力学刺激诱导骨髓间充质干细胞选择分化的研究进展

机体细胞／组织处于复杂的力学环境中，力学刺激对细胞的形态、发育和功能起着重要的调节作用。骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、选择分化受多种力学因素的影响，而且力学刺激的大小、方式以及作用时间对骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化的调节作用不尽相同。作者就力学因素对骨髓间充质干细胞选择分化的调节作用进行简要的综述。     

力学因素对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

近年来,组织工程学领域发展突飞猛进,已被列为一种修复或再生许多组织和器官的方法。骨髓间充质干细胞具有良好的成骨向分化潜能,在骨组织工程领域中具有广阔的应用前景。骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨向分化受多种力学因素的影响,且不同性质的力学刺激对其定向分化的调节作用不尽相同。目前,许多学者致力于深入探讨力学因素影响骨髓间充质干细胞成骨向分化的具体途径,但其调控机制尚未完全明确。本文综述及讨论力学因素对骨髓间充质干细胞所产生的增殖、定向成骨分化等生物学效应的影响及可能涉及的力化学信号转导通路作用机制,以期丰富研究思路     

微重力效应对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化影响的研究进展

力学刺激对细胞的生长和功能起着重要调节作用。随着空间生命科学与空间生物技术的迅速发展,空间条件下细胞的生物学行为特征、规律及其相关分子机理逐渐成为空间生物学研究的热点和前沿。骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一种具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的多能干细胞,在组织修复中起重要作用,是临床细胞治疗的主要材料。近年来,人们利用空间模拟技术在细胞响应微重力环境的生物学特征研究方面取得了重要进展。本文介绍了目前常用的几种地基微重力效应模拟装置,结合相关研究成果对微重力作用下MSCs增殖、分化行为的改变及其相关的分子机理进行简要综述,为预防和治疗微重力相关疾病提供理论参考。     

微环境对体外间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的作用

目的研究心肌组织中何种细胞对骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向心肌样细胞定向分化起决定性作用。方法分离培养骨髓MSCs、心肌细胞(CM)和内皮细胞(EC)。MSCs经BrdU标记后与CM、EC分别共培养和单独培养,通过形态学、免疫细胞化学和双重免疫细胞化学鉴定。结果分离培养的MSCs、CM和EC纯度高于95%。标记MSCs与CM共培养后,细胞具有心肌细胞样形态。4周时,有44%的细胞BrdU与肌动蛋白(sarcomeric actin)或连接蛋白-43(connexin-43)双重免疫细胞化学染色阳性。与EC共培养以及单独培养时,MSCs形态变化不明显,无双染阳性细胞出现。结论CM对骨髓MSCs向心肌样细胞的定向分化具有重要作用。     

基质金属蛋白酶在骨髓间充质干细胞迁移和分化中的作用

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)属于细胞内的蛋白水解酶家族,因其需要Ca2+、Zn2+等金属离子作为辅助因子而得名,可以调节细胞外基质的形成、重塑、降解等,具有重要的生物学功能,参与多种生理病理过程。骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)具有高度自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,可感知损伤信号迁移到组织损伤部位,进行增殖并分化为损伤组织细胞,在损伤组织的修复和再生中起着重要作用。BMSCs的迁移和分化行为受到MMPs及其抑制剂的调节,本文就MMPs在BMSCs分化和迁移中的作用做简要综述。     

Rho GTPases与骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移和分化

Rho 家族小分子鸟苷三磷酸酶(small GTPases of Rho family, Rho GTPases)是调节细胞许多生理病理活动的关键分子开关,参与细胞骨架、基因转录、细胞周期进程、细胞黏附的调控及多条信号通路的调节.骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的特殊细胞,通过增殖、迁移、分化等途径参与机体损伤组织的修复过程.研究表明,Rho GTPases在MSCs迁移、分化等过程中起着重要的调节作用.     

