硬脊膜动静脉瘘及误诊分析

硬脊膜动静脉瘘在临床上并不多见，由于该病早期的症状和体征无特异性，因此易与其它脊柱退行性疾患所导致的腰腿痛相混淆，引起漏诊、误诊。自1995年8月～2003年10月我院共收治硬脊膜动静脉瘘5例，其中误诊2例。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘伴髓周动静脉瘘的影像学特征及手术治疗

目的 增强临床医师对伴有髓周动静脉瘘的不典型硬脊膜动静脉瘘的认识。方法 回顾分析3例硬脊膜动静脉瘘伴髓周动静脉瘘患者的临床与影像学特征及手术治疗情况。结果3例患者的临床表现与典型的硬脊膜动静脉瘘差异不大,通过反复脊髓血管造影证实其伴有脊髓前动脉供血的硬脊膜动静脉瘘。3例患者均行手术治疗,术后症状全部改善。结论 全面的脊髓血管造影对硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断是必要的,有助于发现另外的瘘;伴髓周动静脉瘘的硬脊膜动静脉瘘的治疗关键在于成功地阻断硬脊膜支和脊髓动脉向瘘口的供血。     

影像学研究硬脊膜动静脉瘘进展

硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)为低发病率脊柱血管畸形,临床表现不典型且较为隐匿,易误诊。早期诊断SDAVF主要依靠影像学检查,包括MRI、CT血管造影及数字减影血管造影,三者各有其优势。本文就影像学研究SDAVF进展进行综述。     

12例硬脊膜动静脉瘘误诊原因分析

目的 探讨硬脊膜外动静脉瘘的临床及影像学表现,分析误诊原因,提高骨科医师对于该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析12例被误诊的脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者临床资料、诊疗过程,其中男10例,女2例;年龄41～66岁,平均(54±4)岁,对比分析术前及随访时改良Aminoff-Logue残疾量表评分.结果 自2014年3月至2019年2...     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊治探讨

硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)是一种致残率较高的脊髓血管畸形，对患者、家庭及社会危害大，而且诊断和治疗上有一定困难。我科从1990年1月至2004年3月共收治49例SDAVF患者，38例采用微导管超选择血管内桂塞治疗，11例行手术治疗，现对诊治情况进行回顾分析。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的手术治疗

目的探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘的手术方法及术后抗凝治疗。方法回顾性分析手术治疗的ＳＤＡＶＦ１９例,其中胸腰段１４例,骶部５例。手术方法包括：１４例胸腰段者于瘘口水平切断引流静脉。其中１１例可见硬膜外小供血动脉闭,同时电凝。骶部ＡＶＦ均于Ｌ５～Ｓ１水平切断引流静脉。９例行术后抗凝治疗。结果１６例术后脊髓功能改善,其中２例短暂好转后加重,经抗凝治疗后恢复。１例无改变,１例因过度抗凝出现术野血肿,１例残留ＡＶＦ。结论切断连接瘘口及冠状静脉丛的引流静脉是治疗ＳＤＡＶＦ的有效方法。术后抗凝可治疗及预防冠状静脉丛内血栓形成     

脊髓动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗——附16例分析

目的探讨脊髓动静脉瘘的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1993～2010年我科收治的3例髓周动静脉瘘和13例硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床资料。利用Aminoff and Logue评分评价手术前后的脊髓功能改变情况。结果16例均行脊髓血管造影检查和手术治疗,5例在脊髓血管造影检查后病情加重,11例无变化。术后运动功能：9例改善,7例无变化。排尿功能：13例出现排尿困难者中,11例改善,1例恶化,1例无变化。本组无手术并发症和临床复发。结论显微手术治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘及I型髓周动静脉瘘刨伤小、简单易行、疗效确切。     

1例腰椎硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的围术期护理

总结1例腰椎硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的围术期护理,提出早期发现,密切观察病情变化,对症护理及药物不良反应的护理,正确指导各项功能锻炼和落实相关健康教育,是有效控制患者疾病发展、严防各种并发症的发生、提高生活质量的关键.     

