广西口岸出入境人员登革热流行病学特征分析及预防控制措施

[目的]了解广西各口岸出入境人群中登革病毒感染状况及流行病学特征，为广西口岸登革热的防治提供科学依据。[方法]对广西口岸890名出入境人员进行登革病毒IgG／IgM抗体血清学监测。[结果]广西口岸出入境人员登革病毒IgG抗体总阳性率为5．17％．外籍人员阳性率为8．73％，中国籍人员阳性率为0．52％，两者差异有显著性（P〈0．001）；外籍人员中以柬埔寨籍人员阳性率最高，其次为澳大利亚籍人员，不同国籍人员间阳性率进行比较，差异有显著性；留学生、商人、船员阳性率分别为5．62％，6．45％，8．49％，3者问差异无显著性（P=0．564），而与其它职业人员相比较，差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。[结论]广西口岸出入境人群对登革病毒感染普遍缺乏免疫力，登革热易在口岸传播和流行；东南亚国家人员、留学生、商人、船员是口岸登革热监测的高危人群；口岸登革热的预防控制需要实施加强宣传工作，开展高危人群监测，媒介监测和完善网络监测系统等综合应对措施。     

2003～2005年济南市献血者梅毒、HCV、HIV感染状况调查

[目的]分析2003-2005年济南市170409名献血者梅毒、HCV、HIV感染情况。[方法]用ELISA方法用不同厂家试剂对170409名献血者的抗-TP、抗-HCV、抗-HIV1／2进行检测，分组比较，并做统计分析，统计学方法采用x^2检验。[结果]2003-2005年济南市献血者抗-TP、抗-HCV、抗-HIV阳性率分别为0．18％、0．78％、0．0029％；不同性别献血者抗-TP、抗-HCV阳性率差异无统计学意义（x^2=1．35、2．21，P〉0．05）；抗-HCV阳性率18～30年龄组高于其他组，差异有统计学意义已（x^2=6．51，P〈0.05），抗-TP阳性率31～40年龄组高于其他组，差异有统计学意义（x^2=32．99，P〈0．01）；学生抗-HCV阳性率、抗-TP阳性率低于其他职业的献血者，差异有统计学意义（x^2=34．65、33．69，P〈0．01）。[结论]采供血机构应加强对献血者的筛选，建立较稳定的献血队伍，保障血液安全，减少输血传播病毒的感染。     

深圳市宝安区某娱乐场所"三陪人员"HBV、HCV、梅毒和HIV感染调查

[目的]了解本地区娱乐场所“三陪人员”的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、梅毒螺旋体和艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染现状。[方法]2005年对深圳市宝安区某娱乐场所的260名“三陪”人员进行血清学检测。[结果]检测260人中检出HBV感染者42人，阳性率为16．15％；抗-HCV阳性者2人，阳性率为0．77％；梅毒抗体阳性7人，阳性率为2．69％；抗-HIV均阴性。[结论]娱乐场所的“三陪”人员是乙肝和梅毒的高危人群。     

远洋海员传染病监测结果分析

[目的]对远洋海员中艾滋病、梅毒、乙型肝炎等传染病监测结果进行分析，为在这部分人群中加强传染病监测和健康管理、开展行为干预等工作提供依据，以防止各种传染病的传入传出。[方法]分别对采集到的远洋海员的血清进行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)等指标检测，并统计比较200～2001年间海员与其他出境人群相应指标阳性率的差异。[结果]在远洋海员中，HIV抗体阳性率为0．24％；梅毒感染率为0．285％；HBsAg携带率为5．512％、肝功能异常比例为1．512％。除HBsAg阳性率略低于一般出境人员外，其余各项指标均高于对照组。[结论]在各级出入境口岸应完善卫生监控体系，依法加强对远洋海员等特定人群的传染病监测和健康管理，开展有效的行为干预，为保护其身体健康服务。     

泰安市无偿献血人群梅毒与HIV抗体调查

[目的]了解泰安市无偿献血人群中梅毒与艾滋病的感染情况，加强安全输血。[方法]采用血清流行病学方法，对标本HIV初复检均采用ELISA法及蛋白印迹法（WB）进行确认。梅毒阳性者再用TPPA进行检测。[结果145679例献血者中，检测梅毒抗体阳性者82例，阳性率为0．18％；艾滋病抗体阳性者24例，经山东省HIV确认实验室做WB确认，23例为HIV抗体阴性，假阳性率为0．002％，1例为抗-HIV1阳性。[结论]梅毒抗体阳性率在男女闻无差异（P〉0．05），初次献血者阳性率明显高于多次献血者（P〈0．01），街头献血与集体献血的梅毒阳性率存在显著差异（P〈0．01）。     

