腹腔镜肝切除术患者细胞免疫功能的变化

目的 探讨腹腔镜下肝切除术对机体细胞免疫功能的影响。方法 选择15例ASAⅡ-Ⅲ级择期行腹腔镜下肝切除术的患者(LH组),观察其术前、术后第1天、术后第3天的外周血淋巴细胞亚群及IL-6和TNF-α的变化,并与同期15例开腹肝切除术患者(OH组)进行对比。结果 两组患者术后第1天成熟T淋巴细胞(CD3 )、辅助T淋巴细胞(CD4 )、抑制性T淋巴细胞(CD8 )较术前均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05),而IL-6、TNF-α较术前升高(P<0.05),但组间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第3天LH组患者的CD3 、CD4 、CD8 以及IL-6、TNF-α基本上恢复至术前水平,而OH组患者CO3 、CD4 、CD8 仍低于术前、IL-6、TNF-α高于术前,组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论 与开腹肝切除术相比,腹腔镜下肝切除术对患者细胞免疫功能影响轻且恢复快。     

结肠癌术后化疗对外周血免疫细胞比例及凋亡的影响

目的研究结肠癌术后化疗患者外周血免疫细胞亚群变化特点、淋巴细胞凋亡状况及其意义。方法应用流式细胞术对40例结肠癌患者手术前后(术前1d、术后3d、化疗前1d)、化疗过程(化疗第3d、化疗后3d)中外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞水平进行检测,以AnnexinV/PI双标流式细胞术对淋巴细胞凋亡、坏死状况进行检测。结果结肠癌根治术后3d,患者外周血T淋巴细胞及NK细胞数量较术前有所减少,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。至化疗前1d,患者外周血CD3 ,CD4 T细胞及NK细胞数量较术前显著增高(P<0.01),但CD8 T细胞数量减少(P<0.05)。化疗3d后,患者外周血CD3 ,CD4 ,CD8 T细胞及NK细胞水平较术前全面下降(P<0.05),但CD4 /CD8 比例变化不大,而淋巴细胞凋亡坏死比例明显升高。至化疗结束后3天,T淋巴细胞各亚群及NK细胞数量开始逐渐回升。结论结肠癌根治术手术本身对患者外周血淋巴细胞及NK细胞影响不大,术后患者免疫细胞水平明显升高,机体免疫状况明显改善。化疗可造成患者机体的一过性免疫抑制,可能与其造成机体淋巴细胞的凋亡坏死有关。     

围手术期应用胸腺五肽对直肠癌患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨围手术期应用胸腺五肽对行腹腔镜辅助直肠癌根治术患者的免疫功能的影响。方法选取2015年1月至2015年4月期间在解放军总医院普通外科接受腹腔镜辅助腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术患者42例,根据围手术期是否应用胸腺五肽分为研究组和对照组。对照组在围手术期间给予常规治疗;研究组除按对照组的常规治疗外自术前第1 d起给予胸腺五肽2 mg肌注,1次/d,7 d为1个疗程。比较患者术前第1 d、术后第1 d及术后第5 d时的静脉血淋巴细胞计数、免疫球蛋白(Ig G、Ig A和Ig M)及T细胞亚群(CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+及CD4~+/CD8~+)的变化情况。结果术后第1 d,2组患者淋巴细胞计数、T细胞亚群及免疫球蛋白较术前均明显降低(P0.05);术后第5 d时,治疗组淋巴细胞计数、T细胞亚群(除外CD4~+/CD8~+)及免疫球蛋白(除外Ig A)均明显高于对照组(P0.05),但治疗组的各项指标(淋巴细胞计数、免疫球蛋白、T细胞亚群)的变化情况与术前第1 d时比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),对照组各项指标仍低于术前第1 d(P0.05)。结论行腹腔镜手术的直肠癌患者围手术期应用胸腺五肽可以加快患者术后免疫功能的恢复。     