1例腰椎硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的围术期护理

总结1例腰椎硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的围术期护理，提出早期发现，密切观察病情变化，对症护理及药物不良反应的护理，正确指导各项功能锻炼和落实相关健康教育，是有效控制患者疾病发展、严防各种并发症的发生、提高生。活质量的关键。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的：总结硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析经脊髓MRI和血管造影确诊的110例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的临床及随访资料。结果：本组患者首选经全椎板切除入路夹闭瘘口至脊髓表面的引流静脉61例,经半椎板切除入路手术37例,经血管内栓塞12例,栓塞后复发再手术3例。患者术后采用了抗凝、血液稀释、早期康复等辅助治疗。106例患者术后复查脊髓血管造影证实瘘口全部闭塞。89例复查脊髓MRI显示髓周血管流空信号全部消失,其中74例髓内T2高信号消失、15例缩小。术后98例患者获随访,随访时间3-120个月,54例症状完全消失,34例症状改善,10例无变化,其中3例栓塞1-5年后瘘口再通而手术。结论：硬脊膜动静脉瘘早期诊断、早期治疗,预后良好。经单侧半椎板切除入路,夹闭自瘘口到脊髓表面的引流静脉是本病道选的治疗方法。     

Multiple spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Summary Multiple spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) have been rarely reported and only two such cases are found in the literature. A 71-year-old man complained of muscle weakness and hypesthesia in both legs and angiographically diagnosed as thoracic DAVF. The fistula was surgically treated, however, the symptoms recurred 14 months after the first treatment. Angiography revealed a new fistula in the lumbar region and this was also treated surgically. In the previously reported cases of multiple spinal DAVFs, the second fistulas were also diagnosed after the initial treatment. Symptomatic patients after the initial treatment of DAVF should be re-examined angiographically.     

Spinal dural arterio-venous fistula with multiple points of shunt

Summary A 45-year-old man presented with a history of dysaesthesiae, sensory impairment of the legs and sphincter disturbances. Selective angiography showed a mid-thoracic dural arterio-venous fistula with five shunt points. The venous plexuses were demonstrated by injections at T5 on the right side and T6 on the left, but the venous pattern on the two sides did not overlap. Angiography did not unquestionably point to any single location of a fistula, as would normally be expected. During surgery five dorsal locations of shunt were identified. We have not found any publication describing a spinal dural arterio-venous fistula with multiple venous drainage channels at the same level.     

Treatment and outcome of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVFs) are rare and often misdiagnosed entities. The choice between surgical treatment and embolization remains a matter of debate. We report on the cases of 18 patients (16 men, 2 women) with dAVF, who were treated surgically over an 11-year period. Patient age ranged from 32 to 84 years (mean 60 years). Six patients underwent embolization preoperatively. In three cases, angiography examinations failed to show feeding arteries on first examination at neuroradiological centers. Feeding arteries were at a different level than the fistula point in seven patients, two of them presenting with new anastomoses after embolization. Location of the fistula was midthoracic to lumbar. Seven patients were variously misdiagnosed with tumor, polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, syringomyelia, and knee disease. Clinical history was characterized by slowly progressive and fluctuating deterioration. Initial symptoms were mainly sensory loss and motor weakness, lasting for between 4 and 45 months before diagnosis (mean 15 months). Recurrent fistula after operation was found in one patient. In another patient, control angiography revealed a fistula at another level, and in a third, a fistula on the contralateral side. All three patients underwent reoperation. Temporary clinical deterioration was found in four patients, seven remained unchanged, and seven improved postoperatively. An attempt at embolization should be made following diagnostic angiography. Otherwise, surgery is our recommended treatment for spinal dural fistulas, as it has a lower failure rate. Because of the progressive natural course with severe deficits, we favor an early definitive treatment.     

