检测结果显示,各组CXCR4和SDF-1α蛋白表达随诱导时间增加均逐渐上调,且两者均在100 μg/mL柚皮素组表达最高。结论: 柚皮素可促进BMSCs增殖和成骨向分化,SDF-1α/CXCR4信号轴参与柚皮素对BMSCs的成骨分化,主要在BMSCs成骨分化早期阶段。     

基质细胞趋化因子-1对人牙周膜干细胞趋化因子受体——CXC亚家族受体4表达的影响研究

目的:证实人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells,hPDLSCs)表达趋化因子受体——CXC亚家族受体4(cysteine X cysteine receptor 4,CXCR4)及探究趋化因子基质细胞趋化因子-1(stromalcell-derived factor1,SDF-1)和阻断剂AMD3100(商品名:普乐沙福)对CXCR4表达的影响,从而为探究牙周膜干细胞生物学效应的影响提供理论基础。方法:采用消化组织块法联合有限稀释法分离纯化得到hPDLSCs,取第3代hPDLSCs随机分为3组:阴性对照组、SDF-1组(200μg/L SDF-1),SDF-1+AMD3100组(200μg/L SDF-1+10 mg/L AMD3100)。利用Western blot检测CXCR4在hPDLSCs上的表达及在SDF-1、AMD3100作用下CXCR4表达的变化。结果:1.筛选后的hPDLSCs可被诱导分化为成骨细胞和成脂细胞,证实其具有多向分化潜能;利用流式细胞仪检测其细胞表型鉴定其符合牙周膜干细胞的免疫表型。2.Western blot检测结果显示hPDLSCs上表达CXCR4,且应用SDF-1后上调CXCR4的表达,SDF-1+AMD3100组无明显变化。结论:1.hPDLSCs可从新鲜离体牙的牙周膜中培养获得,经有限稀释法纯化后鉴定为间充质来源。2.hPDLSCs上表达CXCR4,SDF-1通过上调hPDLSCs上CXCR4的表达,AMD3100可阻断SDF-1与其受体CXCR4结合。     

The chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist,AMD3100, interrupts experimental tooth movement in rats

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to clarify the role of the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis in osteoclast accumulation, and the influence of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) under mechanical force application to periodontal tissues, by administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100.DesignThe upper right first molar (M1) of rats was moved mesially with a 10-g force titanium-nickel closed coil spring. Rats were treated with phosphate-buffered saline or AMD3100 (5 mg/kg), which is a SDF-1 antagonist. After 0, 1, 3, and 7 days, alveolar bones in all groups were examined at each time point by micro-computed tomography and histological analysis.ResultsTooth movement was decreased significantly in the AMD3100-treated group at 1, 3, and 7 days after beginning OTM. The numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in the periodontal ligament around the maxillary M1 were decreased significantly in the treated as compared to the control group on Days 1 and 3.ConclusionAdministration of AMD3100 decreases OTM and osteoclast accumulation in rat molars under orthodontic force application. These findings suggest that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in alveolar bone metabolism during OTM.     

脂联素对不同培养条件下成骨细胞与间充质干细胞中SDF-1/CXCR4表达影响的实验研究

目的研究不同培养条件下,脂联素对成骨细胞的基质细胞衍生因子(SDF-1)以及间充质干细胞CXCR4表达的影响。方法提取重组的脂联素蛋白,将10μg/m L脂联素作用于单独培养的MC3T3-E1以及C3H10T1/2细胞,Real-time定量PCR方法检测SDF-1/CXCR4表达变化;设计MC3T3-E1及C3H10T1/2细胞共培养体系,比较共培养对MC3T3-E1及C3H10T1/2细胞的SDF-1/CXCR4表达变化;将脂联素加入共培养体系,比较脂联素对共培养体系中MC3T3-E1及C3H10T1/2细胞SDF-1/CXCR4 mRNA表达变化。结果 Real-time定量PCR结果显示:单独培养条件下,脂联素促进了MC3T3-E1细胞SDF-1mRNA的表达;而在共培养体系中,脂联素则下调了MC3T3-E1细胞SDF-1mRNA的表达。无论单独培养还是共同培养,脂联素对C3H10T1/2细胞的CXCR4表达均起下调作用。结论脂联素对成骨细胞SDF-1的表达呈双向调节作用,而对间充质干细胞CXCR4则起下调作用。脂联素通过调节SDF-1/CXCR4影响间充质干细胞和成骨细胞的微环境。     

