高血压患者血浆内皮素的改变及培哚普利对其影响

对Ⅱ期高血压患者31例和正常对照组23例血浆内皮素（ET）含量进行测定并比较其与平均动脉压（MAP）、舒张压（DBP）的关系。同时对高血压组行培哚普利治疗，观察治疗前后血浆ET的变化。结果表明，（1）高血压组血浆ET（88.72±39.65ng／L)高于对照组（33.82±22.51ng／L，P＜0.01）；（2）随着舒张压水平升高，血浆ET水平逐步提高，在中度和重度高血压组，两者间均呈正相关（P分别＜0.05和＜0.01）；（3）培哚普利治疗后，血浆ET降至40.53±18.59ng／L（P＜O.001）。     

The Effect of Systemic Heparinization on Plasma Lipoproteins and Toxicity in Patients on Hemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Abstract The lipid patterns of plasma from 6 patients on hemodialysis (HD) and 6 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were compared and correlated to plasma toxicity as measured by the survival of human macrophages cultured in vitro. The median values for plasma triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and lipolytic activities (lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase) were insignificantly higher in CAPD plasma than in HD plasma. The median high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol/LDL cholesterol ratio was significantly higher in HD plasma than in CAPD plasma. In both groups systemic heparinization was followed by a significant increase in free fatty acids and in plasma toxicity. The difference in plasma toxicity was insignificant. In the whole group of patients (n=12) toxicity in post-heparin plasma was correlated to pre-heparin very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG, but not to LDL TG. Separately post-heparin toxicity in CAPD plasma was correlated to pre-heparin total TG, VLDL TG and post-heparin LDL TG.     

依那普利对高血压患者血浆内皮素水平的影响

放射免疫分析法（RIA）测定30例高血压患者依那普利降压治疗前及治疗3周时血浆内皮素含量，并和随测血压及24h动态血压作相关分析．结果显示，服药前内皮素水平较对照组显著增高（P＜0.001），与血压升高的程度呈显著正相关；服药后内皮素水平显著下降（P＜0．001），但仍高于对照组（P＜0．01）。提示内皮素在高血压发病中起重要作用。依那普利的降压作用可能与降低内皮素水平有关。     

不同昼夜时点给药对高血压大鼠血压、血浆一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

目的　探讨不同昼夜时点给药对高血压大鼠血压、血浆一氧化氮 (nitricoxide,NO)和内皮素 (en dothelin ,ET)的影响。方法　 12只雄性SD大鼠分为三组 ,在经口NG硝基 L 精氨酸甲酯 (NG nitro L arginine methlester,L NAME)复制大鼠高血压模型的基础上 ,进行 2 4小时动态血压监测。应用余弦软件分析血压的昼夜节律 ,计算出血压的峰值、中值和谷值所对应的时间点。分别于各时点前三个小时给予依那普利 (10mg·kg-1·d-1) ,连续 2周。然后对大鼠血压进行 2 4小时动态监测 ,并经尾动脉采血 ,测定血浆中一氧化氮和内皮素含量。结果　峰值前、中值前和谷值前给予依那普利后 ,与治疗前比较 ,血压分别下降 12 2 %、8 2 %和 8 3% ;血浆中NO含量分别上升了 6 2 8%、36 5 %和 34 5 % ;血浆中ET含量分别下降了 6 5 %、9 7%和 9 8%。结论　依那普利能够降低L NAME引起的高血压 ;在抗高血压治疗中 ,峰值前给药能更有效地降低血压 ,提高血浆中NO含量     

高血压患者血浆内皮素改变及临床意义

目的探讨高血压及并发症患者的血浆内皮素水平与高血压发病的关系。方法采用放免法（ＲＩＡ）测定高血压及其合并冠心病、心肌梗塞、脑梗塞、肾病患者的血浆内皮素水平并与正常人对比。结果高血压患者血浆内皮素水平明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），并与舒张压呈正相关（ｒ＝０．３９６Ｐ＜０．０５，ｎ＝３６），当合并有冠心病及肾病时升高显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），合并有心肌梗塞及脑梗塞时升高更为显著（Ｐ＜０．００２）。结论高血压并发冠心病、肾病、心肌梗塞和脑梗塞患者的血浆ＥＴ水平均较正常组升高，硝苯地平、卡托普利、美托洛尔对高血压患者的血浆ＥＴ水平无明显影响     

