深圳市福田区1156名中学生网络成瘾现状及其影响因素

目的了解深圳市中学生网络成瘾的现状及影响因素,为预防中学生网络成瘾提供参考。方法根据Young的网络成瘾量表编制调查问卷,调查深圳市4所中学1 156名学生网络使用情况并分析其影响因素。结果深圳市中学生网络成瘾的发生率为10.47%。高中学生网络成瘾的发生率为12.54%,初中学生为8.42%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.24,P0.05);男女学生网络成瘾发生率分别为14.41%和6.46%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.49,P0.05)。多因素分析结果表明,家庭情况、学习压力、抑郁、看电视和玩游戏时间等因素是中学生网络成瘾的危险因素,而女生、学习成绩好等因素为网络成瘾的保护因素。结论中学生网络成瘾的影响因素不仅与学生自身的心理、生理和性格特征有关,也与学校、家庭和社会有关,需要多方合作进行全面干预,才能有效预防网络成瘾的发生。     

人际关系与品行问题对青少年网络成瘾的交互效应

探讨青少年人际关系与品行问题的交互作用对网络成瘾的影响,为制定有效的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取武汉和麻城地区4 255名青少年进行问卷调查,其中接触网络学生3 033名.采用Young网络成瘾问卷、长处与困难量表(学生版)、儿童少年生活质量量表对青少年进行心理特征评估与分析.结果 网络成瘾发生率为15.9%,男生(18.5%)高于女生(11.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).网络成瘾者亲子关系、同伴关系、师生关系得分均显著低于非网络成瘾者,品行问题得分显著高于非网络成瘾者(P值均<0.01).多元逐步回归分析显示,品行问题与亲子关系及同伴关系的交互效应均显著(P值均<0.01),与师生关系的交互效应不显著(P>0.05).结论 亲子关系、同伴关系、师生关系是青少年网络成瘾的保护因素,品行问题调节亲子关系、同伴关系对网络成瘾的影响.     

郑州市城区高中生网络成瘾状况调查

目的了解郑州市城区高中生网络成瘾状况及家庭环境若干因素对其的影响。方法随机调查郑州市城区6所高中800名学生,以网络成瘾诊断量表、家庭环境量表及自编网络使用调查问卷对所有被试进行测试。结果郑州市城区高中生网络成瘾发生率为5.0%,成瘾率在不同年龄、性别、家庭背景方面有显著差异,且成瘾者家庭环境量表三因子分均与非成瘾者有显著差异。结论中学生网络成瘾与多因素有关,改善家庭环境有利于降低网络成瘾的发生率。     

郑州市城区高中生网络成瘾状况调查

目的 了解郑州市城区高中生网络成瘾状况及家庭环境若干因素对其的影响.方法 随机调查郑州市城区6所高中800名学生,以网络成瘾诊断量表、家庭环境量表及自编网络使用调查问卷对所有被试进行测试.结果 郑州市城区高中生网络成瘾发生率为5.0 % ,成瘾率在不同年龄、性别、家庭背景方面有显著差异,且成瘾者家庭环境量表三因子分均与非成瘾者有显著差异.结论 中学生网络成瘾与多因素有关,改善家庭环境有利于降低网络成瘾的发生率.     

深圳市青少年网络成瘾的现状及影响因素分析

目的：了解深圳市青少年学生网络成瘾的现状,并对其影响因素进行分析,为预防、干预和治疗网络成瘾提供理论依据.方法：2005年3～5月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选取17所深圳市大、中学校学生4 000名,进行〈广东青少年网络成瘾相关行为〉的调查.采用EpiData3.0软件建立数据库,以SPSS12.0软件统计分析.结果：所调查的大、中学生网络使用率为96.5%,上网目的主要是多媒体娱乐（72.7%）、聊天（71.4%）、查阅学习资料（54.3%）.大中学生网络成瘾率为11.1%,影响大中学生网络成瘾发生的因素为性别、父亲文化程度、家庭结构类型、平时体育锻炼和学习成绩.结论：深圳市大、中学生网络成瘾的发生与性别、家庭、社会和心理因素关系密切,预防、干预和治疗要从多方面出发.     

