血管紧张素转换酶2——高血压研究的新视点

近年来新近发现的血管紧张素转换酶2使人们对肾素-血管紧张素系统的认识有了进一步的扩展,使人们认识到血管紧张素转换酶2可能是一个干预肾素-血管紧张素系统的新靶点,为高血压研究提供了一个新的视点。现就目前对血管紧张素转换酶2的研究现状进行综述。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂疗效的相关性

目的　研究原发性高血压 (EH)患者的血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因多态性与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)疗效的相关性。方法　 ( 1)用ACEI对 5 17例EH患者进行为期 6周的降压治疗 ,所用药物为咪达普利或苯那普利。 ( 2 )用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)方法检测患者的ACE基因多态性 ,ACE基因有 3种表现型 :II型、DD型和DI型。 ( 3 )治疗前后及治疗过程中对患者的收缩压、舒张压和心率进行监测。结果　 ( 1)在总共 5 17例患者中 ,ACE基因型为DD者有 13 2人( 2 5 5 % ) ,II者有 13 0人 ( 2 5 2 % ) ,ID者有 2 5 5人 ( 4 9 3 % )。 ( 2 )不同基因型组间的性别、年龄、体重指数及心率等的差异无统计学意义。 ( 3 )在这三组患者中 ,治疗前后收缩压的降幅分别为 ( -14 5± 12 7)mmHg ,( -14 3± 13 1)mmHgand( -14 0± 12 2 )mmHg (P =0 94) ,舒张压的降幅分别为 ( -8 7± 7 4)mmHg ,( -8 7± 7 7)mmHgand ( -8 5± 6 7)mmHg (P =0 96)。结论　本研究没有发现EH患者的ACE基因多态性与ACEI的降压疗效相关 ,据此 ,不能根据EH患者的ACE基因型来指导ACEI的降压治疗     

24-hour blood pressure profiles in hypertensive patients administered ramipril or placebo once daily: magnitude and duration of antihypertensive effects. Ramipril Multicenter Study Group.

Ramipril is a new, potent nonsulfhydryl inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme. The magnitude and duration of its antihypertensive effect were evaluated in a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial conducted in 100 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Ramipril significantly reduced both supine and standing blood pressures measured 24 h after dosing. Automated blood pressure monitoring showed that ramipril significantly reduced systolic and diastolic pressures for 24 h after dosing. The peak effect occurred between 3 and 6 h after dosing, with approximately 50% of this effect retained after 24 h. Ramipril was well tolerated; there was no significant difference between active drug and placebo in the overall incidence of side effects. Ramipril is an effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive agent, which reduces both supine and standing blood pressure over the entire 24-h period after dosing.     

血管紧张素转换酶2研究进展

血管紧张素转换酶2是一种金属钛酶,它将血管紧张素I、血管紧张素Ⅱ分别水解为血管紧张素（1～9）及具有血管舒张、抗增殖的血管紧张素（1～7）。血管紧张素转换酶2参与了肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统中多种肽的代谢过程,与高血压、肾脏疾病、糖尿病等发生相关,对心脏、肾脏有一定保护作用,进一步研究其参与保护的机制,有可能为心血管病治疗提供新的靶点。     

Investigation of Major Genetic Polymorphisms in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Subjects with Young-Onset Hypertension Selected by a Targeted-Screening System at University

Although polymorphisms in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system genes for angiotensinogen (AGT M235T), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE I/D), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 A/C¹¹⁶⁶), and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2–344T/C) have been major targets for genetic investigation in association with essential hypertension (EH), the influence of these genetic factors is still to be determined. Because patients with young-onset EH are thought to possess a stronger genetic background than EH patients who show elevated BP relatively late in life, the targeted screening of hypertensive students in Tohoku University was completed for the selection of subjects for genetic investigation. Out of 16,434 students (12,794 males and 3,670 females) younger than 30, 22 students showed a high blood pressure (BP) (systolic and diastolic BP of 140 and/or 90 mmHg or greater, respectively, on two occasions and more than 135 and/or 85 mmHg, respectively, at a third measurement during casual BP measurements at the Tohoku University Health Center. These 22 students were asked to measure their BP at home (HBP). Six of the students had a systolic HBP of more than 135 mmHg and/or a diastolic HBP of more than 85 mmHg, and these students subsequently received medical examinations at Tohoku University Hospital and were diagnosed with EH. Genotyping for the four major genetic polymorphisms mentioned above was performed on the six students with EH and on 12 of the remaining 16 students whose HBP was within the normal range (white coat hypertension: WCH). Neither the EH nor the WCH students showed a different distribution of genotypes and allelic frequencies, compared to those found in the general Japanese population. Hence, the present study suggests that none of the major genetic polymorphisms in the RAA system strongly influence the onset of EH.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与原发性高血压之间的关系

