膀胱灌注化疗预防输尿管尿路上皮细胞癌术后再发膀胱癌

目的 探讨膀胱灌注化疗对不同级别输尿管尿路上皮细胞癌患者行肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术后再发膀胱癌的影响.方法 对194例原发性输尿管尿路上皮癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,比较术后2年内各级别肿瘤患者中吡柔比星灌注组与未灌注组的膀胱癌复发率.结果 行根治性肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术2年后,灌注组复发率23.9%(28/117)明显低于未灌注组的39.0%(30/77),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).其中G1肿瘤灌注患者复发率为5.0%(1/20),未灌注患者复发率14.3%(3/21),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);G2肿瘤灌注患者复发率21.4%(12/56)明显低于未灌注组的43.9%(18/41)(P＜0.05);G3肿瘤灌注患者复发率36.6%(15/41),未灌注患者复发率60.0%(9/15),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于原发性输尿管尿路上皮癌患者,术后膀胱灌注化疗可预防输尿管尿路上皮癌患者术后膀胱癌的发生.尤其对G2肿瘤患者,术后膀胱灌注化疗可有效预防肿瘤的膀胱内复发;但其对G1及G3肿瘤患者无明显预防作用.     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌的临床效果.方法 上尿路上皮癌患者82例(肾盂癌69例,输尿管癌13例).男39例,女43例.平均年龄65(37～82)岁.电切镜经尿道膀胱袖状分离输尿管管口及壁内段,后腹腔镜下切除肾、输尿管.观察手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院日及术后并发症等.随访肿瘤转移与复发情况.结果 82例手术顺利.手术平均时间135(95～210)min.术中平均失血110(60～260)ml.术后引流管平均留置3(2～4)d.尿管平均留置6(5～7)d.术后平均住院7(6～9)d.74例患者获随访平均31(6～76)个月.高级别浸润性癌随访16例,复发转移3例;高级别与低级别非浸润性癌分别随访29例,膀胱内复发5例(高级别3例,低级别2例);切口部位肿瘤转移复发1例.3年随访肿瘤复发率为10.6%(5/47).结果 后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌,输尿管口周围组织及输尿管壁内段切除确切,创伤小、康复快,手术安全易行,疗效可靠.     

上尿路尿路上皮癌输尿管末端处理方式的研究进展

上尿路尿路上皮癌(UTUC)包括肾盂癌和输尿管癌,其标准手术方式是根治性肾输尿管切除+膀胱袖状切除。随着腹腔镜技术的不断成熟,腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除已得到广泛应用。但输尿管末端处理方式有多种,输尿管末端是否完全切除,又与肿瘤复发有密切联系,目前尚缺乏相关的比较各种处理方式的研究。本文就常用的处理输尿管末端的方式进行综述。     

