64层螺旋CT三维重组对左心房及肺静脉的形态学评价

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT心电门控血管成像及三维重组后处理技术对左心房及肺静脉结构的形态学评价价值。方法:回顾性分析50例行心电门控血管造影患者的左心房及肺静脉结构,按年龄和性别分组,利用仿真血管内镜(VIE)、容积再现(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)等多种三维重组技术进行后处理,了解肺静脉及左心房的形态学结构,评价其临床应用价值。结果:①VR技术可良好构建肺静脉形态,50例患者中,42例患者双侧肺静脉均为2支(84%),8例存在变异(16%);双上肺静脉明显较双下肺静脉粗(P<0.05),男性左上肺静脉、右上下肺静脉均较女性粗(P<0.05),左下肺静脉男女间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中年组和老年组肺静脉口径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);双上肺静脉开口角度明显较双下肺静脉大(P<0.05)。②VIE技术可良好显示左侧肺静脉开口、右侧肺静脉开口、左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口的关系以及左心耳与左上肺静脉之间界嵴的四种形态。③50例患者中,29例左心房顶部形态为平坦型(58%),19例为突起型(38%),2例为凹陷型(4%);测得50例患者左心房平均容积为(84.5±26.1)cm3。老年组左心房平均容积较中年组大(P<0.05),男性左心房平均容积较女性大(P<0.05)。④冠状窦汇入右房处与矢状面之间的角度范围为0度～130.9度,平均为(68.4±32.3)度。结论:64层螺旋CT三维重组技术能够直接对肺静脉及左心房进行形态学观察,明确肺静脉开口及左心房的形态变异,为临床指导导管射频消融治疗房颤等提供解剖信息,提高成功率,减少并发症。     

64层螺旋CT在房颤患者射频消融术前的应用价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT在房颤患者射频消融术前的应用价值.方法 对50例房颤射频消融术前患者进行64层螺旋CT检查,观察左心耳血栓、肺静脉的解剖与变异、左心耳的形态及左心耳开口与左肺静脉开口的毗邻关系.其中有37例患者同时进行了经食管超声检查(TEE).结果 50例房颤患者均获得可用于诊断的图像.在37例TEE检查的病例中64层螺旋CT检出左心耳血栓8例,正常29例,有33例与TEE相符合.50例中41例肺静脉为4支,占82%,9例检出肺静脉变异,占18%;左上肺静脉(LSPV)最大径为(2.28±0.29) cm, 开口的角度为32.06°±9.84°,左下肺静脉(LIPV) 最大径为(1.73±0.28) cm, 开口的角度为13.33°±9.55°,右上肺静脉(RSPV)最大径为(2.03±0.42) cm,开口的角度为28.36°±10.03°,右下肺静脉(RIPV) 最大径为(1.88±0.37) cm,开口的角度为14.34°±8.22°.同测肺静脉之间距离变异较大,左侧平均为(0.73±0.34) cm,右侧平均为(0.76±0.38) cm.50例患者左心耳开口与左肺静脉开口间为0.12～1.41 cm不等,平均距离为(0.67±0.21) cm, 左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口处于同一水平者44例,略高于左上肺静脉开口者4例,略低于左上肺静脉开口者2例.结论 64排多层螺旋CT能准确检出房颤患者左心耳血栓,准确反映肺静脉与左心耳的解剖及变异以及左心耳开口与左肺静脉开口间的关系,对射频消融术具有重要的指导价值.     

64排螺旋CT肺静脉-左心房连接解剖学分析

目的 探讨肺静脉-左心房连接的影像解剖学特征.方法 对86例患者(房颤组42例,对照组44例)行64层螺旋CT左心房肺静脉成像,显示肺静脉-左心房连接关系,对肺静脉近心端形态、径线,肺静脉前庭区大小、形态进行房颤组与对照组分析.结果 房颤组与对照组总的肺静脉解剖学变异为24例,占28%,发生率在房颤组与对照组之间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);房颤组各肺静脉左房入口的上下径与前后径均大于对照组,两者间差异显著(P<0.05);房颤组左房前后径及前庭区周长均大于对照组,两者间差异显著(P<0.05).结论 64层螺旋CT左心房肺静脉成像可以对左心房及肺静脉提供详细的解剖形态学信息,所得出的各项形态学分析结果对房颤的介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

