手术患者抗菌药物使用管理对艰难梭状芽胞杆菌医院感染的影响

目的 探讨住院手术患者抗菌药物使用管理对艰难梭状芽胞杆菌(CD)医院感染的影响.方法 收集2011年10月20日-2012年2月20日黔江中心医院住院手术患者粪便标本,检测艰难梭菌A(&)B毒素,确定CD的医院感染,分析抗菌药物管理前后抗菌药物使用及CD感染.结果 I类手术患者抗菌药物使用管理前后,抗菌药物使用差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ类及Ⅲ类手术患者抗菌药物使用管理前后,差异无统计学意义;对照组艰难梭状芽胞杆菌感染患者42例,感染发生率1.3％;抗菌药物管理组艰难梭状芽胞杆菌感染患者19例,感染发生率0.6％,两组相比差异有统计学意义(x2＝7.48,P＜0.05).结论 抗菌药物使用管理可规范临床抗菌药物的使用,减少抗菌药物不合理使用,遏制抗菌药物的滥用,通过抗菌药物的规范性管理,可有效降低艰难梭状芽胞杆菌的医院感染率.     

A clinical risk index for Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics

Identification of a population at high risk for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) would enable CDI prevention strategies to be designed. The purpose of this study was to create a clinical risk index that would predict those at risk for CDI. A CDI risk index was therefore developed, based on a cohort of hospital patients given broad-spectrum antibiotics, and divided into a development and validation cohort. Logistic regression equations helped identify significant predictors of CDI. A scoring algorithm for CDI risk was created using identified risk factors and collapsed to create four categories of CDI risk. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (aROC) curve was used to measure goodness-of-fit. Among 54 226 patients, 392 tested positive for C. difficile. Age 50-80 years [odds ratio (OR: 0.5; P<0.0116)], age >80 years (OR: 2.5; P<0.0001), haemodialysis (OR: 1.5; P=0.0227), non-surgical admission (OR: 2.2; P<0.0001) and increasing length of stay in the intensive care unit (OR: 2.1; P<0.0001) were significantly associated with CDI. A simple risk index using presence of significant variables was significantly associated with increasing risk for CDI in both development (OR: 3.57; P<0.001; aROC: 0.733) and validation (OR: 3.31; P<0.001; aROC: 0.712) cohorts. An OR-derived risk index did not perform as well as the simple risk index. This easily implemented risk index should allow stratification of patients into risk group categories for development of CDI and help fashion preventive strategies.     

Predicting Clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: Clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20%-30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Studying hospitalized patients who received antibiotic therapy and developed diarrhea, our objective was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients who developed C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) with those of patients with a negative result of a stool assay for C. difficile toxin. METHODS: A prospective study was done with a cohort of 217 hospitalized patients who had received antibiotics and developed diarrhea. Patients with CDAD were defined as patients who had diarrhea and a positive result for C. difficile toxin A/B by an enzyme immunoassay of stool. The variables that yielded a significant difference on univariate analysis between patients with a positive assay result and patients with a negative assay result were entered into a logistic regression model for prediction of C. difficile toxin.Setting. A 900-bed tertiary care medical center. RESULTS: Of 217 patients, 52 (24%) had a positive result of assay for C. difficile toxin A/B in their stool. The logistic regression model included impaired functional capacity, watery diarrhea, use of a proton pump inhibitor, use of a histamine receptor blocker, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the model as a predictor of a positive result for the stool toxin assay was 0.896 (95% confidence interval, 0.661-1.000; P<.001), with 95% specificity and 68% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results may help clinicians to predict the risk of CDAD in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, to guide careful, specific empirical therapy, and to direct early attention to infection control issues.     