保留肾单位手术治疗低级别、低分期上尿路上皮癌的临床分析

目的 通过比较根治性肾输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术和保留肾单位手术方式治疗低级别(≤G2)、低分期(＜pT2)上尿路上皮癌患者的临床疗效及预后,探讨保留肾单位手术治疗低级别、低分期上尿路上皮癌的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析安徽省立医院1993年1月1日～2013年1月1日收治的173例低级别、低分期上尿路上皮癌病例资料.按照采用的手术方式分为根治性肾输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术组(A组)和保留肾单位手术组(B组).采用两独立样本t检验和x2检验比较两组患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤部位(肾盂、输尿管)、肿瘤分期与分级差异,Kaplan-Meier生存分析进行术后5年肿瘤的复发率、转移率和生存率,并采用Log-rank检验进行比较.结果 两组手术均获得成功,术后病理为移行细胞癌.158例(91.3％)获得随访,随访时间为6～60个月,平均(51.57±13.69)个月.两组患者的年龄(t=1.450,P=0.149)、性别(x2=0.054,P=0.816)、肿瘤部位(x2 =2.628,P=0.105)、肿瘤分期(x2 =2.030,P=0.154)与分级(x2 =0.032,P=0.858)差异均无统计学意义;A、B两组患者术后5年无复发生存率分别为77.5％(99/128)和72.3％(33/45),5年无转移生存率分别为88.9％(114/128)和81.9％ (37/45),5年特异性生存率分别为94.2％(121/128)和89.0％ (40/45),差异均无统计学意义.结论 对于低级别、低分期上尿路上皮癌,保留肾单位手术与根治性肾输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术具有相似的临床疗效及预后效果.因此,采用创伤小的保留肾单位手术方式治疗低级别、低分期上尿路上皮癌具有较好的临床应用价值.     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路上皮癌的临床效果。方法：上尿路上皮癌患者68例,男23例,女45例,平均年龄63（43-78）岁。肾盂癌55例,输尿管上段肿瘤4例,输尿管下段肿瘤9例。其中输尿管下段肿瘤合并膀胱肿瘤1例。经尿道膀胱镜患侧输尿管逆行插入输尿管导管引流肾盂尿,用电切镜针状电极距输尿管口周围约0．5cm环形切透膀胱壁,分离出输尿管开口及膀胱壁内段。拔除输尿管导管,电凝输尿管开口,使开口封闭,减少肿瘤细胞种植机会。采用腰部3个穿刺套管针人路,行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除,输尿管尽量向下游离,如果是肾盂癌或输尿管上段肿瘤,用腹腔镜分离钳可以将下段输尿管提拉出来,扩大套管切口,将肾输尿管全长完整取出,避免了下腹部开放切口;如果是下段输尿管肿瘤,则需下腹部行5-7cm切口,先取出。肾标本,再行输尿管下段切除术。结果：68例手术顺利。手术时间平均120（90-240）min,术中出血量平均60（40-500）ml,1例需输血。术后引流管留置时间平均4（3-7）d,导尿管留置时间平均8（7-15）d。拔除尿管后均行B超检查无膀胱漏尿。术后病理报告均为尿路上皮癌。65例患者获随访平均18（3-38）个月。58例患者无瘤生存,3例死于心脑血管及肺部疾病。4例术后患膀胱肿瘤而行电切治疗。结论：后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌,手术安全易行,用电切镜环状切除输尿管开口及膀胱壁内段可完整切除输尿管,对输尿管开口进行电凝封闭可减少肿瘤细胞种植。对肾盂癌及上段输尿管肿瘤患者可避免行下腹部开放切口的输尿管下段切除术,有效减少创伤,疗效可靠,无肿瘤种植转移。     

全尿路上皮癌1例

<正>患者,男,66岁。既往2010年11月在我院因左侧肾盂癌、膀胱癌(术前泌尿系CT检查提示左侧肾盂癌,膀胱占位病变;膀胱镜检取病变组织做病理检查为高级别乳头状尿路上皮癌),行左侧肾输尿管切除、膀胱袖套式切除术(术后病理检查为肾盂、输尿管、膀胱高级别乳头状尿路上皮癌)。2012年2月因膀胱癌复发行根治性膀胱全切、去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术(术前及术后病理检查为     

原发性下段输尿管尿路上皮癌保肾手术的可行性分析

目的 探讨原发性下段输尿管尿路上皮癌保肾手术的可行性和适应证. 方法 回顾性分析2001 - 2009年收治的108例原发性下段输尿管尿路上皮癌患者资料.男75例,女33例.年龄42～85岁,平均62岁.根据手术方式分为保肾手术(kidney-sparing surgery,KSS)组(27例)和根治性肾输尿管切除手术( radical nephroureterectomy,RNU)组(81例),比较2组患者临床病理资料及随访结果,分析2种术式术后肿瘤复发率的差异. 结果 KSS组Ta期3例均无复发;T1期8例,复发1例(12.5％);T2期11例,复发4例(36.4％);T3期5例,复发4例(80％).RNU组Ta期6例均无复发;T1期26例,复发4例(15.4％);T2期30例,复发10例(33.3％);T3期19例,复发7例(36.8％).2组Ta～T2期肿瘤复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),KSS组T3期肿瘤复发率明显高于RNU组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).KSS组G1级肿瘤复发1例(33.3％),G2级3例(18.8％),G3级5例(62.5％);RNU组G1级肿瘤复发2例(22.2％),G2级9例(20.0％),G3级10例( 37.0％);KSS组G1～G2级肿瘤复发率与RNU组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),KSS组G3级肿瘤复发率明显高于RNU组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 低分期分级原发性下段输尿管尿路上皮癌行KSS手术安全可行.     