心房颤动患者射频消融治疗前后肺静脉间嵴部宽度的变化

目的观察心房颤动(房颤)环肺静脉电隔离(CPVA)术前后肺静脉间嵴部宽度的变化。方法房颤患者共24例,CPVA术前及术后3～6个月用64排螺旋CT测量其肺静脉间嵴部宽度。结果与CPVA术前相比,术后房颤患者左侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左肺静脉与左心耳间嵴部宽度无明显变化(P=0.059～0.380),右侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左心房容积明显缩小(P=0.000～0.014)。结论房颤患者CPVA术后右侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左房容积逆重构,而左侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左肺静脉与左心耳间嵴部宽度未见明显逆重构。     

64层CT对房颤患者左心耳血栓的评价：与经食管超声心动图比较

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT评价房颤患者左心耳血栓的价值.方法:对37例房颤患者分别进行64层螺旋CT及经食管超声检查,两种检查在3d内完成,以经食管超声心动图为金标准,对64层螺旋CT检出左心耳血栓情况进行评价.结果:37例中有33例诊断符合,64层螺旋CT与经食管超声心动图诊断符合率89.2%,64层CT检测左心耳血栓的敏感度为75%,特异度为93.1%,阳性预测值为75%,阴性预测值为93.1%,阳性似然比10.875,阴性似然比0.269.两种检测方法的Kappa值为0.681,两种方法检测左心耳血栓具有较高的一致性.结论:64层螺旋CT能准确检出房颤患者左心耳血栓,可成为临床诊断左心耳血栓的一种筛查办法,且可以一次成像同时显示肺静脉及左心房形态,对指导治疗具有重要的价值.     

64层螺旋CT左心房和肺静脉成像在心房颤动射频消融术中的价值及应用

目的 应用64层螺旋CT(MSCT)对左心房和肺静脉进行形态学分析,用以指导心房颤动(简称房颤)环肺静脉线性消融术,并评估预后.方法 对232例患者(房颤组146例,对照组86例)行64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像,比较房颤组及对照组肺静脉解剖学变异的发生率,测量各支肺静脉开口的径线及形态,观察左心房的大小及左心房耳部的形态.结果 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像可以提供详细的左心房与肺静脉连接方式及肺静脉解剖学变异,肺静脉解剖变异占总样本数的16.8%(39/232).各组肺静脉开口均呈上下径大于前后径的椭圆形.房颤组及对照组中左心房的内径差异存在统计学意义[房颤组:(39.47±8.98)mm;对照组:(36.94±5.49)mm;P=0.02],而2组患者肺静脉开口的径线差异无统计学意义[房颤组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.15±1.35)mm,左下(16.96±1.18)mm,右上(17.50±1.12)mm,右下(17.65±0.94)mm;对照组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.07±0.94)mm,左下(17.50±0.57)mm,右上(18.03±1.02)mm,右下(17.94±0.76)mm,P值均＞0.05;房颤组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.26±1.89)mm,左下(11.96±0.61)mm,右上(12.32±1.08)mm,右下(12.39±0.95)mm;对照组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.74±1.03)mm,左下(12.23 ±0.75)mm,右上(12.64±0.87)mm,右下(12.72±0.67)mm,P值均＞0.05].结论 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像不仅可以了解环肺静脉线性消融术前肺静脉及左心房解剖变异的情况,而且可以进一步评价心房功能和风险,对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

64层螺旋CT观察肺静脉前庭区的初步研究

目的:环肺静脉线性前庭隔离术是近年来普遍采用的心房颤动(简称房颤)介入治疗技术,该技术要求术者对真实解剖结构的准确理解。64层螺旋CT(MSCT)左心房肺静脉成像可以提供详细的术前、术后解剖学信息,并对两侧前庭区进行观察与分析。本研究对二组大样本患者进行64层MSCT左心房肺静脉成像,获得前庭区形态学分析,用以指导房颤消融术并评估预后。方法:对232例患者(房颤组146例,对照组86例)行64层MSCT左心房肺静脉成像,显示双侧前庭区,进行解剖学分析,并比较房颤组及对照组前庭区的周长、面积及形态。结果:两组患者两侧前庭均为不规则状。房颤组前庭周长:左侧(119.61±24.71)mm,右侧(128.84±24.77)mm;对照组前庭周长:左侧(97.83±9.37)mm,右侧(107.56±4.79)mm;房颤组前庭面积:左侧(1053.79±561.57)mm2,右侧(1246.07±542.64)mm2;对照组前庭面积:左侧(621.13±89.80)mm2,右侧(849.20±59.03)mm2。结论:64层MSCT左心房肺静脉成像可以在环肺静脉线性前庭隔离术术前提供详细的肺静脉前庭区解剖数据,且在房颤组和对照组中存在明显差异。本研究所得出的各项形态学分析结果对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义。     