德宏章凤口岸遣返人员传染病监测结果分析

[目的]了解被缅甸警方遣返回国人员的健康状况和传染病携带情况。[方法]对遣返人员逐一进行流行病学个案调查和一般健康体检及实验室检查。[结果]检出传染病4种(即HIV感染、梅毒、疟疾和乙型肝炎)24例，传染病感染率为35．29％，其中HIV抗体阳性10例，阳性率为14．71％；疟疾7例，阳性率为10．29％(其中间日疟5例，占41．43％；恶性疟2例，占28．57％)；乙型肝炎6例，阳性率为8．82％；梅毒1例，阳性率为1．47％。[结论]①遣返人员的传染病感染率与在缅甸居留时间的长短正相关，居留时间越长，传染病感染率越高，反之则低；②静脉吸毒而共用注射器和性乱是遣返人员中成人感染HIV的主要途径。     

2006年南宁市某社区部分注射吸毒人员HBV、HCV、HIV、梅毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解南宁市社区注射吸毒人员的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒螺旋体（TP）感染情况。[方法]2006年3月，对南宁市某社区内的189名注射吸毒人员进行调查，采血检测HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒抗体。[结果]检测189人，HBsAg阳性率为7．94％，抗-HCV阳性率为91.01％，TP感染率为4.76％，抗-HIV阳性率为19．05％，36名HIV感染者均合并感染HCV。[结论]某社区注射吸毒人员HCV、HIV、TP感染率较高。     

福州市2003—2004年吸毒人群几种传染病监测情况

目的通过对吸毒人群的监测，掌握福州市吸毒人员艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒（TP）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染状况，为制定防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用现场调查方法了解吸毒人员的人口学特征、吸毒方式、共用注射器史等；用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测抗-HIV、HBsAg、抗-HCV及TP抗体。结果1064名吸毒人员中，烫吸320名，占30．08％；注射吸毒744名，占69．92％；检出抗-HIV阳性9例（0．85％），TP抗体阳性173例（16．21％），HBsAg阳性199例（18．70％），抗-HCV阳性650例（61．09％）；采用静脉注射和烫吸方式吸毒的人员抗-HIV阳性率分别为1．21％和0，抗-HCV阳性率分别为70．16％和40．00％，HBsAg阳性率分别为18．01％和20．31％，TP抗体阳性牢分别为15．05％和19．06％；9例HIV感染者其HBsAg、抗-HCV及TP抗体均阳性。结论HIV已经开始在福州市吸毒人群中传播，吸毒人群已成为艾滋病、梅毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎感染的高危人群，为了有效控制经血、性接触传播疾病的流行，必须加强健康教育和行为干预，提高群众自身防病意识，改变吸毒、性乱等不良行为。     

2005-2008年邹城市农村外来妇女艾滋病及相关疾病感染状况调查

[目的]了解邹城市农村外来妇女HIV及相关病原感染状况,以便分析其对本地疫情的影响。[方法]2005年6月至2008年3月,对邹城市农村外来妇女进行调查,并与本地妇女比较。[结果]检测外来妇女3091人、本地妇女3265人,HBsAg阳性率分别为7．42％、3．12％（P〈0．01）,抗-HBc阳性率分别为23．39％、17．98％（P〈0．01）,抗-HBs阳性率分别为40．28％、50．01％（P〈0．01）;抗-HIV阳性率分别为0．36％、0．00％（P〈0．01）,梅毒抗体阳性率分别为0．42％、0．06％（PG0．01）,抗-HCV阳性率分别为1.66％％、0．07％（P〈0．01）。[结论]农村外来妇女HBV感染率、HCV感染率高于本地农村妇女。梅毒感染率较高,并发现HIV感染者。     

盐都区226例美沙酮维持治疗门诊戒毒人员病毒性肝炎／梅毒／HIV感染检测

[目的]了解戒毒人员HIV、HCV、梅毒、HBV感染状况,为更有针对性地开展干预工作提供科学依据。[方法]对2008年10月至2009年10月到盐都区疾病预防控制中心美沙酮维持治疗门诊接受美沙酮维持治疗的戒毒人员HIV抗体、抗-HCV、梅毒抗体、HBsAg检测资料进行分析。[结果]检测226人,HBsAg阳性率为10．18％;抗一HCV阳性率为56．64％;梅毒抗体阳性率为19．47％,HIV抗体均为阴性。226人中,HBsAg和抗-HCV均阳性的占6．19％,抗-HCV和梅毒抗体均阳性的占14．60％,HBsAg和梅毒抗体均阳性的占0．44％,单纯HBsAg阳性的占3．54％。单纯抗-HCV阳性的占37．17％,单纯梅毒抗体阳性的占4．42％,4项指标均阴性的占33．63％。[结论]接受美沙酮维持治疗的戒毒人群HBV、HCV、梅毒感染率和重叠感染率均较高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.