上尿路尿路上皮癌术后预防性膀胱灌注化疗的研究进展

<正>上尿路尿路上皮癌（upper tract urothelial carcinoma,UTUC）包括肾盂癌和输尿管癌,在欧美国家其发病率较低,约占尿路上皮癌的5%～10%[1-2],在我国其发病率较高,占尿路上皮癌的18%[3]。UTUC标准手术方法是根治性肾输尿管全长切除加膀胱袖套状切除术（radical nephrourotertectomy,RNU）,但术后常出现膀胱肿瘤复发,影响预后。膀胱灌注化疗对减少膀胱肿瘤复发具有重要作用,但灌注方案尚未达成统一意见,本文就其研究进展综述如下。     

上尿路移行上皮癌的腔镜治疗

尽管上尿路移行上皮癌为相对少见的肿瘤 ,但在我国发病率较高 ,其中肾盂癌占肾肿瘤的 2 4 %～2 6 % 〔1〕。其对人类健康与生命的危害足以引起人们的重视。上尿路移行上皮癌与膀胱癌一样具有多病灶多器官发病、术后易复发的特点 ,为减少复发 ,尽可能地达到期望寿命。根治性肾切除术一直作为上尿路移行上皮癌的标准术式 ,切除范围包括肾脏、全长输尿管以及输尿管口周边袖状部分膀胱〔2 ,3〕。但是根治术创伤大 ,并发症多 ,对于单肾、双侧病变、肾功能不全者 ,术后需要长期血液透析维持。据统计 ,5 5～ 6 4岁、6 5～ 74岁两组患者长期血液透析…     

上尿路尿路上皮癌治疗方式的选择

上尿路尿路上皮癌包括肾盂癌和输尿管癌,其标准治疗方式为根治性肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖状切除术。近年来在输尿管下段的处理、保留肾单位手术的应用、术后辅助治疗等方面取得了一定进展。本文对其相关治疗方式的选择进行介绍。     

A clinicopathological study on tumor of the renal pelvis and ureter

We report 42 patients with urothelial tumors in upper tract admitted to our hospital between August, 1969 and August, 1988. The patients consisted of 33 males and 9 females; their ages ranged from 42 to 85 years with a mean of 66.2 years. Total nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection was employed as the surgical method in 24 cases, total nephroureterectomy without bladder cuff resection in 11 cases, total nephroureterectomy with total cystectomy in 2 cases and partial ureterectomy only in 2 cases. Tumor lesions had a positive correlation with grade and stage. The survival rate for all the patients at 1, 3 and 5 years was 76.0, 58.8 and 54.6%, respectively, as measured by the Kaplan-Meier's method. The prognosis of the patients with renal pelvic tumor and ureter tumor was dependent upon grade, stage and intravascular tumor-emboli. Vesical recurrence was observed in 10 cases and found frequently in low grade tumor and/or low stage tumor cases. The frequency of vesical recurrence was not positively correlated with cuff resection The 5-year survival rate was not different between the patients with vesical recurrence and those without vesical recurrence.     