目的探讨中国人群中血管紧张素转换酶基因（ＡＣＥ）多态性与原发性高血压之间的关系。方法应用多聚酶链（ＰＣＲ）技术检测ＡＣＥ基因１６含子中２８７ｂｐＤＮＡ片段的插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性；对７０例原发性高血压患者与４５例正常对照组之间进行比较。结果在原发性高血压组Ｄ等位基因频率（０．５５）高于正常对照组０．４３，但统计学并无意义，在有高血压家族史患者中，Ｄ等位基因频率０．５８高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论，表明在有家族史人群中ＡＣＥ基因多态性与原发性高血压具有相关性。     

钙拮抗剂与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对高血压靶器官的影响

目的探讨用钙拮抗剂（ＣａＡ）和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）长期治疗对高血压病靶器官的影响。方法对３８６例高血压病Ｉ期或Ｉ期患者服用ＣａＡ或ＡＣＥＩ平均５．１±０．６年，按服药情况分为ＣａＡ组、ＡＣＥＩ组、对照组（间断服药）。结果长期服用ＣａＡ或ＡＣＥＩ不仅能使血压持续稳定在较低水平，而且随着血压的下降，左室肥厚逆转、心脏舒张功能改善、尿蛋白排泄量下降（Ｐ＜０．００１）、眼底病变好转（Ｐ＜０．０１），且无脑卒中发生（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；而对照组上述各项指标均较ＣａＡ组和ＡＣＥＩ组有加重趋势，其加重程度和观察时间呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论长期ＣａＡ或Ａ－ＣＥＩ治疗对高血压病患者的预后有益。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体和血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与伊贝沙坦降压疗效的关系

目的探讨与血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)拮抗剂伊贝沙坦降压疗效相关的基因多态性位点。方法152例轻、中度高血压病患者服用伊贝沙坦治疗8周,观察降压疗效,同时采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性对患者血管紧张素-醛固酮系统基因多态性位点AT1R T573C、血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)I/D基因型进行分析。结果携带AT1R 573T等位基因的患者服用伊贝沙坦后,收缩压及脉压降幅明显大于CC基因型患者;在男性患者,基因型为ACE DD的患者舒张压降幅明显大于II型患者;同时携带AT1R 573T和ACE D等位基因的男性患者降压疗效最佳。结论携带AT1R 573T和ACE D等位基因的高血压病患者对伊贝沙坦的降压反应最佳。     

非降压剂量血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对高血压冠状动脉肥厚的影响

目的　研究非降压剂量的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)对高血压冠状动脉肥厚的影响。方法 16周大鼠设4组 (各组n =6 ) :分别为自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)组、SHR口服降压剂量卡托普利组 (40mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 )、SHR口服非降压剂量卡托普利组 (2mg·kg- 1 ·d - 1 )和正常血压大鼠 (WKY)组 ,饲养 10周。结果　降压剂量卡托普利治疗显著降低SHR的收缩压 ,非降压剂量卡托普利治疗不降低SHR的收缩压 ;降压和非降压剂量卡托普利都显著减少了SHR冠状动脉壁横截面积、横截面积 内径比 ,减轻SHR冠状动脉前降支中层血管平滑肌细胞的肥大 ,都显著提高SHR的最大冠状动脉流量。结论　ACEI治疗对冠状动脉肥厚的逆转作用和对冠状动脉功能的改善作用可以不依赖于血压下降的效果 ,临床上应用ACEI降压不明显的病人继续使用ACEI可能有助于逆转血管壁肥厚 ,改善血管功能。     

血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性与原发性高血压的关系

目的研究血管紧张素转化酶（ＡＣＥ）基因的插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性与原发性高血压的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ的方法分别检测７２例原发性高血压患者和９３例正常血压组的ＡＣＥ基因第１６内含子的Ｉ／Ｄ多态性。结果共得到３种基因型：纯合缺失型（ＤＤ），纯合插入型（Ｉ），杂合型（ＩＤ）。原发性高血压患者Ｄ等位基因的频率（０．６２）高于健康对照组（０．４８）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＡＣＥ基因的Ｉ／Ｄ多态性可能与原发性高血压有关。     