CXCR4受体在口腔鳞癌细胞系中的表达及对细胞增殖和迁徙的影响

目的:观察口腔鳞癌细胞系(OSCC)中趋化因子受体CXCR4的表达,检测SDF-1/CXCR4反应轴对OSCC增殖的作用,SDF-1对CXCR4阳性肿瘤细胞的趋化作用,探讨CXCR4受体在OSCC中的功能及活性。方法:细胞涂片免疫荧光法检测CXCR4蛋白在OSCC细胞系的表达,流式细胞仪直接免疫荧光法检测OSCC细胞系中CXCR4蛋白的表达量,MTT法检测细胞的增殖能力,体外迁徙实验检测SDF-1/CXCR4反应轴对OSCC细胞的趋化作用。采用SPSS10.0软件包进行ANOVA方差分析和t检验。结果:CXCR4蛋白在OSCC细胞系呈阳性表达,表达率为68.62%。OSCC细胞在SDF-l作用下,其增殖反应显著增强,CXCR4抗体可显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,SDF-1可显著诱导OSCC细胞的移动。结论:CXCR4受体与OSCC细胞增殖、迁徙功能有一定关系。     

基质细胞衍生因子1在人炎症牙髓组织中表达的实验研究

目的:研究基质细胞衍生因子1(Stromal cell-derived factor-1,SDF-1)及其受体CXCR4在人炎性牙髓组织中的表达,探讨SDF-1/CXCR4轴在牙髓炎症发生发展中的可能作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学染色的方法检测SDF-1和CXCR4阳性细胞在健康、炎症牙髓组织中的分布情况。以实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测SDF-1mRNA在健康和炎症牙髓中的表达。结果:炎性牙髓中SDF-1、CXCR4主要分布于炎性细胞、成牙本质细胞和微血管内皮细胞。而正常组牙髓少见SDF-1、CXCR4阳性细胞。炎性牙髓中SDF-1mRNA的表达较健康牙髓显著增强。结论:与正常牙髓相比,炎性牙髓组织中SDF-1、CXCR4阳性细胞明显增多。炎性牙髓中SDF-1表达水平明显上调。SDF-1/CXCR4轴可能参与了牙髓炎症损伤和修复过程。     

Recruitment of exogenous mesenchymal stem cells in mandibular distraction osteogenesis by the stromal cell-derived factor-1/chemokine receptor-4 pathway in rats

Distraction osteogenesis is widely used in orthopaedic and craniofacial surgery. However, its exact mechanism is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to find out whether there is systemic recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to the neocallus in the distraction gap by the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis during osteogenesis. We examined the migration of MSC towards a gradient of SDF-1 in vitro. We also transplanted MSC labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) intravenously, with or without treatment with CXCR4-blocking antibody, into rats that had had unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and investigated the distribution of cells labelled with GFP in the soft callus after 24 h. We found that SDF-1 facilitated the migration potency of MSC both in vitro and in vivo, and this migration could be inhibited by AMD3100, an antagonist of CXCR4, and promoted by local infusion of exogenous SDF-1 into the distraction gap. This study provides a new insight into the molecular basis of how new bone is regenerated during distraction osteogenesis.     