后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长与膀胱袖状切除术的三种术式比较（附110例报告）

目的：探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长与膀胱袖状切除的最佳手术方式.方法：对110例肾盂或输尿管癌伴膀胱癌患者采用三种不同术式行肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术：A术式即后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除＋下腹部切口膀胱壁内段袖状切除术,共行32例 B术式即后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除＋经尿道电切膀胱袖状切除＋经腹部切口取肾术,共行19例 C术式即经尿道电切膀胱袖状切除＋后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除＋经腹部切口取肾术,共行59例.结果：手术经过均顺利.三种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、平均住院时间差异无统计学意义.围手术期死亡3例.出院后获定期随访58例,随访8～85个月,平均38.3个月,46例失访.因肿瘤转移死亡4例,因气胸、脑血管病死亡各1例.三种术式术后早期并发症、对侧病变、膀胱痛复发情况差异无统计学意义 但C术式术后死亡及转移例数较少.结论：肾盂或输尿管癌伴膀胱癌者可优先选择经尿道电切膀胱袖状切除＋后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除＋经腹部切口取肾术,而仅有肾盂或输尿管癌者可考虑行后腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除＋下腹部切口膀胱壁内段袖状切除术.     

A clinical study of tumor of the renal pelvis and ureter

We report 54 patients with urothelial tumors in upper urinary tract admitted to our hospital between July, 1962 and December, 1985. The patients consisted of 38 males and 16 females; side their ages ranged from 47 to 88 years with a mean of 63.4 years. The affected side was the right side in 21 cases, and the left side in 33 cases. Macro-or microhematuria was observed in 87% of the patients. Pathologically, 53 of the patients had transitional cell carcinoma and 1 had papilloma. Six patients had a past history of bladder tumor. Simultaneous bladder tumor was identified in 10 cases. Vesical recurrence was observed in 5 cases. Total nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection was employed as the surgical method in 21 cases, and total nephrectomy without bladder cuff resection in 11 patients. The actual five-year survival rate was 53% for all the patients; 52% for patients with renal pelvic tumors, 75% for those with ureteral tumors and 15% for those with renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. The patients who received nephroureterectomy had a postoperative survival rate similar to that of those who received nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection. A simultaneous bladder tumor lowered the survival rate.     

A clinical study on 34 cases of urothelial cancer of upper urinary tract

Thirty-four cases of tumor of the renal pelvis or ureter or both have been treated in our department during the past decade. The primary tumor was in the renal pelvis in 11 cases, in the ureter in 21 cases and in the ureter and renal pelvis in 2 cases, a co-existent tumor in the bladder was found in 4 cases. Seventeen patients had a tumor on the right side and 17 on the left side. The most frequent symptom was gross hematuria (70.6%) and flank pain was the presenting symptom in 7 cases (20.6%). On the intravenous pyelography, a filling defect in the renal pelvis or ureter (41.2%) and nonvisualization (53.0%) were frequent findings. Twenty-nine cases had undergone total nephroureterectomy with resection of a bladder cuff, 3 had simple nephrectomy and 2 had open biopsy alone. Postoperative radiation therapy was done in 1 case, chemotherapy in 10 cases, and 6 cases of them were treated by CAP therapy (cis-dichlorodiamine platinum, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide). Actual and relative 5-year survival rates were 53.8% and 63.5%, and no significant difference was found in survival rate between the patients with renal pelvic tumors and those with ureteral tumors.     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技巧。方法:用后腹腔镜辅助小切口为7例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌4例,输尿管癌3例。结果:7例手术均获成功,手术时间90~120min,平均108min,术中出血50~150ml,平均80ml。术后平均住院10d,无严重并发症发生。随访4~33个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:采用后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有患者创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、并发症少、切除更完全等优点。     

Bladder tumor recurrence after primary surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