急性高容量性血液稀释对妇科肿瘤患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨急性高容量性血液稀释(AHH)对妇科肿瘤患者围手术期T淋巴细胞亚群的影响.方法40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的妇科肿瘤手术病人随机分成两组:高容量性血液稀释组(A组)在切皮前30分钟内输入6%羟乙基淀粉液1000ml;对照组(C组)常规输液,不实施血液稀释.分别与麻醉诱导前、手术结束后、术后24小时抽取静脉血,用流式细胞仪测定T淋巴细胞亚群CD3 、CD4 、CD8 及CD4 /CD8 细胞百分率.结果两组病人手术结束后(T1)、手术后第1天(T2)与麻醉诱导前(T0)比较:T淋巴细胞亚群CD3 、CD4 及CD4 CD8 均明显降低(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),CD8 无显著性变化;但A组手术结束后和手术后第1天CD3 、CD4 及CD4 /CD8 明显高于C组(P＜0.05).结论术前采用急性高容量性血液稀释(AHH),可显著改善妇科肿瘤患者T淋巴细胞的免疫功能.     

腹腔镜手术治疗消化性溃疡穿孔对机体炎症反应及免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗消化性溃疡穿孔对机体炎症反应及免疫功能的影响,进一步评价腹腔镜穿孔修补术的微创效果.方法 将81例消化性溃疡穿孔患者随机分为腹腔镜手术组（腹腔镜组,37例）和开腹手术组（开腹组,44例）,比较两组患者围手术期外周血降钙素原（PCT）、C反应蛋白（CRP）及T淋巴细胞亚群（CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8比值）变化.结果 术后第1天、第3天两组的PCT、CRP均较术前显著升高（P＜0.05）.术后第5天腹腔镜组的PCT、CRP水平与术前比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.术后开腹组的PCT、CRP水平均显著高于腹腔镜组（P＜0.05）.两组术后第1天CD4、CD8水平及CD4/CD8比值均较术前显著下降（P＜0.05）,但术后腹腔镜组CD4、CD8水平及CD4/CD8比例明显高于开腹组（P＜0.05）,且腹腔镜组CD4、CD8水平及CD4/CD8比值均于术后第5天恢复至术前水平（P＞0.05）.结论 与开腹穿孔修补术相比较,腹腔镜穿孔修补术能够有效降低术后炎症反应的程度,且对机体的免疫功能影响更小,具有功能学微创优势.     

输去白红细胞血对肿瘤患者围术期细胞免疫功能的影响

目的　探讨输去白红细胞血对胃癌、结肠癌患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤(NK)细胞的影响。方法　 30例胃癌、结肠癌手术患者 ,随机分为三组 :输盐水组 (Ⅰ组 ) ,输全血组(Ⅱ组 ) ,输去白红细胞组 (Ⅲ组 ) ,每组 10例 ,分别于术前、术后第 1、5天抽取外周静脉血 ,用流式细胞仪测定血T淋巴细胞亚群CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD8+ 、CD4 + /CD8+ 比值及CD5 6 + 的变化。结果　与术前相比 ,术后第 1天三组患者CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD8+ 、CD4 + /CD8+ 及CD5 6 + 均显著降低 (P <0 0 5 )。术后第 5天Ⅱ组CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD8+ 、CD5 6 + 明显低于术前水平 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而Ⅰ组及Ⅲ组各指标均接近术前水平 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　围术期异体输血严重抑制患者的免疫功能。输去白红细胞血对机体的免疫抑制轻 ,术后免疫功能较快恢复。因此 ,在确实要输异体血时 ,最好滤除白细胞 ,以减轻异体血对肿瘤患者免疫功能的抑制作用。     

不同麻醉方法对乳腺癌根治术患者围手术期细胞免疫功能及预后的影响

目的探讨不同麻醉方法对乳腺癌根治术患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群、自然杀伤细胞(NK)的数量及术后5年生存率和复发率的影响。方法选择乳腺癌根治术女性患者40例,随机分为两组,每组20例,第1组为全麻组,第2组为硬外麻组。分别于麻醉前、手术开始后1小时、术后第1天及术后第3天抽取外周静脉血,用流式细胞仪测定T淋巴细胞亚群,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+和NK细胞CD56+的数值。随访他们5年生存率及复发率。结果与麻醉前相比,两组手术开始后1小时NK细胞值上升;CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+值下降,但只在第一组发现有显著性意义(P<0.05);术后第一天两组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和NK细胞均显著下降(P<0.05),组间比较有显著性意义(P<0.05);术后第三天两组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和CD56+值均基本恢复至术前水平;CD8+在各测定点变化不明显。术后随访,其5年生存率及复发率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论两种不同麻醉方法下乳腺癌根治术患者围术期细胞免疫功能均有一过性抑制,全麻抑制程度相对较严重。但是通过随访表明这种不同程度的免疫抑制并不影响患者的生存率及复发率。     