原发性高血压患者血浆一氧化氮,内皮素变化

目的探讨原发性高血压患者血浆一氧化氮和其对应缩血管性物质内皮素含量变化及其临床意义。方法６０例原发性高血压患者，平均年龄５４．５±９．２岁，男性３１例，女性２９例，接受血浆比色法的硝酸根和放免法内皮素含量测定。结果患者血浆硝酸根含量明显低于正常人，而内皮素含量却明显高于正常人。这种变化和疾病严重程度相平行，而和病程无关。结论血管内皮细胞产生的这一对扩张和收缩血管的因子的失衡在高血压的发病上起重要作用。     

Comparison of Subdural Hematoma Risk between Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients with ESRD

Background and objectives

This study compared the risk of subdural hematoma (SDH) and subsequent mortality in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with ESRD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Claims data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Administration Research Database in Taiwan. This retrospective cohort study comprised 10,136 PD patients and 10,136 HD patients with newly diagnosed ESRD from 1998 to 2010. Patients were matched by propensity score and year of dialysis initiation. Incidence rates and hazard ratios of SDH as well as odds ratios of subsequent 30-day deaths from SDH were evaluated from the date of the first dialysis session to the date when SDH was diagnosed, or the date of renal transplantation, death, withdraw from insurance, or the end of the follow-up period (December 31, 2011).

Results

Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) follow-up times for SDH events were 3.61 years (1.91, 6.33) and 3.33 years (1.83, 5.66) in the HD and PD cohorts, respectively. The overall SDH incidence rate (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) was 61.4% higher in the HD cohort than in the PD cohort (34.7 [95% CI, 31.4 to 35.4] versus 21.5 [95% CI, 20.2 to 22.9] per 10,000 person-years, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.62 [95% CI, 1.17 to 2.33]). Approximately 152 of 253 (60%) of SDH events were associated with trauma. Subsequent 30-day SDH-related mortality was not statistically higher in HD patients than in PD patients (29.1% versus 25.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.70 to 2.41).

Conclusions

HD patients have a higher risk of developing SDH than PD patients. Both patient groups have a high risk of mortality. Routine education on fall prevention is needed for dialysis patients.     

Association of Erythropoietin Dose and Route of Administration with Clinical Outcomes for Patients on Hemodialysis in the United States

Background and objectives

Recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) is used routinely to increase blood hemoglobin levels in patients with ESRD and anemia. Although lower doses of epoetin are required to achieve equivalent hemoglobin responses when administered subcutaneously rather than intravenously, standard practice has been to administer epoetin to patients on hemodialysis intravenously. Randomized trials of alternative epoetin treatment regimens in patients with kidney failure have shown that risks of cardiovascular complications and death are related to the dose levels of epoetin used. Therefore, given the dose-sparing advantages of subcutaneous epoetin administration, the possibility that treatment of patients on hemodialysis with subcutaneous epoetin might be associated with more favorable outcomes compared with intravenous treatment was investigated.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A retrospective cohort study of 62,710 adult patients on hemodialysis treated with either intravenous or subcutaneous epoetin-α and enrolled in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project from 1997 to 2005 was carried out. Risks of death and/or hospitalization for cardiovascular complications (adverse composite event outcomes) during 2 years of follow-up were determined in relationship to epoetin dose and route of administration (intravenous versus subcutaneous) by multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling adjusted for demographics and clinical parameters.

Results

Epoetin doses used to achieve equivalent hemoglobin responses in study patients were, on average, 25% higher when epoetin was administered intravenously rather than subcutaneously (as expected). Moreover, adverse composite event outcomes were found to be significantly more likely to occur during follow-up for patients on hemodialysis managed with intravenous rather than subcutaneous epoetin (adjusted hazard ratio for adverse events within 1 year [intravenous versus subcutaneous] was 1.11 [95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.18]).