长期培养对基质细胞衍生因子1/CXCR4介导间充质干细胞迁移的影响**◆

背景：人外源性的间充质干细胞能特异性地向损伤部位迁移,参与多种组织的损伤修复,然而其定向迁移的机制尚不清楚。 目的：观察基质细胞衍生因子1对骨髓间充质干细胞定向迁移的影响。 方法：体外培养不同个体的骨髓间充质干细胞,培养至第10代,检测细胞衰老状态。RT-PCR和细胞免疫荧光检测骨髓间充质干细胞CXCR4受体表达情况;体外迁移体系(Transwell)检测基质细胞衍生因子1对骨髓间充质干细胞迁移的影响。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞在体外长期增殖后生长逐渐缓慢,在第6,7代衰老细胞增多,其CXCR4受体表达减少。基质细胞衍生因子1对骨髓间充质干细胞的趋化作用呈剂量依赖性。 关键词：趋化作用;骨髓间充质干细胞;细胞衰老;基质细胞衍生因子1;CXCR4受体 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.01.013      

膜缓控释给药系统促进损伤组织的修复

背景：目前研究多注重缓控释给药膜的缓控释效果及其生物相容性,也有开展缓控释给药膜参与损伤组织修复的机制研究,其中干细胞是损伤组织修复的关键因素,但干细胞与缓控释给药膜之间的联系尚未得到足够关注。 目的：分析膜缓控释给药系统在组织损伤修复中的研究现状与进展。 方法：以“缓释系统,膜,药物载体,组织损伤修复,干细胞归巢;sustained-release system,membrane,drug delivery,injuries and repairs of tissue,stem cell homing”为关键词,采用计算机检索Pubmed数据库、中国知网、Elsevier数据库1992年1月至2012年12月有关膜缓控释给药系统临床应用及实验研究的文章。 结果与结论：在膜缓控释给药系统中高分子材料几乎成了药物和生长因子在传递、渗透过程中不可分割的组成部分。虽然药物缓释系统的发展与制膜技术都在不断的更新,但距离完全达到理想的应用标准还有一定的差距,如不具备主动吸引干细胞定向迁移与分布的生物学功能。近年来膜缓控释给药系统出现新的发展方向,即不仅能起到诱导干细胞定向分化的作用,也能诱导干细胞向损伤部位定向分布,从而促进损伤组织再生修复。     

间充质干细胞外泌体研究热点分析与前景展望

作为干细胞临床治疗最常用的细胞类型之一,间充质干细胞(MSCs)是基质来源的成体干细胞,主要存在于骨髓、牙髓、脂肪、脐带等结缔组织和器官间质中。近年的研究发现,移植后的干细胞能够成功迁移,并定向分化修补缺损组织的比例十分有限,且移植后产生治疗效应的时间与其所需的漫长的迁移分化时间不符,更支持MSCs通过旁分泌的机制来发挥作用。研究发现MSCs的作用机制是由于其旁分泌因子和外泌体/微囊泡的作用[1],其中可能主要由囊泡中包含的旁分泌因子介导[2]。细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EV)目前被认为是通过生物活性脂质、蛋白质和RNA转移进行细胞间通讯的重要信使。     

切应力诱导间充质干细胞分化成内皮细胞的研究

目的研究绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）体外分离培养及扩增及其在流体剪切力条件下向内皮细胞（EC）定向分化能力。方法选用GFP小鼠作为研究对象,分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,并在体外进行细胞的扩增和传代。应用流体剪切力刺激方法对骨髓间充质干细胞进行诱导,并观测其对GFP小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为内皮细胞的积极作用,对其结果进行免疫荧光检测,计算阳性细胞比例,统计分析。结果GFP小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞每扩增一代,细胞数量增加5-8倍。检测诱导后MSCs,结果显示在诱导3 d时出现vWF表达阳性细胞。结论GFP小鼠MSCs在体外的培养扩增能力强,MSCs在流体剪切应力的作用下可以转化成内皮细胞。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.