加速康复外科联合腹腔镜对高龄结直肠癌患者手术后免疫功能的影响

目的:观察加速康复外科(fast track surgery,FTS)联合腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后高龄患者免疫功能的变化。方法:将61例65岁以上腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的患者随机分为两组,Ⅰ组应用传统围手术期处理措施行腹腔镜手术(n=30),Ⅱ组应用FTS理念行腹腔镜手术(n=31)。两组患者分别于术前1天、术后第3天、术后第7天取外周血测定C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgM、IgG)及T细胞亚群(CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+比值)。结果:两组患者术后第3天、第7天CRP、IL-6均较术前明显升高(P<0.05),但Ⅰ组升高更明显(P<0.05)。术后第3天,两组患者免疫球蛋白均较术前降低(P<0.05),Ⅰ组的IgM含量下降更明显(P=0.002);术后第7天,两组患者免疫球蛋白含量均恢复至术前水平。两组患者术后第3天T细胞亚群含量较术前降低(P<0.05),Ⅰ组下降更明显(P=0.03,P=0.024,P=0.002),术后第7天,Ⅱ组已恢复至术前水平,但Ⅰ组CD8+含量仍低于术前(P=0.008)。结论:高龄结直肠癌患者应用FTS理念行腹腔镜手术对机体的免疫功能影响相对更小,值得推广应用。     

氯胺酮超前镇痛对肝癌患者手术前后细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨氯胺酮超前镇痛对肝癌患者围术期疼痛和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法36例原发性肝癌手术患者,ASAⅡ~Ⅲ级,分为术后镇痛组(Ⅰ组)、超前镇痛组(Ⅱ组)和对照组(Ⅲ组),每组12例。记录患者术后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS);随访患者对镇痛治疗总体印象评分(PJA);分别于术前和术后测血液中CD3 、CD4 、CD8 标志细胞百分率;记录术后48 h麻醉和镇痛相关并发症。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患者术后VAS和PJA低于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组患者术后VAS和PJA低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患者术后CD3 、CD4 细胞百分率、CD4 /CD8 高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组患者术后CD3 、CD4 细胞百分率、CD4 /CD8 高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);三组患者术后48h麻醉和镇痛相关并发症差异无显著意义。结论氯胺酮超前镇痛能降低肝癌患者术后疼痛评分,缓解术后T细胞免疫抑制。     

腹腔镜和开腹直肠癌根治术对机体免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术(Miles)围手术期免疫功能的变化.方法:80例行Miles的患者分为2组,腹腔镜纽(L组)和传统开腹组(O组),每组40例.分别于术前1 d,术后第1天、第2天、第3天抽取患者外周静脉血,检测辅助T淋巴细胞(TH)2个亚群Th1、Th2细胞含量、Th1/Th2及白细胞介素-2(IL2)、IL-6含量.术前1 d和术后第3天检测全血CD3+CD56+T细胞和CD3-CD56十自然杀伤(NK)细胞的百分比.1L-2、IL-6的检测用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),CD3+CD56+T细胞和CD3-CD56+NK细胞用流式细胞仪进行检测.结果:术后第1天,L组Th1细胞含量高于O组(P＜0.05)；术后第1天、第2天、第3天,L组Th2细胞含量低于0组,Th1/Th2高于O组(P＜0.05)；术后第2天,L组IL2含量高于O组,术后第1天L组IL 6含量低于O组(P＜0.05).2组手术对CD3+CD56+T细胞、CD3-CD56+NK细胞的影响差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论:Miles对患者术后免疫功能的抑制有一定的保护作用,对肿瘤患者的预后有益.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.