256层螺旋CT定量评估左心耳结构与卒中的相关性

目的 采用256层螺旋CT对左心耳结构进行定量测量，评估其与非瓣膜性房颤患者发生脑卒中风险的相关性。方法 选取房颤患者80例，其中有脑卒中病史的40例为房颤伴卒中组，按照年龄及性别配对的方式选取同期40例房颤无脑卒中病史患者为房颤非卒中组。选用冠状动脉CTA 75%期相图像进行后处理，获取房颤患者的左心耳结构参数，对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果 1)房颤伴卒中组与房颤非卒中组比较，左心耳容积(LAAV)、左心耳容积指数(LAAVi)、左心耳开口面积、长径及短径均大于非卒中组(P<0.05)。以上数值增大，发生脑卒中的风险几率增加；2)当房颤患者左心耳容积>8.7 ml,预测发生脑卒中风险的价值最高，特异性达90.0%。结论 左心耳容积、容积指数、开口面积、长径及短径增大是房颤患者发生脑卒中的重要危险因素，当左心耳容积>8.7 ml脑卒中风险增加，该结果对临床指导房颤患者抗凝治疗具有重要临床意义。     

经食管超声心动图对非瓣膜性房颤患者左心耳大小、分叶、形态及功能分析中的应用价值

目的探究经食管超声心动图(TEE)在分析非瓣膜性房颤患者左心耳功能、形态、分叶以及大小中的临床价值。方法选取493例心房颤动患者为研究对象,根据心电图检查结果将其分为房颤组(340例)和非房颤组(153例)。两组患者均行RT-3D TEE检查,观察患者左心耳开口径、深度、容积、左心房内径(LAD)、左心耳分叶情况、左心耳形态情况、血栓形成和自发显影情况。结果房颤组患者左心耳开口径、深度、容积、LAD显著高于非房颤组,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。房颤组患者左心耳PEV显著低于房颤组,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。房颤组患者与非房颤组患者在左心耳分叶情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。房颤组患者与非房颤组患者左心耳分呈现仙人掌型及风向袋型上比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);房颤组患者左心耳呈现菜花型显著高于非房颤组,房颤组患者左心耳呈现鸡翅型显著低于非房颤组,其差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。非房颤组患者无左心耳血栓形成和自发显影情况,房颤组患者中均存在142例自发显影情况患者及存在76例左心耳血栓形成患者,左心耳血栓形成患者主要集中菜花型患者及二叶患者。结论 TEE在分析非瓣膜性房颤患者左心耳功能、形态、分叶以及大小中具有较高的临床价值,能够为房颤患者抗凝治疗及左心耳封堵术治疗提供临床依据。     

肺静脉分型的多层螺旋CT解剖研究

目的 探讨肺静脉的多层螺旋CT解剖分型.方法 120例应用多层螺旋CT行冠状动脉CTA检查,对原始横断面图像进行容积重建(VR)和多平面重建(MPR).按照肺静脉开口数目、肺静脉数目、肺静脉共同开口及副肺静脉出现情况对肺静脉进行分型,统计各型的出现率.对肺静脉共同开口、副肺静脉出现率的性别差异进行统计学分析.结果 本组人群中,肺静脉共同开口的出现率为22.5%,副肺静脉的出现率为15.8%,均无性别差异.肺静脉可分为4型,其中标准型最常见,出现率为62.5%,肺静脉共同开口型为21.7%,副肺静脉型为15.0%,混合变异型为0.8%.结论 多层螺旋CT对肺静脉的解剖观察,可为临床提供解剖信息.     

Right top pulmonary vein: evaluation with 64 section multidetector computed tomography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and anatomic features of the rare variant of the pulmonary veins named "right top pulmonary vein" as depicted with 64 section multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MDCT of 610 patients obtained over 12 months period for diagnosis of suspected thoracic or cardiac pathology were routinely reviewed in transverse and 3D images. The frequency of right top pulmonary vein (RTPV) was determined and anatomic features were also documented. RESULTS: Right top pulmonary vein (RTPV) is a supernumerary vein arising from the roof of the right part of the left atrium separately from the orifice of the right superior pulmonary vein. It crosses behind the intermediate bronchus and drains mainly posterior segment of the right upper lobe but also receives few subsegmental branches of superior segment of the right lower lobe. It was detected in 2.2% of patients (14/610). The mean diameter of RTPV was 5.1 mm. CONCLUSION: The RTPV is a rare venous drainage variation of pulmonary veins. It is important to be aware of this anatomic pattern for avoiding misinterpretation of pulmonary venographic findings, inadvertent ablation of pulmonary vein and perioperative bleeding during video assisted thorocoscopic lobectomy.     

