经食管心房调搏诱发及终止预激综合征房室折返性心动过速的研究

目的探讨经食管心房调搏诱发和终止预激综合征阵发性房室折返性心动过速的价值.方法对30例预激综合征患者行食管心房调搏程控刺激.结果经食管心房调搏对房室折返性心动过速的诱发率,典型预激综合征A型与B型差异无显著意义(P＞0.05),典型预激综合征与詹姆斯型预激综合征差异则有非常显著意义(P＜0.05).心房刺激诱发顺向型房室折返性心动过速的关键因素是旁道有效不应期大于房室交接区有效不应期.结论典型预激综合征的类型对诱发房室折返性心动过速无明显影响;诱发的关键因素是旁道有效不应期大于房室交接区有效不应期;猝发法是终止发作的最有效方法之一,转复成功率接近100%.     

经食管心房调搏对阵发性室上速诱发与终止的临床价值

目的：研究经食管心房调搏对阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）诱发与终止的价值。方法：选择237例有心动过速发作史的患者进行食管心房调搏检查,如果诱发出阵发性室上速,进行12导联心电图记录后,予以短阵快速刺激或程序期前刺激终止之。另外对54例急诊PSVT患者直接予以短阵快速刺激或程序期前刺激终止之。结果：在被检的237例患者中诱发出PSVT148例,占62．4％（其中房室结双径87例,房室折返为61例）。对其202例PSVT患者均采用短阵快速刺激或程序期前刺激。PSVT即刻终止的有196例,转复成功率97％。结论：经食管心房调搏可作为PSVT筛选检查及终止的首选方法。     

异丙肾上腺素与阿托品诱发阵发性室上性心动过速的对比观察

目的 对比观察异丙肾上腺素与阿托品试验在经食管心房调搏中诱发室上性心动过速的异同。方法 87例阵发性室上性心动过速病人,54例用异丙肾上腺素(Iso组,2μg/min静脉滴注),33例用阿托品(Atr组,0.04mg/kg静脉注射)后重复经食管心房调搏检查。结果 异丙肾上腺素与阿托品诱发成功率分别为83.3%、66.7%,前者略高于后者,但两者无显著差异(P>0.05);异丙肾上腺素诱发房室结折返性心动过速多于房室折返性心动过速,而阿托品诱发房室折返性心动过速多于房室结折返性心动过速,两者有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论 异丙肾上腺素、阿托品均可取得大致相同的阵发性室上性心动过速的诱发成功率,仅在诱发室上性心动过速的类型上有一定差异。     

食管心房调搏诊断室上性心动过速的临床研究

为探讨食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速发生机制的价值和局限性,回顾性分析成功射频导管消融的１３８例隐匿性单房室旁道参与的顺向型房室折返性心动过速和１００例单一类型房室结折返性心动过速的食管心房调搏结果。结果显示：前１３８例中,３例前间隔旁道引起者食管心房调搏均诊断为房室结折返性心动过速余为左右侧其它部位的旁道,诊断正确。后１００例中,５例为慢－慢型,２例为快－慢型,食管心房调搏均诊断为房室折返性心动     

食管心房调搏在阵发性心悸患者中的应用

目的:评价食管调搏在阵发性心悸患者中的应用价值。方法:入选64例阵发性心悸患者,运用食管调搏方法明确心律失常的电生理类型,对确诊的阵发性室上性心动过速患者采取超速起搏进行终止,观察疗效。结果:64例中阳性38例。包括房室结双径路20例;房室旁路12例;房性心动过速4例;室性心动过速2例。以心动过速为首发症状就诊12例;包括房室结双径路5例,房室旁路5例,均行超速起搏成功复律;室性心动过速2例,1例静脉注射胺碘酮成功复律,1例因血流动力学不稳定,行电复律成功。结论:经食管心房调搏行心脏电生理检查有利于心悸患者心动过速类型的诊断。     

房室结加速传导对房室折返性心动过速诱发方式的影响

为探讨房室结加速传导对房室折返性心动过速的影响,对27例突发突止的心悸患者作食管心房调搏检查.结果有9例患者具有房室结加速传导,S-R间期仅轻度延长.诱发出室上性心动过速的方法与无房室结加速传导患者具有完全不同的刺激方式.认为当食管心房调搏起搏频率≥200次/min;房室仍是1:1传导,应采取连续期前收缩刺激或Burst刺激,以促发心动过速,防止遗漏房室折返性心动过速诊断.     