Acute paraplegia in patient with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula after lumbar puncture and steroid administration: A case report

Introduction and importanceSpinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is an uncommon cause of longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM). It usually presents with vague congestive myelopathy symptoms and diagnosis is usually difficult on initial presentation. Common daily neurological interventions can aggravate the underlying pathophysiology leading to undesirable acute neurological deterioration. Intravenous steroids administration and lumbar (LP) puncture as a diagnostic tool are amongst the most commonly reported aggravating interventions. This rare case presentation highlights this association with its negative impact on the patient outcome in misdiagnosed cases.Case presentationThe authors present a sixty-eight-year-old male with paraplegia following steroid administration and LP for presumed inflammatory/autoimmune LETM in the setting of misdiagnosed SDAVF. The absence of flow voids on the conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) lead to misdiagnosis. He had satisfactory neurological recovery few hours after surgical disconnection.Clinical discussionSDAVF is known to cause congestive myelopathy symptoms. Spinal angiogram is the gold standard for diagnosis. Although the exact mechanism is not fully understood, misdiagnosed cases like our case can develop severe neurological deterioration with steroid administration and lumbar puncture.ConclusionAlthough SDAVF is an uncommon cause of LETM, Clinicians should carefully exclude it before proceeding to steroid administration or performing LP as they can lead to devastating neurological deterioration.     

Surgical treatment of spinal dural arterio-venous fistulae: long-term results and analysis of prognostic factors

Summary   Background. Spinal dural arterio-venous fistulae (SDAVF) are slow-flow extramedullary vascular lesions which account for 75–80% of all spinal vascular malformations. At present there is no agreed view with regard to the best therapeutic option being surgical or endovascular, and several reports favour one or other form of management. This is so because of lack of consistent literature, as well as knowledge, concerning the long-term clinical outcome of the patients. The objective of this study is to retrospectively analyse the results obtained with patients operated for a SDAVF at the Department of Neurosurgery of Verona during a 15-year period and to evaluate possible prognostic factors related to neurological outcome. Patients and methods. Between January 1987 and May 2002, 29 patients with SDAVF were operated at the Department of Neurosurgery of Verona. For 25 of these patients we were able to obtain a clinical follow-up using telephone interviews. The patients were evaluated with the Aminoff and Logue’s scale and subsequently stratified into three classes of disability. An overall score (gait and micturition, G + M) of 0–3 indicates a mild disability, a score between 4 and 5 indicates a moderate disability and a score between 6 and 8 a severe disability. All patients underwent surgical treatment which was mainly the first therapeutic option. Following surgery, the patients were re-evaluated with the same neurological scale. We also investigated with statistical analysis the possible impact on clinical outcome of the major clinical, neuroradiological and surgical variables. Results. The epidemiological, clinical, radiological and pathological features of our group of patients are very similar to those previously described in the literature. For 10 patients surgery consisted simply of the interruption of the intradural arterialised draining vein (with or without closure of the small extradural arterial afferents), whereas in the remaining 15 patients coagulation or excision of the fistolous dura was also accomplished. At the last follow-up (mean 7.3 years; in 19 patients longer than 5 years), 10 patients had improved (40%), 11 were stable (44%) and 4 had deteriorated (16%). We determined that only the pre-operative neurological status, described by the G value in the Aminoff and Logue’s scale and the class of disability, had an impact on clinical outcome. Conclusions. This retrospective study confirms that the surgical treatment results of SDAVF are satisfactory even if evaluated after many years. Given these results, and in accordance with the majority of the literature, we concur that surgery should be the first choice treatment for these spinal vascular lesions in order to avoid a dangerous delay and consequently further neurological deterioration. In our group of patients the only prognostic factor statistically related to clinical outcome was the pre-treatment neurological status, particularly the grade of paraparesis and the class of disability. Correspondence: Dr. Paolo Cipriano Cecchi, Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Regional General Hospital, Via Boehler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.     

Interest and necessity of combined neuroradiological and neurosurgical treatment in some cases of dural arterio-venous fistulae

Summary The authors report 3 observations of dural arterio-venous fistula cured by combined neuroradiological and neurosurgical intervention. In the first case, the shunt affected the left lateral sinus. Repeated embolizations failed whilst intracranial hypertension developed, as a consequence of flux in the opposite lateral sinus and in the sagittal sinus. Surgical intervention, consisting in isolation of the transverse sinus, led to complete cure, after a one month delay. In the second case, the shunt was adjacent to the sagittal sinus, right pariet al, and had led to an intracerebral haematoma, by rupture of an arterialized cortical vein. Embolizations alone could not cure the fistula which therefore had to be excised. In the third case, the shunt was located in the falx, at the parieto-occipital junction, and was responsible for arterialization of cerebral veins in the right parieto-occipital region. For this reason, after failure of endovascular treatment, the fistula was coagulated, with subsequent complete cure.These three cases illustrate the different types of drainage of such arterio-venous fistula, and their corresponding neurological symptoms and signs, complications and risks, that required a radical — not only clinical, but also anatomical — cure. This aim was achieved when embolizations were accompanied by direct surgical attack.     