Conclusions

This study finds that treatment of patients on hemodialysis with subcutaneous epoetin is associated with more favorable clinical outcomes than those associated with intravenous epoetin treatment.     

Effect of Increasing Dietary Fiber on Plasma Levels of Colon-Derived Solutes in Hemodialysis Patients

Background and objectives

Numerous uremic solutes are derived from the action of colon microbes. Two such solutes, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, have been associated with adverse outcomes in renal failure. This study tested whether increasing dietary fiber in the form of resistant starch would lower the plasma levels of these solutes in patients on hemodialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Fifty-six patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly assigned to receive supplements containing resistant starch (n=28) or control starch (n=28) daily for 6 weeks in a study conducted between October 2010 and May 2013. Of these, 40 patients (20 in each group) completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Plasma indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate levels were measured at baseline and week 6.

Results

Increasing dietary fiber for 6 weeks significantly reduced the unbound, free plasma level of indoxyl sulfate (median −29% [25th percentile, 75th percentile, −56, −12] for fiber versus −0.4% [−20, 34] for control, P=0.02). The reduction in free plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate was accompanied by a reduction in free plasma levels of p-cresol sulfate (r=0.81, P<0.001). However, the reduction of p-cresol sulfate levels was of lesser magnitude and did not achieve significance (median −28% [−46, 5] for fiber versus 4% [−28, 36] for control, P=0.05).

Conclusions

Increasing dietary fiber in hemodialysis patients may reduce the plasma levels of the colon-derived solutes indoxyl sulfate and possibly p-cresol sulfate without the need to intensify dialysis treatments. Further studies are required to determine whether such reduction provides clinical benefits.     

高血压患者内皮素和一氧化氮与血压节律相关性的研究

目的 :探讨高血压患者血浆内皮素 (ET)和血清一氧化氮(NO)与血压节律的相关性。方法 :2 8例高血压患者和 1 7例血压正常人进行动态血压监测和 ET,NO测定。结果 :高血压组 ET增加 ,NO下降。2 8例高血压患者按动态血压监测结果分为勺型和非勺型组 ,在非勺型组 ,ET明显增高(5 3.3± 1 9.1 vs37.8± 1 0 .0 ng/ L) ,NO明显降低 (33.4± 1 2 .7vs 48.4± 1 1 .1 mg/ L ) ;且夜间血压下降与 ET负相关 (r=- 0 .5 2 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,NO正相关 (r=0 .5 4,P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :高血压病患者内皮素和一氧化氮水平可能参与昼夜血压节律的调节     

Prevalence and Significance of Hepatitis GB Virus-C/Hepatitis G Virus Viremia in a Large Cohort of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection, with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection, and on Renal Replacement Therapy in Hong Kong

A total of 455 patients were recruited to study the prevalence of hepatitis GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus viremia in Hong Kong. There was no significant increase in the prevalence of hepatitis GB virus-C viremia in asymptomatic hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-infected patients compared to that of controls (1.56% and 7.14%, respectively, vs 3.85%, both P = NS). Renal patients as a whole had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis GB virus-C viremia compared to that of controls (13.95% vs 3.85%, P = 0.0271). The duration of the replacement therapy, especially for patients with peritoneal dialysis was associated with a higher chance of hepatitis GB virus-C viremia. Among renal patients, renal transplanted patients had the highest prevalence of hepatitis GB virus-C viraemia (19.1%) probably because of a higher susceptibility as a result of immunosuppression. However, hepatitis GB virus-C viraemia did not cause liver biochemistry derangement in renal transplanted patients.     