预激综合征与房室折返性心动过速

分析85例房室旁路有前传功能的预激征用食管心房调搏诱发正向型房室折返性心动过速的结果,发现诱发室上速的最重要因素是旁路不应期长于房室结不应期。基础心率的变化及静注阿托品,在部分病人可改变此二者的关系而增加诱发率。旁路不应期的长短、部位及预激的分型均无明显的影响。旁路逆向不应期过长或无逆传功能,是不能诱发室上速的重要因素。     

顺向性房室折返性心动过速的诱发及终止方式

顺向性房室折返性心动过速（0AVRT）是阵发性室上性心动过速的常见类型。心动过速的诱发和终止与刺激部位、房室传导系统和房室旁道的不应期、传导速度等因素密切相关。了解其诱发与终止方式是预激综合征电生理检查的内容之一，既可了解心动过速的形成机制、电生理特征，又对体表心电图明确诊断有较大帮助。     

食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速的探讨

食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速的探讨罗莹郑竹虚蔡力周晓芳黄启华陶建虹（四川省人民医院心血管病研究室成都６１００７２）关键词心动过速，室上性；食管；电刺激食管心房调搏可无创性揭示室上性心动过速（ＳＶＴ）的发生机理，可鉴别房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＲＴ...     

食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速的探讨

食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速的探讨罗莹郑竹虚蔡力周晓芳黄启华陶建虹（四川省人民医院心血管病研究室成都６１００７２）关键词心动过速，室上性；食管；电刺激食管心房调搏可无创性揭示室上性心动过速（ＳＶＴ）的发生机理，可鉴别房室结折返性心动过速(ＡＶＮＲＴ...     

A technique for the rapid diagnosis of atrial tachycardia in the electrophysiology laboratory

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if the atrial response upon cessation of ventricular pacing associated with 1:1 ventriculoatrial conduction during paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is a useful diagnostic maneuver in the electrophysiology laboratory. BACKGROUND: Despite various maneuvers, it can be difficult to differentiate atrial tachycardia from other forms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. METHODS: The response upon cessation of ventricular pacing associated with 1:1 ventriculoatrial conduction was studied during four types of tachycardia: 1) atrioventricular nodal reentry (n = 102), 2) orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (n = 43), 3) atrial tachycardia (n = 19) and 4) atrial tachycardia simulated by demand atrial pacing in patients with inducible atrioventricular nodal reentry or orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (n = 32). The electrogram sequence upon cessation of ventricular pacing was, categorized as "atrial-ventricular" (A-V) or "atrial-atrial-ventricular" (A-A-V). RESULTS: The A-V response was observed in all cases of atrioventricular nodal reentrant and orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia. In contrast, the A-A-V response was observed in all cases of atrial tachycardia and simulated atrial tachycardia, even in the presence of dual atrioventricular nodal pathways or a concealed accessory atrioventricular pathway. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, an A-A-V response upon cessation of ventricular pacing associated with 1:1 ventriculoatrial conduction is highly sensitive and specific for the identification of atrial tachycardia in the electrophysiology laboratory.     

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with complete atrio-ventricular block or dissociation]

Recent studies have shown the high incidence of concealed Bundles of Kent in the reentry circuits of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Arguments in favour of the nodal or junctional level of reentry were observed in supraventricular tachycardia with complete atrioventricular dissociation. Two such cases under went electrophysiological investigation. In the first case, tachycardia was terminated by a complete infrahisian block. However, during atrioventricular dissociation, tachycardia could be initiated by a single atrial stimulus after an increased nodal conduction time and terminated by a single atrial stimulus or cardiac message. In the second case the supraventricular tachycardia presented with complete atrioventricular dissociation due to a retrograde ventriculo-atrial block. Atrial stimulation at progressively higher rates and premature atrial extra stimuli initiated the tachycardia but could not terminate it, so confirming the non-participation of the atrium in the reentry circuit. These two cases suggest that the ventricle (case I) and the atrium (case II) are not indispensable links in junctional or nodal reentry circuits. Case II was suggestive of a common initial pathway developing retrograde unidirectional block during tachycardia.     