Preoperative coil marking to facilitate intraoperative localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Considering surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas, the major difficulty is to localize them reliably during surgery. Usually the affected spinal level is sought by counting of bony structures using fluoroscopy. However, quite frequently, anatomical particularities impede adequate counting resulting in surgery performed at erroneous spinal levels. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the potential benefits of preoperative coil marking in order to facilitate intraoperative localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. After detection of the fistula with spinal angiography, selective catheterization of the feeding vessel was performed, and a GDC coil was detached in the lumen of the vessel adjacent to the respective bony pedicle. Coil marking was effected in 8 patients (group A), 20 patients were operated without such a marking (group B). The data of both groups of patients were compared with regard to accurateness of the surgical approach, duration of surgery, and dosage of intraoperative fluoroscopy. In all patients of group A, the coil was easily identified by intraoperative fluoroscopy. A partial hemilaminectomy was sufficient for localization and microsurgical treatment of the spinal dural arteriovenous fistula in each patient. In patients of group B, the correct spinal level was approached in 12 patients (60%), in 8 patients (40%) surgery was performed initially at an erroneous level (P = 0.048). Mean duration of surgery was 130 min in group A and 177 min in group B (P = 0.031). Likewise, mean dosage of intraoperative fluoroscopy was higher in group B (119.5 vs. 394.3 cGy/cm²; P = 0.036). Preoperative coil marking allows exact intraoperative localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Thus, surgery at erroneous spinal levels is avoided, and it is feasible to perform a straightforward, minimally invasive surgical approach. This reflects in significant reduction of duration of anesthesia and surgery. Moreover, radiation exposure of the patient is significantly reduced.     

Transvenous embolisation of dural carotid-cavernous fistulas by multiple venous routes: a series of 27 cases

Summary.  Background: Transvenous embolisation is an effective option in the treatment of dural carotid-cavernous fistulas (DCCFs). This can be achieved via a number of venous routes.  Method: From 1997 to 2001, 27 patients with DCCFs (15 unilateral and 12 bilateral) were treated by transvenous embolisation with Guglielmi detachable coils and fibered platinum coils. The transvenous embolisation routes included inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) alone (18 patients), IPS and inter-cavernous sinus (6 patients), IPS and clival plexus (1 patient), superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) via facial vein (1 patient) and SOV via superficial temporal vein (1 patient). One patient required further transarterial embolisation with polyvinyl alcohol particles.  Findings: The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 57 months (average 26 months). Two patients had transient ophthalmoplegia and 2 patients had symptomatic recurrence of the DCCF during the follow-up. There was no permanent procedure-related morbidity. Clinical cure was achieved in 26 patients (96%) and complete angiographic obliteration was documented in 24 patients (89%).  Interpretation: DCCFs can be successfully treated by transvenous embolisation via different venous routes. Published online January 14, 2003 Acknowledgments  We thank Lap-Chung Tang for the hand drawings and Dr. Kwok-Hung Lai for computer graphics. We also thank Kwun-Lin Man, Marina Lee and Emily Tin for assistance in the secretarial work.  Correspondence: K.-M. Cheng, Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.     

胆囊结石合并胆囊结肠瘘或胆囊十二指肠瘘的诊治

目的：探讨胆囊结石合并胆囊结肠瘘或胆囊十二指肠瘘的原因及腹腔镜手术治疗。方法：回顾分析2000年至2006年收治的12例患者的临床资料。结果：胆囊结石合并胆囊结肠瘘或胆囊十二指肠瘘占胆囊结石合并症的3．2％,有严重急性胆囊炎史,B超及术中探查见胆囊萎缩,术中造影可确诊。本组12例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,术后无明显并发症。结论：对有急性胆囊炎病史,术前或术中发现胆囊萎缩的病例应考虑到胆囊结肠瘘或胆囊十二指肠瘘,确诊后可行腹腔镜外科手术。