注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与小儿电解质补给注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后的稳定性。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,测定在5、25、35℃避光和光照条件下24 h内配伍液中单磷酸阿糖腺苷的含量变化,并考察配伍前后配伍液外观、pH值及不溶性微粒的变化。结果:注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后,在避光条件下,24 h内配伍液的外观、pH值均无明显变化,不溶性微粒均符合《中国药典》(2010年版)规定,单磷酸阿糖腺苷百分含量在99%以上(相对于0 h);而在光照条件下,随着温度的升高,放置时间的延长,配伍液中单磷酸阿糖腺苷的含量有所下降,pH值及不溶性微粒则无变化。结论:注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后,24h内于避光条件下可稳定共存,光照是影响其稳定性的主要因素。     

注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与阿昔洛韦注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与阿昔洛韦注射液的配伍稳定性。方法:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,测定在5、25、35℃避光和光照条件下8h内配伍液中两药的含量变化,并考察配伍前后外观、性状、p H及不溶性微粒(24 h内)的变化。结果:在避光条件下,8 h内配伍液的外观、p H均无明显变化,不溶性微粒均符合《中国药典》(2010年版)规定,配伍液中单磷酸阿糖腺苷与阿昔洛韦的百分含量均在99%以上(相对于0 h);在光照条件下,随着温度的升高,放置时间的延长,配伍液中单磷酸阿糖腺苷的含量没有明显下降,而阿昔洛韦的含量下降较明显(4 h及以后),配伍液p H也有一定程度的升高,不溶性微粒则无明显变化。结论:注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与阿昔洛韦注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中配伍后,8 h内于避光条件下可稳定共存。为保障临床用药的安全性,建议临床最好在单磷酸阿糖腺苷与阿昔洛韦配伍后的4 h内用完,且尽量避光。     

注射用头孢曲松钠与左氧氟沙星注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用头孢曲松钠与左氧氟沙星注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性。方法:在5、25、35℃避光和光照条件下,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定配伍液72h内头孢曲松钠与左氧氟沙星的含量变化,并观察和检测配伍液的外观、p H值及不溶性微粒变化。结果:在避光条件下,配伍液在72h内头孢曲松钠与左氧氟沙星含量及外观、p H值及不溶性微粒均无明显变化;在光照条件下,随着温度的升高、放置时间的延长,配伍液中左氧氟沙星的含量无明显下降,而头孢曲松钠的含量有所下降,配伍液p H值及不溶性微粒则无变化。结论:注射用头孢曲松钠与左氧氟沙星注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中配伍后,72 h内于避光条件下可稳定共存,光照可能是影响头孢曲松钠稳定性的主要因素。     

注射用五水头孢唑林钠与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性

目的考察注射用五水头孢唑林钠与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性。方法观察室温下8 h内配伍液的外观、p H和不溶性微粒。采用高效液相色谱法测定配伍液分别在0℃和35℃环境避光与光照条件下头孢唑林钠的含量和杂质变化。结果室温下配伍液8 h内外观、p H和不溶性微粒均无明显变化。0℃光照和避光与35℃光照和避光四种条件下,8 h内配伍液中的头孢唑林钠含量和杂质均符合标准规定。结论注射用五水头孢唑林钠与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液临床可配伍使用,建议8 h内输注完毕。     

正交实验法优选注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷的配伍条件

目的 考察多因素对注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷与不同溶媒配伍后稳定性的影响。方法 选择温度、光照、放置时间、溶媒、溶媒用量5个影响因素,采用L₁₈(3⁵)正交试验表,以单磷酸阿糖腺苷含量、配伍液的pH值变化及不溶性微粒数为检测指标,采用高效液相色谱法测定配伍液中单磷酸阿糖腺苷的含量,pHs-2C型精密酸度计测定配伍前后pH值的变化,GWJ-4型智能微粒检测仪测定溶液中微粒数。结果 配伍液的外观、性状在考察时间内均无明显变化。温度、放置时间对配伍液中单磷酸阿糖腺苷的含量有显著性影响;光照对溶液中微粒的含量有显著性影响;溶媒及溶媒用量对所有考察指标均无显著性影响。结论 注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷合理配伍条件为25 ℃、白炽灯光照下与100 mL 0.9%氯化钠注射配伍放置4 h。     