住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌检测与分析

目的通过对住院腹泻患者粪便标本中的艰难梭菌进行筛查和不同时期检出率的比较,了解某院腹泻患者艰难梭菌的感染情况。方法收集该院2009年2—12月和2011年4—7月住院腹泻患者粪便标本106份,进行厌氧培养和API鉴定,对培养鉴定获得的菌株应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增法进行A、B毒素及二元毒素基因检测;酶联荧光免疫法检测毒素A/B。结果 106份标本中,厌氧培养艰难梭菌阳性16株（15.09%）。16株菌经PCR扩增,A、B毒素均阳性,二元毒素均阴性。直接毒素A/B检测阳性率为12.26%（13/106）,与厌氧培养阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ^20.16,P〉0.05）。2009年2—12月和2011年4—7月两个时期的标本厌氧培养艰难梭菌阳性率分别为22.81%（13/57）、6.12%（3/49）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（χ^25.73,P〈0.05）;毒素A/B检出率分别为17.54%（10/57）、6.12%（3/49）,差异无统计学意义（χ^23.18,P〉0.05）。艰难梭菌检测阳性患者住院期间均使用过头孢类、喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类、广谱青霉素、克林霉素等其中一种或多种抗菌药物。结论该院艰难梭菌相关性腹泻比较严重,抗菌药物的使用是诱使艰难梭菌感染的重要因素。     

我国住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染率的荟萃分析

目的运用荟萃分析评价我国住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌的感染情况,为艰难梭菌的医院感染控制提供依据。方法系统检索PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库以及维普信息资源系统中建库至2016年9月发表的有关我国住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染情况的研究文献,参考疾病患病率或发病率研究质量评价准则评价文献质量,采用R软件进行分析,根据患者科室、地区和性别执行亚组分析,通过异质性检验以选择固定效应模型或随机效应模型对感染率进行合并,并用敏感性分析及漏斗图评价发表偏倚。结果共纳入31篇文献,总样本量为9 600人,艰难梭菌整体合并感染率为19%(95%CI:16~22),抗菌药物相关腹泻患者的艰难梭菌感染率为19%(95%CI:13~24);亚组分析显示:不同科室类别、地区、性别的患者,其艰难梭菌感染率存在差异且有统计学意义。结论我国住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染率较高,医院需加强对重点人群艰难梭菌感染的防控与管理。     

Clostridium difficile.

Seventy-five meconium samples were examined for the presence of Cl. difficile; 3 strains were isolated. Additionally 45 laboratory animal faeces specimens were tested for the same purpose, a further 2 cases were isolated. These five suspicious strains were identified as Cl. difficle according to the tests mentioned in the previous paragraphs. The organisms isolated here showed the same characteristics as five of the strains received and also as the organisms isolated from the inoculated animals with the crude cultures of Cl. difficile. These organisms were variable in size, roughly 2-9 XO.3-0. 8u, Gram positive rods, motile, capsulated, flagellated, most probably peritrichous, possessing non-bulging spores located terminally or subterminally, free spores were rarely detectable. Cell arrangements: singly or in pairs and occasionally in short chains. On longer incubation the organisms slightly shifted to become Gram variable and longer in size. Colonies on ordinary agar and solid blood agar appeared to be punctiform and rough. On the other hand the colony appearance on the rest of the solid media which are mentioned previously are as follows: 1-3 mm in diameter, greenish, smooth, non-haemolytic, entire some showing slight irregularities of their edges. Colonies slightly raised, butyrous and semi opaque to opaque. This organism does not liquify the serum of Loeffler medium and also does not cause any changes of this medium. The metachromatic granules are readily seen by Albert's staining. Neither proteolytic nor lipolytic activities are possessed by this organism. Sensitivity to antibiotics showed the same pattern as mentioned about the strains received.     

Goals of care among hospitalized patients: a validation study

Our objective was to validate 6 literature-derived goals of care by analyzing open-ended and closed-ended responses about goals of care from a previous study of hospitalized patients. Eight clinicians categorized patients' open-ended articulations of their goals of care using a literature-derived framework and then compared those categorizations to patients' own closed-ended selections of their most important goal of care. Clinicians successfully categorized patients' open-ended responses using the literature-derived framework 83.5% of the time, and their categorizations matched patients' closed-ended most important goal of care 87.8% of the time. Goals that did not fit within the literature-derived framework all pertained to the goal of understanding a patient's diagnosis or prognosis; this seventh potential goal can be added to the literature-derived framework of 6 goals of care.     