Pulmonary vein diameter, cross-sectional area, and shape: CT analysis

PURPOSE: To retrospectively establish normal values for pulmonary vein diameter, cross-sectional area, and shape depicted at computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board waived patient consent requirement and approved the study. Thin-section contrast material-enhanced spiral chest CT scans in 104 patients, 68 women and 36 men (age range, 19-86 years; mean, 49 years) referred to exclude pulmonary embolism, were retrospectively reviewed. Short-axis diameter and cross-sectional area of the four major pulmonary veins (right inferior and superior, left inferior and superior) were measured at a workstation by using oblique reconstructions. Each vein was measured at six locations, 5 mm apart, starting at atrial ostium. Each measurement was performed three times by an experienced thoracic radiologist, and the mean value was recorded. Roundness was estimated by comparing the ratio of the calculated cross-sectional area to that measured. Mixed effects model was used to compare men and women relative to the distribution of diameters and surface areas and to compare roundness of the right and left veins. RESULTS: Mean pulmonary vein diameters at the ostia were variable: right superior, 11.4-12.4 mm; left superior, 9.6-10.5 mm; right inferior, 12.3-13.1 mm; and left inferior, 9.0-9.9 mm. Diameter and cross-sectional area of the left superior pulmonary vein were significantly larger in men than in women (P < .005). As expected, the caliber of three of the four veins gradually increased as they approached the left atrium. Caliber of the left inferior pulmonary vein decreased as it entered the left atrium. None of the veins were round; all were ovoid. Left-sided veins and venous ostia were less round than right-sided veins (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vein diameter, cross-sectional area, and shape vary. Particular care must be taken when the left inferior pulmonary vein is evaluated for stenosis, as it normally narrows as it enters the left atrium.     

Normative analysis of pulmonary vein drainage patterns on multidetector CT with measurements of pulmonary vein ostial diameter and distance to first bifurcation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To document the frequency of normal and anomalous drainage patterns of the pulmonary veins, and to establish normal values for pulmonary vein ostial diameters, and distance to first bifurcation using multidetector computed tomography, as pertinent to ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cardiothoracic radiologists retrospectively reviewed thin-section contrast material-enhanced multidetector computed tomography examinations of the thorax in 200 consecutive patients (38 females and 162 males), age 24-79 years (mean 52.8) referred for imaging before radiofrequency ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary vein anatomy was based on both the number of venous ostia and the drainage patterns of pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein ostial diameters and distance to first bifurcation of the four major pulmonary veins (right inferior and superior, left inferior and superior) and any additional pulmonary veins were measured at a workstation using both axial images and multiplanar reconstructions by two experienced cardiothoracic radiologists; the mean pulmonary vein diameter and the shortest distance to first bifurcation of the two measurements are reported. RESULTS: The majority of patients, 82% (164 patients) had four pulmonary veins, with a superior and inferior ostium on the right and a superior and inferior ostium on the left. Of the remainder, 9% (18 patients) had five veins, 4.5% (9 patients) had three veins, 3% (6 patients) had two anomalies each, and 0.5% (1 patient) had three anomalies. The middle lobe pulmonary vein drained into the right superior pulmonary vein in 83.5% of patients, directly into the left atrium in 11% of patients, and into the right inferior pulmonary vein in 5.5% of patients; 6.5% of patients had a single left pulmonary vein ostium. Mean pulmonary vein diameters with 95% confidence intervals at the ostia were as follows: right superior 17.6 (13.64-15.36) mm; left superior 16.6 (16.03-17.08) mm; right inferior 17.1 (16.58-17.55) mm; left inferior 14.8 (14.25-15.27) mm, and independent middle lobe 8.6 (8.27-8.86) mm. Mean distance to first bifurcation with 95% confidence intervals were: right superior 14.5 (17.02-18.23) mm; left superior 17.6 (16.63-18.53) mm; right inferior 7.0 (6.49-7.46) mm; left inferior 13.5 (12.83-14.16) mm, and independent middle lobe 8.4 (7.7-9.17) mm. CONCLUSION: Thin-section thoracic computed tomography demonstrates a greater variability of pulmonary venous drainage than previously described. There is greater variability of the right lung venous drainage compared to the left lung. Eighty-two percent of people have four standard pulmonary veins. There is significant variability in pulmonary vein diameter and distance to first bifurcation.     