rhPDGF-BB对糖尿病大鼠骨髓基质干细胞迁移的促进作用

目的: 体外评价不同浓度人重组血小板衍生生长因子BB（recombinant human platelet derived growth factor-BB, rhPDGF-BB）对糖尿病大鼠骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）迁移的影响,以及基质细胞衍生因子（stromal cell-derived factor 1,SDF-1）和其G 蛋白偶联受体CXCR4调控作用的相关机制,为rhPDGF-BB应用于临床糖尿病患者相关骨修复再生治疗提供理论基础。方法: 建立链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠动物模型。体外培养糖尿病大鼠BMSCs,作为对照组。采用Transwell小室趋化模型,以浓度0、10、50、100 ng/mL rhPDGF-BB作用BMSCs,检测其体外趋化作用;定时定量RCR检测BMSCs SDF-1、CXCR4 mRNA的表达变化,筛选出药物最佳作用浓度;应用PI3K/Akt抑制剂,反向证实rhPDGF-BB对BMSCs的SDF-1、CXCR4表达的调节作用。采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠,1周后选取大鼠尾静脉血糖浓度高于16.7 mmol/L者为建模成功大鼠。与糖尿病大鼠的BMSCs相比,rhPDGF-BB促进糖尿病大鼠BMSCs的迁移,50 ng/mL rhPDGF-BB为促进糖尿病大鼠BMSCs迁移的最佳作用浓度,PI3K/Akt抑制剂明显抑制糖尿病大鼠BMSCs的迁移。结论: rhPDGF-BB促进糖尿病大鼠BMSCs的迁移,并通过SDF-1/CXCR4轴,调节糖尿病大鼠BMSCs的迁移。     

Expression of CXCR4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: correlations with clinicopathology and pivotal role of proliferation

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39 : 63–68
Background:  The chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 play active role in the metastasis and proliferation of several malignancies.
Methods:  In this study, we used an immunohistochemical technique in 91 specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and flow cytometry technique in oral SCC cell line, and then evaluated the role of proliferation of CXCR4 using MTT assay in oral SCC cell line.
Results:  The expression of CXCR4 in 91 specimens of oral SCC was 62.6% and in oral SCC cell line was 68.6%. There was a significant association between the expression of CXCR4 and lymph node metastasis ( P  = 0.012), tumor size ( P  = 0.01), UICC stage ( P  = 0.016), tumor histology grade ( P  < 0.001). SDF-1 stimulated proliferation of oral SCC cell and CXCR4 neutralization by monoclonal antibodies decreased proliferation.
Conclusions:  Our results suggest that CXCR4 might be a novel biomarker to evaluate the biological behavior of oral SCC. CXCR4 inhibitors or antagonists might be potential anticancer agents to suppress tumor proliferation.     

人牙龈干细胞的分离鉴定及基质细胞衍生因子-1对其趋化效应的研究

目的 研究基质细胞衍生因子-1（SDF-1）受体CXCR4在人牙龈干细胞（GMSCs）上的表达及SDF-1对人GMSCs的趋化效应。方法 通过有限稀释法分离并培养人GMSCs,检测其表面干细胞标志物的表达情况,测试其克隆形成率及多向分化能力,利用免疫荧光染色法检测人GMSCs上SDF-1受体CXCR4的表达,用Transwell细胞培养室检测不同质量浓度SDF-1对人GMSCs的趋化反应,光镜下计数迁移至滤膜下侧面的不同视野的细胞数。结果 人GMSCs具有较高的自我更新能力,在体外呈克隆状生长,表达间充质干细胞表面标志物CD44、CD73、CD90、CD105和CD166,而造血干细胞表面标志物CD14、CD34和CD45的表达为阴性。体外诱导培养的人GMSCs能够向成骨细胞及成脂细胞分化,其克隆形成率为21.4%±2.8%。免疫荧光染色显示,人GMSCs表达SDF-1受体CXCR4。SDF-1的质量浓度为100、200 ng·mL^-1时,Transwell细胞培养室中迁移的细胞数目（每高倍视野分别为189.3±4.4和164.6±4.9）显著多于空白对照组（每高倍视野47.8±2.5）（P<0.01）;使用CXCR4中和抗体处理后,人GMSCs的迁移效应明显受到抑制（每高倍视野降低为29.0±2.4,P<0.01）。结论 人GMSCs表达趋化因子SDF-1受体CXCR4,SDF-1对人GMSCs有趋化效应,这种趋化效应可能是通过其特异性受体CXCR4介导的。     