Usefulness of the pre-excitation index to determine the mechanism of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and the location of the anomalous pathway

To evaluate the preexcitation index in determinate the mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and localize accessory pathway, fifty nine patients with clinical and electrocardiographic supraventricular tachycardia were analyzed. There were thirty eight patients (64.4%) with orthodromic AV reentry using an accessory pathway for retrograde conduction and 21 patients (35.6%) with typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Preexcitation of the atrium during tachycardia by premature ventricular complex at a time when anterograde His bundle activation was present in 30 o 38 (79%) patients with AV reentry while only 8 of 21 (38%) patients with AV nodal reentry demonstrated preexcitation during tachycardia. There was no significant difference between left and right accessory pathways and in mean tachycardia cycle length between the two groups. However, atrioventricular reentry demonstrated atrial preexcitation during tachycardia more frequently than AV nodal reentry. In conclusion, our findings show that the preexcitation index is a useful method for determinate the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia and to localize accessory pathways.     

The Response of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia to Overdrive Atrial and Ventricular Pacing:

Pacing During Supraventricular Tachycardia. Introduction: Standard electrophysiologic techniques generally allow discrimination among mechanisms of paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the response of paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia to atrial and ventricular overdrive pacing can help determine the tachycardia mechanism. Methods and Results: Fifty-three patients with paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia were studied. Twenty-two patients had the typical form of atrioventricular (AV) junctional (nodal) reentry, 18 patients had orthodromic AV reentrant tachycardia, 10 patients had atrial tachycardia, and 3 patients had the atypical form of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. After paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia was induced, 15-beat trains were introduced in the high right atrium and right ventricular apex sequentially with cycle lengths beginning 10 msec shorter than the spontaneous tachycardia cycle length. The pacing cycle length was shortened in successive trains until a cycle of 200 msec was reached or until tachycardia was terminated. Several responses of paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia to overdrive pacing were useful in distinguishing atrial tachycardia from other mechanisms of paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia. During decremental atrial overdrive pacing, the curve relating the pacing cycle length to the VA interval on the first beat following the cessation of atrial pacing was flat or upsloping in patients with AV junctional reentry or AV reentrant tachycardia, but variable in patients with atrial tachycardia. AV reentry and AV junctional reentry could always be terminated by overdrive ventricular pacing whereas atrial tachycardia was terminated in only one of ten patients (P < 0.001). The curve relting the ventricular pacing cycle length to the VA interval on the first postpacing beat was flat or upsloping in patients with AV junctional reentry and AV reentry, but variable in patients with atrial tachycardia. The typical form of AV junctional reentry could occasionally be distinguished from other forms of paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia by the shortening of the AH interval following tachycardia termination during constant rate atrial pacing. Conclusions: Atrial and ventricular overdrive pacing can rapidly and reliably distinguish atrial tachycardia from other mechanisms of paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia and occasionally assist in the diagnosis of other tachycardia mechanisms. In particular, the ability to exclude atrial tachycardia as a potential mechanism for paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia has important implications for the use of catheter ablation techniques to cure paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia.     

小儿室上性心动过速的食管心电生理分型及演变

目的 :探讨小儿室上性心动过速 (SVT)的类型及其电生理特征 ,以及食管起搏对小儿SVT的干预作用。方法 :对 4 7例 8个月～ 15岁有SVT发作史的患儿进行了食管心电生理研究。结果 :4 7例SVT经食管心房调搏 (TEAP)确定分型 4 2例 (89.4 % ) ,其中旁路折返 2 8例 (6 6 .7% ) ,房室结内折返 10例 (2 3.8% ) ,心房内折返l例 ,窦房结折返l例 ,心房自律性增高 2例 ;不能定型 5例 (10 .6 % )。结论 :小儿SVT近 95 %为折返机制所致 ,以旁路折返最常见 ,其次为房室结内折返 ,与成人报道不同 ,可能与小儿传导系统发育规律以及旁路电生理特性发生演变有关     

显性预激综合征与房室折返性心动过速100例分析

分析１００例显性预激综合征食管心房调搏的资料，结果表明：①诱发顺向型房室折返性心动过速（Ｏ－ＡＶＲＴ）４９例，左侧旁道（ＡＰ）较右侧ＡＰ发生率高；逆向型房室折返性心动过速（Ａ－ＡＶＲＴ）３例，均见于右侧ＡＰ。前向与逆向的单次折返１３例。房室折返性心律失常总计６５例，占６５％。②Ｏ－ＡＶＲＴ的形成应具备旁道前传的有效不应期（ＡＰＡ－ＥＲＰ）＞房室结有效不应期（ＡＶＮ－ＥＲＰ）＞左房有效不应期（ＬＡ－ＥＲＰ）。Ａ－ＡＶＲＴ的形成，应具备ＡＶＮ－ＥＲＰ＞ＡＰＡ－ＥＲＰ＞ＬＡ－ＥＲＰ。③房室折返性心动过速的诱发以Ｓ_１Ｓ_２及分级递增法为最佳。     

Refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia incited by multiple mechanisms

A patient with refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia post acute myocardial infarction is presented. His bundle recordings and atrial stimulation studies suggest atrioventricular nodal reentry precipitated by three different mechanisms. Therapy required permanent coronary vein pacing and drugs.     