成人永存镰状窦的64层CTA诊断并复习文献

目的分析成人永存镰状窦的64层CTA表现,提高对大脑深静脉发育异常的进一步认识。方法对9例经CTA诊断为永存镰状窦的成人患者,采用MSCT重组技术对成像进行分析。结果 9例患者均因临床疑诊颅内动脉病变而接受CTA检查。永存镰状窦显示从大脑大静脉或直窦前部与上矢状窦中后1/3处或邻近的条带状血管样结构。结论 64层CTA是成人永存镰状窦无创、有效的检查方法。     

64层螺旋CT对肾静脉解剖变异的研究

目的 利用64层螺旋CT血管造影探讨肾静脉解剖变异的类型及其临床意义.资料与方法 回顾性分析280例患者的64层螺旋CT肾静脉影像资料,观察肾静脉的解剖变异并进行分型.结果 肾静脉解剖变异的发生率为7.1%(20/280).右肾静脉变异8例,均为副肾静脉.左肾静脉变异13例,包括Ⅰ型(环主动脉左肾静脉)4例,Ⅱ型(主动脉后左肾静脉)1例,Ⅲ型(回流异常)3例,Ⅳ型(左肾静脉汇合过晚)5例(其中1例伴右副肾静脉).11例肾静脉变异患者同时伴有肾动脉变异.结论 64层螺旋CT血管造影可清晰显示肾静脉解剖变异,结合肾动脉解剖变异,可为Ⅰ临床提供可靠的肾血管系统解剖学资料.     

心房颤动16层螺旋CT肺静脉造影两种增强方案对比研究

目的:探讨两种增强方案对心房颤动16层螺旋CT肺静脉造影强化效果的影响.方法:随机选择心房颤动射频消融术前16层螺旋CT肺静脉造影患者共61例,分为两组,A组35例,使用智能触发技术,总对比剂量60 ml、注射流率4 ml/s、监测位置为左房中部、阈值100 HU;B组26例,使用固定延迟时间扫描,总对比剂量90 ml、注射流率3 ml/s、延迟时间25 s或28 s,其他扫描参数不变.扫描结束后,所有原始数据重组为1 mm层厚、0.5 mm层距图像后,传至工作站,采用容积成像及最大密度投影重组明确有无肺静脉变异后,在1 mm层厚图像,选择两侧肺门部肺动脉、左上及右下肺静脉孔处肺静脉、左房中部任意三点,测量兴趣区CT值,计算平均值,并得出肺静脉动脉强化差值.对比两组肺动脉、肺静脉、左房强化效果及肺静脉动脉强化差值.所有统计工作由SPSS软件完成.结果:A组肺动脉强化平均值低于B组,肺静脉、左房强化平均值高于B组.结论:房颤患者射频消融术前16层螺旋CT肺静脉造影,与固定延迟时间扫描相比,采用智能触发技术可选择性显示肺静脉及左房,更有利容积成像重组.     

Características anatómicas de la aurícula izquierda en sujetos sometidos a ablación por radiofrecuencia de fibrilación auricular

ObjectiveTo analyze the anatomic characteristics of the left atrium and pulmonary veins in individuals undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation and to identify possible anatomic factors related with recurrence.Material and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the CT angiography studies done to plan radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation in 95 patients (57 men; mean age, 65 ± 10 y). We reviewed the anatomy of the pulmonary veins and recorded the diameters of their ostia as well as the diameter and volume of the left atrium. We analyzed these parameters according to the type of arrhythmia and the response to treatment.ResultsIn 71 (74.7%) patients, the anatomy of the pulmonary veins was normal (i.e., two right pulmonary veins and two left pulmonary veins). Compared to patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, patients with persistent atrial fibrillation had slightly larger diameter of the left pulmonary veins (left superior pulmonary vein 17.9 ± 2.6 mm vs. 16.7 ± 2.2 mm, p = 0.04; left inferior pulmonary vein 15.3 ± 2 mm vs. 13.8 ± 2.2 mm, p = 0.009) and larger left atrial volume (91.9 ± 24.9 cm³ vs. 70.7 ± 20.3 mm³, p = 0.001). After 22.1 ± 12.1 months’ mean follow-up, 41 patients had sinus rhythm. Compared to patients in whom the sinus rhythm was restored, patients with recurrence had greater left atrial volume (81.4 ± 23.0 mm³ vs. 71.1 ± 23.2 mm³, p = 0.03). No significant differences in pulmonary vein diameters or clinical parameters were observed between patients with recurrence and those without.ConclusionThe volume of the left atrium is greater in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and in those who do not respond to ablation.