高血压左室肥厚与血清ACE水平及动态血压的关系

目的左室肥厚（ＬＶＨ）是心血管疾病的独立危险因子。观察高血压左室肥厚与血清ＡＣＥ水平及动态血压的关系，探讨ＬＶＨ的影响因素。方法１０４例原发性高血压患者采用超声心动图检测有无ＬＶＨ，同时作２４小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ），血清ＡＣＥ水平用人工合成的马尿酰甘氨酰甘氨酸作为底物，比色法测定。结果（１）ＡＢＰＭ显示高血压左室肥厚与左室正常两组仅夜间收缩压及夜间平均动脉压有统计学差异，余ＡＢＰＭ指标差异无显著性；（２）血清ＡＣＥ水平两组差异无显著性。结论高血压左室肥厚与２４小时动态血压间关系不十分密切，仅夜间收缩压及夜间平均动脉压与之有关，血清ＡＣＥ水平与ＬＶＨ无明显关系，可能是血清ＡＣＥ水平并不能反映组织ＡＣＥ水平所致，有待进一步研究。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blockade use in relation to outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) plays an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF). Evidence shows that blocking the RAAS with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has a definite role in preventing new onset AF and in maintaining sinus rhythm in recurrent AF. Our aim was to determine if ACEI/ARB treatment was associated with clinical outcomes [stroke/systemic embolic events (SEE), mortality] in a controlled, anticoagulated AF population. METHODS: An ancillary retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of participants in the Stroke Prevention using an ORal Thrombin Inhibitor in AF (SPORTIF) III and V trials, in relation to use (or nonuse) of ACEI/ARBs. RESULTS: Rates of stroke/SEEs, mortality or major bleeding were no different between users and nonusers in the whole cohort, or in relation to the presence/absence of hypertension, coronary artery disease and previous stroke/transient ischaemic attack, nor amongst those aged <75 years. Patients aged > or = 75 years taking ACEIs or ARBs had lower mortality (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.95), but no significant influence on other end-points was noted. Diabetics and those with left ventricular dysfunction on ximelagatran had a higher odds ratio of abnormal liver enzyme levels. There was no apparent benefit of ACEIs or ARBs on other event rates. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis from two large randomized trials of anticoagulation has not demonstrated a significant benefit of ACEI or ARB use amongst AF patients, except amongst elderly subjects.     

血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性与高血压病人胰岛素抵抗相关性的研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)基因多态性 ,血管紧张素原 (AGT)基因突变与高血压及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法　用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)检测 76例原发性高血压及 2 8例正常血压者的ACE基因插入 /缺失 (I/D)多态性及AGT基因位点突变 ,同时进行口服葡萄糖耐量及胰岛素释放试验 ,以空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素乘积倒数的对数值(ISI) ,胰岛素曲线下面积IS AUC作为胰岛素敏感性指标。结果　 (1)ACE基因多态性在高血压和正常血压组无显著性差异 ,而AGTT2 35等位基因频率在高血压组高于正常对照组 (0 4 3vs0 32 ,P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )无论是高血压还是正常血压者ACE基因DD型者的ISI均明显低于ID和II型 ,IS AUC显著高于ID和II型〔ISI:- 4 31± 0 2 0vs -3 6 3± 0 2 2和 - 3 2 7± 0 2 4 ,P <0 0 1;IS(AUC) :2 11 1± 5 6 8vs 135 7± 5 4 7、12 6 8± 5 1 7mu·L-1,P <0 0 1〕 ,而AGT基因T2 35 ,T174基因突变与胰岛素抵抗无关 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　ACE基因DD型而非AGT基因可能参与高血压病人及正常血压者胰岛素抵抗的基因调节 ,这可能是ACE基因DD型易发生心血管危险的机制之一     

中国汉族人血管紧张素转换酶基因I/D多态性与原发性高血压的关系

目的探讨ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性在中国汉族人群分布规律及与原发性高血压（ＥＨ）的关系。方法取汉族ＥＨ病人１２１例，对照组９５人外周血，提取ＤＮＡ，应用ＰＣＲ技术进行ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ分型。结果在汉族血压正常群体中，ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态ＤＤ、ＤＩ、Ｉ基因型频率分别为２２％，４８％和３０％，其Ｄ和Ｉ等位基因频率分别为４６％和５４％。Ｉ／Ｄ多态分布符合Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ定律，达到遗传平衡，具有群体代表性。ＥＨ组与正常组相比，基因型和等位基因分布均具有显著统计学差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＨ组ＤＤ基因型和Ｄ等位基因频率增加。结论汉族ＥＨ发病与ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性相关联，基因型ＤＤ和等位基因Ｄ可能是ＥＨ发病的易患因素     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂联合钙离子通道阻滞剂在高血压治疗中的应用进展