小儿电解质补给注射液与两种抗菌药物配伍稳定性考察

目的:探讨小儿电解质补给注射液与注射用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠和注射用哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠的配伍稳定性。方法:25℃(室温)自然光和4℃自然光条件下考察小儿电解质补给注射液分别与注射用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠和注射用哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠配伍后放置不同时间内的有关物质、外观、不溶性微粒和pH的变化情况。结果:小儿电解质补给注射液与注射用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠配伍后,在测定时间内除头孢哌酮杂质C超过限量要求外,外观、不溶性微粒和pH均未见明显变化。小儿电解质补给注射液与注射用哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠配伍后,在测定时间内,有关物质、外观、不溶性微粒和pH均未见明显变化。结论:室温和4℃自然光条件下,小儿电解质补给注射液与注射用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠不能配伍使用,而室温自然光条件下小儿电解质补给注射液与注射用哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠的配伍液在8 h内可保持稳定。     

青霉素钠与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性

目的考察注射用青霉素钠与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性。方法观察室温下8 h内配伍液的外观、pH和不溶性微粒。采用高效液相色谱法测定配伍液在0℃、35℃、避光、光照条件下青霉素钠的含量、杂质变化。结果室温下配伍液8 h内外观无变化,pH下降0.23,不溶性微粒减少。0℃避光、光照条件下2 h内两者配伍稳定,35℃避光、光照条件下药物降解迅速。结论温度显著影响注射用青霉素钠与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性。     

头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍稳定性研究

目的：建立同时测定头孢哌酮钠与舒巴坦钠含量的高效液相色谱法,并考察头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液的配伍稳定性。方法：室温下观察24 h内配伍溶液的外观、pH、不溶性微粒,采用高效液相色谱法测定配伍溶液中头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量。结果：头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后,24 h内配伍溶液的外观、pH值均无显著变化,不溶性微粒符合《中国药典》2015版规定,药物含量无明显变化。结论：头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后24 h内稳定,临床可配伍使用。     

头孢他啶与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性

目的：研究注射用头孢他啶与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性。方法：观察室温下8 h内配伍液的外观、pH和不溶性微粒。采用高效液相色谱法测定配伍液在0℃、35℃、避光、光照条件下头孢他啶的含量、杂质变化。结果：配伍液8 h内外观、pH和不溶性微粒数没有变化。0℃光照、避光条件下,8 h后配伍液中药物含量和杂质都符合《中国药典》规定。35℃光照条件下4h时药物含量符合要求,但最大单杂超出范围。结论：注射用头孢他啶与钠钾镁钙葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性受温度影响较大,夏季高温应注意环境降温,并于2h内输注完毕。     

注射用亚叶酸钙与葡萄糖注射液、氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用亚叶酸钙与葡萄糖注射液、氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性。方法:参照临床常用质量浓度,取注射用亚叶酸钙各3支(每支相当于亚叶酸钙100 mg),分别与葡萄糖注射液250 m L、氯化钠注射液250 m L配伍,在室温光照或避光条件下,分别于0、1、2、3、4、6、8、12、24、36、48 h考察各配伍液的外观,检测其p H值和不溶性微粒数,并采用高效液相色谱法测定各配伍液中亚叶酸钙的含量。结果:在上述条件下,各配伍液均未见颜色变化,也无气体、沉淀、浑浊等现象出现;p H值无明显变化(RSD<2%,n=11)。配制后0 h时,各配伍液中≥10μm的微粒数较多,但随着时间的延长,其数量有所下降,且48 h内各配伍液中≥10μm和≥25μm的微粒数均符合2015年版《中国药典》的规定。在避光条件下,各配伍液中亚叶酸钙的相对百分含量变化不大(RSD<2%,n=11);而在光照条件下,各配伍液中亚叶酸钙的相对百分含量明显降低,分别降至94.5%(与葡萄糖注射液配伍)和88.4%(与氯化钠注射液配伍)。结论:注射用亚叶酸钙在葡萄糖注射液中更稳定,且光照条件可影响其配伍稳定性。注射用亚叶酸钙与葡萄糖注射液、氯化钠注射液配伍后,应避光保存,并尽快使用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.