青少年非自杀性自伤行为和网络成瘾的相关性

探讨青少年非自杀性自伤行为与网络成瘾的关系,为提升青少年健康,预防不良危险行为的发生提供科学依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取中国黑龙江、湖北、安徽、广东、云南5个省15 538名初中和高中生为研究对象,采用课题组编制的《青少年心理行为健康状况调查问卷》调查非自杀性自伤行为、网络成瘾行为、一般人口学特征、家庭情况及心理状况等.结果 调查前1年,被试非自杀性自伤行为、网络成瘾、可疑网络成瘾的自我报告率分别为28.7%,3.3%和29.9%.有无自伤行为组间孤独感和情绪管理得分差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-22.35,25.62,P值均<0.05).单因素分析显示,非自杀性自伤行为与网络成瘾有相关性(P<0.05);在控制性别、民族、年级、独生子女、父亲文化程度、家庭类型、管教方式、情绪管理、孤独感等因素后,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,非自杀性自伤行为的各类型与网络成瘾各类型仍有相关性(OR=1.30~2.79),且网络成瘾者发生各类型NSSI风险均高于可疑网络成瘾者.结论 网络成瘾和可疑网络成瘾行为是非自杀性自伤行为的独立危险因子.加强对网络成瘾的预防可减少自伤行为的发生.     

四川省城市青少年网络成瘾倾向及其影响因素分析

目的了解四川省城市青少年网络成瘾倾向的流行现状及其可能的影响因素,为有针对性地制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法选用2008年＂青少年健康危险行为调查＂问卷调查数据,对四川省3个不同城市的10717名学生长时间上网和网络成瘾倾向报告情况进行分析。结果四川省城市青少年长时间上网报告率为11.4%;网络成瘾倾向报告率为10.2%;成瘾青少年上网目的以网络游戏（62.5%）和音乐影视娱乐（50.0%）为主;网络成瘾倾向与抑郁、孤独、未与父母同居、学校类型、学习成绩和性别相关。结论四川省城市中学生网络成瘾倾向报告率与全国水平接近,心理健康问题及生活环境与网络成瘾有一定关系,需引起社会、学校和家庭的高度关注。     

大学生网络使用及网络成瘾的流行病学研究

目的探讨大学生网络使用及网络成瘾现状,为大学生网络成瘾干预提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,以网络成瘾自评量表对3所院校2 010名大学生进行流行病学现况调查。结果在大学生中,男生上网率(95.94%)明显高于女生(79.93%)(P<0.01),大一年级学生上网率明显低于其他年级(P<0.01)。大学生网络成瘾率为14.17%,男生(16.73%)明显高于女生(6.65%)(P<0.01)。家庭因素中,父母文化程度、家庭和睦程度及每月零用钱与网络成瘾率有关(P<0.01)。网络成瘾者食欲减退、睡眠障碍、全身颤抖、视力减退、眼红流泪、头晕头痛、轻生念头、烦躁不安、闷闷不乐、情绪亢奋、影响学业、人际关系和他人抱怨的检出率明显高于非成瘾者(P值均<0.01)。结论大学生网络成瘾率较高,对大学生的社会功能、身心健康已产生明显影响,社会、学校、家庭应共同采取干预措施。     

北京市房山区高中生网络成瘾因素分析

目的了解北京市房山区高中生网络成瘾情况,讨论网络成瘾因素,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。方法采用"北京市青少年健康相关行为调查问卷",按系统分层随机抽样方法,抽取北京市房山区1 258名高中生,用描述性分析方法进行分析。结果高中生网络成瘾共240人,网络成瘾发生率为19.1%。其中,男生网络成瘾发生率为26.9%,女生为10.6%。高一学生网络成瘾发生率为12.5%,高二为24.0%,高三为22.7%。未长期与父母共同生活的高中生网络成瘾发生率是23.3%,父亲是工人的网络成瘾发生率为42.8%,母亲的学历是小学及以下的网络成瘾发生率为35.4%。结论高中生网络成瘾与性别和学段有关,父亲的职业、母亲的学历对网络成瘾有重要影响,是社会环境与自身特质等多种因素共同作用的"结果",应从社会、学校、家庭等多方面入手,加强预防和控制。     

西安市大学生网络成瘾状况与人格特质的关系研究

目的　研究大学生网络成瘾状况与人格特质的关系 ,揭示网络成瘾的内部动因。方法　采用卡特尔 1 6种人格因素调查表和美国匹兹堡大学金伯利·杨 (K .S.Young)教授设计的网络成瘾问卷 ,对不同学科、不同年级、不同生源地的西安市大学在校生进行问卷调查。结果　不良的性格特点与网络成瘾相关 ,男、女生成瘾特点不同 ,网络成瘾者的上网时间和上网历史均明显高于非成瘾者 ,理科类院校学生的成瘾人数高于文科类和艺术类院校学生。结论　不良人格特质的学生容易上网成瘾。网络成瘾者的心理健康因子明显低于非成瘾者。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.