OBJECTIVE: Primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract represents 6-8% of all TCC cases. Nephroureterectomy with removal of a bladder cuff is the treatment of choice. The rates of TCC recurrence in the bladder after primary upper urinary tract surgery described in the literature range between 12.5 and 37.5%. In a retrospective analysis we examined the occurrence of TCC after nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC in patients without a previous history of bladder TCC at the time of surgery. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2002, 29 patients underwent primary nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC. The mean age of the patients was 69.5 years. In 5 cases upper urinary tract tumors were multilocular, in the remaining cases unilocular in the renal pelvis (n=12) or the ureter (n=12). The follow-up was available for 29 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.37 (0.1-11.2) years. RESULTS: 11/29 (37.9%) patients had TCC recurrence with 9/11 patients having bladder TCC diagnosed within 2.5 years (0.9-6.0) after nephroureterectomy. 13/29 patients are alive without TCC recurrence, 3/29 patients died due to systemic TCC progression and 5/29 died of unrelated causes without evidence of TCC recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate a high incidence of bladder TCC after nephroureterectomy for primary upper tract TCC of up to 6 years after primary surgery. Because of the high incidence of bladder TCC within the first 3 years of surgery, careful follow-up is needed over at least this period.     

后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(附83例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的效果和安全性. 方法 2003年3月～2006年7月,我院采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗83例上尿路移行细胞癌.经尿道袖状电切患侧输尿管口周围1.5 cm范围膀胱壁达膀胱外脂肪组织,采用后腹腔镜切除肾及全长输尿管.术后留置导尿管7 d.11例术后辅助放疗. 结果 83例手术均成功.手术时间115～205 min,平均156 min.术中出血50～150 ml,平均80 ml.无术中并发症.术后住院7～11 d,平均8.5 d.病理报告：82例上尿路移行细胞癌,1例肾盂上皮中～重度不典型增生.术后随访3～38个月,平均10.8月.术后12个月内行膀胱镜检查发现膀胱肿瘤6例,其中5例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切,1例行腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切术、左侧输尿管皮肤造口术.2例肾盂肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT2 G3）于术后3个月肝转移.2例输尿管中段肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT3 G2～3）术后6个月原位复发并肺转移.1例输尿管下段肿瘤（pT3 G3）术后6个月骨转移.失访1例.其余71例均未发现肿瘤复发、切口转移及远处转移. 结论 对于上尿路移行细胞癌,采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜行肾、输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除具有创伤小、安全、恢复快等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

Robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UT-UC)

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UT-UC), including tumors evolving from the renal pelvis and ureter, accounts for around 5% of all UCs and 10% of all renal tumor cases. In Taiwan, the incidence of UT-UC is higher than the western countries especially in the female and patients at renal replacement therapy. The standard care of UT-UC is nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. In the past decades, minimally invasive surgery is proved to achieve comparable oncological results as conventional open procedure. Though laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision including pure laparoscopic or hand-assisted technique have been very common practice in Taiwan, several institutes have the early experience of robot-assisted nephroureterectomy which is believed to provide 3-D visualization with magnification, better surgical exposure, and safer watertight suture of the cystostomy. In this review, we review the published reports of robot-assisted nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision.     

A case of multiple urothelial tumors with chronic renal failure

We report a case of multiple urothelial tumors (left renal pelvis, ureter and bladder) with chronic renal failure in a 72-year-old man. The patient was admitted because of gross hematuria with increasing volume and intervals on September 14, 1985. Admission evaluation including excretory urography, retrograde pyelography, computed tomography and cystoscopy revealed multiple urothelial tumors in the left renal pelvis, ureter and bladder. Radical surgery, however, was postponed because of pneumothorax induced by an inadvertent insertion of the CVP catheter at operation. Subsequent respiratory disturbance persisted so that he was observed at the outpatient clinic following right ureterocutaneostomy. Gradual increase in anemia and decrease in renal function, however, prompted another admission. Gross hematuria necessitating frequent blood replacement could not be controlled by transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Therefore left nephroureterectomy with resection of bladder cuff was performed after internal arteriovenous shunt had been established, because favorable results regarding tumor resection were obtained from preoperative evaluations. He showed satisfactory recovery and was spared hemodialysis despite eventful postoperative course with transient decrease in renal function. The patient was discharged on 130th postoperative day and is now being followed up at the outpatient clinic. The relevant literature is also reviewed briefly.