高血压是一种临床常见的心血管综合征,由于其发病机制复杂,单药治疗血压控制达标率低,而联合治疗通过干预多种升压机制,不仅使血压控制达标率明显增高,而且具有良好的靶器官保护作用。研究表明在众多联合治疗方案中血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂联合钙离子通道阻滞剂可能是最优化的一种,现将对此进行综述。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and vascular hypertrophy in hypertension

Summary The pathogenesis of hypertension is associated with a remodeling of vascular structure. Folkow has postulated that the decreased luminal area and thickened medial layer in hypertensive vessels enhances the vasoconstrictive response to vasoactive agents. It is hypothesized that this increase in vascular reactivity may serve to perpetuate hypertension. A growing body of evidence suggests that autocrineparacrine vasoactive substances and growth factors modulate vascular structure in hypertension. We speculate that therapeutic interventions that normalize blood pressure as well as reverse the vascular remodeling process may have special clinical value. The role of the paracrine renin-angiotensin system and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension is discussed in this context.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and essential hypertension in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis including 21,058 participants

Background: The angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been suggested to influence susceptibility to essential hypertension (EH), but the results of many individual studies are conflicting. Aim and methods: To explore the relationship between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and EH in the Chinese population, 67 separated studies were analyzed in a meta‐analysis including 21 058 participants. The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China Biological Medicine Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. The pooled odds ratio (ORs) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval were calculated by the random effects model. Results: In this ACE I/D gene polymorphism meta‐analysis, the distribution of the D allele frequency was 0.45 for the EH group and 0.40 for the control group. The summary OR for the distribution frequency of D allele was 1.27 (5% confidence interval 1.17–1.37). The heterogeneity among the 67 studies was also significant (P < 0.00001, I²= 71.4%). There was a significant association between distribution frequency of the D allele and EH risk in Han, Kazakh, Tibetan, Zhuang and unclassified nationalities (P < 0.05). In contrast, in the national minorities, such as Mongolian, Uigur, Yi, Dongxiang, Yugu, Korean and Gamel, the association between distribution frequency of the D allele and EH risk was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: In the whole Chinese population, the D allele was significantly linked with EH susceptibility. However, the relation between the I/D polymorphism and EH is still inconclusive in some national minorities and must await larger scale studies.     

Tissue angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors: Are they more effective than serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors?

Since their discovery in the 1980s, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to decrease angiotensin formation, prevent breakdown of bradykinin, and may also act on peptides of the renin-angiotensin system. They are effective in reducing the risk of heart failure, myocardial infarction, and death from cardiovascular causes in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure, and have been shown to reduce atherosclerotic complications in patients who have vascular disease without heart failure. They may preserve endothelial function and counteract initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Broadly, ACE inhibitors can be divided into tissue specific or serum ACE inhibitors. Tissue-specific ACE inhibitors as a group are not superior to serum ACE inhibitors in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Pending direct comparator clinical trials between a tissue ACE inhibitor and a plasma ACE inhibitor, both ramipril and perindopril can be recommended for secondary risk prevention, based on the evidence.     

Randomised,Double-Blind Crossover Comparison of Once-Daily Captopril and Lisinopril in Patients with Mild to Moderate Hypertension - a Community-Based Study: By Hunter Hypertension Research Group,Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology,Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital,Waratah 2298 NSW Australia

Of twenty-five patients with mild to moderate hypertension, recruited and managed in the community, seventeen responded fully to, and completed a randomised cross-over study of, captopril (ceiling dose 100 mg) compared with lisinopril (ceiling dose 40 mg) both given as a single daily dose. Mean supine and standing blood pressures measured at the end of the dose interval were significantly reduced compared to placebo by both compounds at three and six weeks. However, a consistent, significant increase in blood pressure occurred between three and six weeks in both arms of the study despite good and unchanged compliance with a fixed dose of each medication. Both captopril and lisinopril were well tolerated. Drug-related cough was the principal adverse effect.