Effect of Lisinopril and Atenolol on Aortic Stiffness in Patients on Hemodialysis

Background and objectives

Whether improvements in arterial compliance with BP lowering are because of BP reduction alone or if pleiotropic effects of antihypertensive agents contribute remains unclear. It was hypothesized that, among patients on hemodialysis, compared with a β-blocker (atenolol), a lisinopril-based therapy will better reduce arterial stiffness.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Among 200 participants of the Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients Treated with Atenolol or Lisinopril Trial, 179 patients with valid assessment of aortic pulse wave velocity at baseline (89 patients randomly assigned to open-label lisinopril and 90 patients randomly assigned to atenolol three times a week after dialysis) were included in the secondary analysis. Among them, 109 patients had a valid pulse wave velocity measurement at 6 months. Monthly measured home BP was targeted to <140/90 mmHg by addition of antihypertensive drugs and dry weight adjustment. The difference between drugs in percentage change of aortic pulse wave velocity from baseline to 6 months was analyzed.

Results

Contrary to the hypothesis, atenolol-based treatment induced greater reduction in aortic pulse wave velocity relative to lisinopril (between drug difference, 14.8%; 95% confidence interval, 1.5% to 28.5%; P=0.03). Reduction in 44-hour ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP was no different between groups (median [25th, 75th percentile]; atenolol: −21.5 [−37.7, −7.6] versus lisinopril: −15.8 [−28.8, −1.5] mmHg; P=0.27 for systolic BP; −14.1 [−22.6, −5.3] versus −10.9 [−18.4, −0.9] mmHg, respectively; P=0.30 for diastolic BP). Between-drug difference in change of aortic pulse wave velocity persisted after adjustments for age, sex, race, other cardiovascular risk factors, and baseline ambulatory systolic BP but disappeared after adjustment for change in ambulatory systolic BP (11.8%; 95% confidence interval, −2.3% to 25.9%; P=0.10).

Conclusions

Among patients on dialysis, atenolol was superior in improving arterial stiffness. However, differences between atenolol and lisinopril in improving aortic stiffness among patients on hemodialysis may be explained by BP-lowering effects of drugs.     

药对黄连、吴茱萸对高血压大鼠血压和血浆ET、CGRP的影响

目的观察药对黄连、吴茱萸对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压和血管活性物质内皮素(ET)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)含量的影响。方法将24只SHR随机分为模型组(Model组)、硝苯地平组(Nif组)、连萸药对组(LY组),每组8只,以正常WKY大鼠为对照组(WKY组),8只,共4组。WKY组和Model组予以生理盐水,Nif组予以硝苯地平溶液,中药组予以相应配伍剂量的浓煎剂,连续灌胃4周,测量大鼠灌胃前和灌胃4周末大鼠尾动脉的收缩压。第4周末同时测定大鼠血浆中ET、CGRP的含量。结果与Model组比较,中药组大鼠4周后血压水平明显降低(P<0.05),血浆ET含量降低(P<0.05),CGRP的含量明显升高(P<0.05),但与Nif组相比无统计学意义。结论药对黄连、吴茱萸对SHR有明显的降压作用,其机制可能与降低血浆中ET的含量,增加CGRP的含量有关。     

肾血管性高血压大鼠心脏肥厚不同时期血浆及组织心钠素、内皮素含量变化

目的 了解高血压心脏病左室结构、功能变化时血浆及心肌组织中心钠素(atrial natriuretic peptide ANP)、内皮素(endothelin ET)含量变化。方法 应用放免法监测二肾一夹意义型(2K1C)肾血管性高血压大鼠(RHR)血浆及心肌组织中ANP、ET含量变化，并根据超声心动图评价高血压大鼠心脏结构、功能动态变化，将高血压大鼠进行分组。结果 高血压左室向心性肥厚期血浆及心肌组织(左心室)中ANP、ET含量明显升高；左室离心性肥厚期血浆ET较向心性肥厚期组更高，但心肌组织中ET含量与其无显著差别，而血浆及心肌组织中．ANP含量均较向心性肥厚期组低。结论 2K1C型高血压大鼠血浆及心肌组织中ANP、ET含量均升高；血浆ET与．ANP含量变化在左室肥厚中可能起着更为重要作用。     