Local delivery of a CXCR3 antagonist decreases the progression of bone resorption induced by LPS injection in a murine model

Objectives

This experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of locally delivered nanoparticles (AMG-487 NP) containing a CXCR3 antagonist in inhibiting the progression of LPS-induced inflammation, osteoclastic activity, and bone resorption on a murine model.

Materials and methods

Thirty, 7-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice were used. Inflammatory bone loss was induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis–lipopolysaccharide (P.g.-LPS) injections between the first and second maxillary molars, bilaterally, twice a week for 6 weeks (n?=?20). AMG-487 NP were incorporated into a liposome carrier and locally delivered on sites where P.g.-LPS was injected. Control mice (n?=?10) were injected with vehicle only. Experimental groups included (1) control, (2) LPS, and (3) LPS?+?NP. At the end of 1 and 6 weeks, mice were euthanized, maxillae harvested, fixed, and stored for further analysis.

Results

Volumetric bone loss analysis revealed, at 1 week, an increase in bone loss in the LPS group (47.9%) compared to control (27.4%) and LPS?+?NP (27.8%) groups. H&E staining demonstrated reduced inflammatory infiltrate in the LPS?+?NP group compared to LPS group. At 6 weeks, volumetric bone loss increased in all groups; however, treatment with the CXCR3 antagonist (LPS?+?NP) significantly reduced bone loss compared to the LPS group. CXCR3 antagonist treatment significantly reduced osteoclast numbers when compared to LPS group at 1 and 6 weeks.

Conclusions

This study showed that local delivery of a CXCR antagonist, via nanoparticles, in a bone resorption model, induced by LPS injection, was effective in reducing inflammation, osteoclast numbers, and bone loss.

Clinical relevance

CXCR3 blockade can be regarded as a novel target for therapeutic intervention of bone loss. It can be a safe and convenient method for periodontitis treatment or prevention applicable in clinical practice.

     

A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor arrests active alveolar bone loss in a rat periodontitis model

BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bacterial species, such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that initiates the innate immune system, resulting in inflammatory alveolar bone loss. LPS activates Toll-like receptors on membrane surfaces, stimulating many intracellular signaling cascades, including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Activation of p38 signaling mediates inflammatory cytokine expression, contributing toward osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. The aim of this study was to determine whether the novel, orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor SD282 could arrest progression of LPS-induced alveolar bone destruction in rats. METHODS: Three groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats received LPS injections to the palatal molar gingiva three times per week for 4 weeks to establish periodontitis. From weeks 5 through 8, two groups received the drug SD282 (N = 14) or 1% polyethylene glycol drug vehicle (N = 14) via oral gavage in addition to LPS injections. The third group continued to receive only LPS injections (N = 8). Microcomputed tomography was used to measure volumetric alveolar bone loss, expressed as bone volume fraction (BVF). Expression of interleukin (IL)-1 and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and osteoclasts were enumerated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. RESULTS: By 4 weeks, severe alveolar bone resorption was seen in LPS-injected animals. Administration of SD282 significantly blocked additional volumetric bone loss in the LPS-only versus LPS + SD282 groups (0.37 +/- 0.01 BVF versus 0.43 +/- 0.01 BVF; P < 0.01). Significant reductions in IL-1beta (P < 0.01 ), TNF-alpha (P < 0.05), and osteoclast formation (P < 0.01) occurred in the presence of SD282. CONCLUSIONS: An orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor reduced LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression, osteoclastogenesis, and alveolar bone loss in rats. Within the limits of the current study, SD282 arrested periodontal disease progression, thus highlighting the therapeutic potential of this novel class of inhibitors.