Reliability of retrograde atrial activation patterns during ventricular pacing for localizing accessory pathways

Definitive localization of accessory pathways is based on atrial activation patterns during orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia when retrograde conduction occurs exclusively through the accessory pathway. In some patients, supraventricular tachycardia cannot be induced or is deleterious. To determine whether accessory pathway sites can be identified accurately during ventricular pacing, retrograde atrial activation was assessed during orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular pacing at multiple cycle lengths in 41 patients with a single accessory pathway. To obviate retrograde fusion due to concomitant conduction through the normal atrioventricular (AV) conduction system that may obscure the location of the accessory pathway, the difference in conduction time from the site of earliest atrial activation to the His bundle atrial electrogram (delta A-SVT) was measured during orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia and compared with values observed during ventricular pacing (delta A-VP). Characteristic values for the delta A-SVT interval were identified for left lateral (66 +/- 17 ms), left posterior (50 +/- 8 ms), posteroseptal (33 +/- 7 ms), right free wall (22 +/- 15 ms) and anteroseptal (0 +/- 0 ms) accessory pathway sites. During ventricular pacing, the site with the earliest atrial electrogram was used to define the accessory pathway location only if the maximal value of the delta A-VP interval over the range of cycle lengths assessed was comparable with the value of the delta A-SVT interval characteristic of that region. Values of the delta A-SVT interval correlated closely with the maximal values of the delta A-VP interval (r = 0.91). With this approach, 40 (98%) of 41 accessory pathway sites were identified correctly during ventricular pacing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Diagnostic value of tachycardia features and pacing maneuvers during paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this prospective study was to quantitate the diagnostic value of several tachycardia features and pacing maneuvers in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in the electrophysiology laboratory. BACKGROUND: No study has prospectively compared the value of multiple diagnostic tools in a large group of patients with PSVT. METHODS: One hundred ninety-six consecutive patients who had 200 inducible sustained PSVTs during an electrophysiology procedure were included. The diagnostic values of four baseline electrophysiologic parameters, nine tachycardia features and five diagnostic pacing maneuvers were quantified. RESULTS: The only tachycardia characteristic that was diagnostic of atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentry was a septal ventriculoatrial (VA) time of <70 ms, and no pacing maneuver was diagnostic for AV nodal reentry. An increase in the VA interval with the development of a bundle branch block was the only tachycardia characteristic that was diagnostic for orthodromic tachycardia, but it occurred in only 7% of all tachycardias. An atrial-atrial-ventricular response upon cessation of ventricular overdrive pacing was diagnostic of atrial tachycardia, and this maneuver could be applied to 78% of all tachycardias. Burst ventricular pacing excluded atrial tachycardia when the tachycardia terminated without depolarization of the atrium, but the result could be obtained only in 27% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study quantitates the diagnostic value of multiple observations and pacing maneuvers that are commonly used during PSVT in the electrophysiology laboratory. The findings demonstrate that diagnostic techniques rarely provide a diagnosis when used individually. Therefore, careful observations and multiple pacing maneuvers are often required for an accurate diagnosis during PSVT. The results of this study provide a useful reference with which new diagnostic techniques can be compared.     

食管心房调搏终止室性心动过速的初步探讨

目的：总结15例经食管心房调搏，成功终止室性心动过速的经验与体会。方法：选择15例室性心动过速病人，予以食管心房调搏，先后用分级递增和连续递增两种刺激方式予以刺激，刺激电压为25～30V，对难以终止，静脉注射异搏定，再予以经食管心房调搏。结果：单纯采用分级递增法终止了10例患的室速，2例患需加用连续递增法才能终止，另3例患经上述两种方式均未成功，给予异搏定5mg静脉注射后以分级递增法才终止了室速。结论：经食管心房起搏可以部分地成功终止持续性室性心动过速，减少直流电复律应用的必要性。