法鲁四联症体外循环手术对血浆内皮素的影响

对２１例法鲁四联症患儿体外循环手术前后血浆内皮素的变化进行动态检测，并以单纯室间隔缺损２３例作为对照。结果显示，除术后１年外．法鲁四联症组各期内皮素值均较室缺组为高。术后１小时两组内皮素值均达最高峰，室缺组术后３天恢复，四联症组术后７天仍高于术前。内皮素值与体外循环时间及主动脉阻断时间在四联症组呈高度相关。文章讨论了体外循环期间内皮素变化的原因及临床意义。     

一平苏对维持性血透患者心血管保护作用的临床观察

观察一平苏对维持血透患者的心血管保护作用。方法：30例有高血压和左室肥厚并维持血透的患者随机分为两组，A组20例用一平苏2．5mg-5mg/d，B组给予不会影响左室重构的其它药作为对照。6个月后心脏多普勒超声检查左室重构及功能的情况。结果：两组虽均有明显降压，但一平苏组治疗后LVDd，IVS，LVPWD和LVMI均有统计学意义的下降，EF和E／A均明显升高。结论：一平苏不仅可安全有效地降压，这可逆转血透患者的左室肥厚及使左室功能改善。     

一平苏对维持性血透患者心血管保护作用的临床观察

观察一平苏对维持血透患者的心血管保护作用。方法30例有高血压和左室肥厚并维持血透的患者随机分为两组,A组20例用一平苏2.5mg～5mg/d,B组给予不会影响左室重构的其它药作为对照。6个月后心脏多普勒超声检查左室重构及功能的情况。结果两组虽均有明显降压,但一平苏组治疗后LVDd,IVS,LVPWD和LVMI均有统计学意义的下降,EF和E/A均明显升高。结论一平苏不仅可安全有效地降压,还可逆转血透患者的左室肥厚及使左室舒张功能改善。     

Salt-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Is Independent of Blood Pressure and Endothelin in Obese,Heart Failure-Prone SHHF Rats

The interaction of salt sensitivity and obesity in development of cardiac hypertrophy is incompletely understood. The SHHF/Mcc-fa^cp (SHHF) rat model was used to examine the effect of high salt on cardiac hypertrophy and expression of endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. Homozygous lean (+/+) and obese (fa^cp/fa^cp) SHHF were fed a low-salt diet (0.3% NaCl) for seven days followed by a high-salt diet (8.0% NaCl) for seven days. To assess the role of ET in mediating cardiac hypertrophy and gene expression with high salt, additional groups were treated with an ET_A/ET_B receptor antagonist (bosentan) while on high salt. Obese SHHF showed an increase in systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in response to the high-salt diet. High salt resulted in decreased expression of preproET as well as all three NOS isoforms in the Obese, while cytokine induced NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) increased in Leans. Though the salt-sensitive component of the hypertension observed in the Obese was prevented by bosentan, cardiac hypertrophy still occurred and expression of all NOS isoforms remained lower in Obese compared to Lean. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression increased in the Lean with bosentan. These studies suggest that cardiac hypertrophy is independent of the level of hypertension and may be mediated by altered production of NOS isoforms in salt-sensitive, obese SHHF.     

维持性血液透析患者的血压与透析充分性及相关因素分析

目的观察维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血压与透析充分性及其它相关因素间的关系。方法 56例MHD连续12次记录透析前后血压、体重、超滤量(FV),分别计算收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和平均动脉压(MAP)的均值,第0、1、2、3个月透析前后测定血液生化值、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct),计算尿素清除指数(Kt/V)、尿素下降率(URR)。结果透析充分组(Kt/V≥1.2、URR≥0.65)MHD患者血压明显低于透析不充分组(Kt/V<1.2、URR<0.65)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Hct≥0.22组与Hct<0.22组比较MAP差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示透析间期体重增加量、体重增加率、透析不充分及血清PTH水平与透析前收缩压密切相关(OR=1.98~3.50,P<0.05)。结论充分透析、减少容量负荷是控制MHD患者高血压的关键,透析不充分、透析间期体重增长过多、高血清甲状旁腺激素水平与透析前收缩压升高有密切关系。