Clostridium difficile colitis: a review

Clostridium difficile has become an increasingly important nosocomial pathogen and is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired diarrhea. The incidence of C difficile infection (CDI) is increasing worldwide. Overuse of antibiotics is felt to be a major contributing factor leading to the increased incidence of CDI. The clinical manifestations of CDI vary from a mild form of the disease to fulminant diarrhea, leading to significant patient morbidity and mortality. The increasing incidence of CDI has a major impact on increasing health care costs. This article will summarize the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment options for CDI, as well as infection-control measures for the prevention of CDI.     

肝胆外科住院患者抗菌药物应用分析

目的了解肝胆外科住院患者的抗菌药物应用及其合理性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析医院2010年1月-2013年10月收治的260例肝胆外科住院患者临床资料,调查其抗菌药物的应用并分析其用药合理性。结果 260例患者中有242例使用了抗菌药物,抗菌药物的使用率达93.08%;242例用药患者中所涉及的抗菌药物约8大类、22个品种;使用最多的为头孢菌素类、青霉素类、喹诺酮类以及硝咪唑类抗菌药物;普遍存在联合用药的现象,联用2种抗菌药物者78例占32.23%,联合3种抗菌药物者67例占27.69%,联用>3种抗菌药物者53例占21.90%,最常用的三联抗菌药物为甲硝唑+头孢类+喹诺酮类或氨基糖苷类;260例患者中仅有43例患者进行了病原菌检测,送检率为16.54%。结论肝胆外科住院患者抗菌药物的使用基本遵循有效、安全的原则,但仍然有少数患者存在用药不合理现象,值得警惕和改善。     

郴州市住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染状况及其基因特征

目的 通过对住院腹泻患者粪便中艰难梭菌的分离培养和毒力基因检测及分型,了解郴州市住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染状况。方法 收集2020年10-12月湘南学院附属医院、郴州市第一人民医院和郴州市第三人民医院住院腹泻患者粪便标本306例,厌氧培养法分离艰难梭菌菌株,采用荧光聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测A、B毒素基因tcdA、tcdB及二元毒素基因cdtA、cdtB,并对分离的艰难梭菌菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)。结果 郴州市住院腹泻患者产毒艰难梭菌核酸阳性率为8.17%(25/306),>60岁患者感染风险更高(χ²=5.499,P=0.019); 306份标本中分离出17株艰难梭菌,粪便标本荧光PCR检测有25份阳性,二者比较有统计学差异(P=0.008),毒力基因检测均为tcdA⁺tcdB⁺,未检出二元毒素;选取7株艰难梭菌进行MLST分型,分出5个ST型,ST54型(3株)、ST129型(1株)、ST98型(1株)、ST53(1株)和ST631(1株)。结论 郴州市住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染率较低,感染毒素类型...     

神经外科住院患者定植及感染产毒艰难梭菌的分子流行病学特征

目的 研究神经外科住院患者定植及感染产毒艰难梭菌的分子流行病学特征。方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选取2018年11月-2019年4月所有徐州医科大学附属医院神经外科新入院的成年患者161例为研究对象。在入院后48 h内、入院后每周及发生腹泻时分别采集粪便标本,本研究的主要临床结局是发生艰难梭菌感染(CDI),未发生CDI的患者随访至出院或死亡。对采集的粪便标本进行艰难梭菌培养及毒素基因检测,对所有的产毒艰难梭菌进行多位点序列分型。结果 从41名患者的粪便中培养分离出产毒艰难梭菌共计50株,其中,30株菌株tcdA及tcdB阳性,占60.00%;17株菌株仅tcdB阳性,占34.00%;3株菌株tcdA、tcdB及cdtA-cdtB均阳性,占6.00%。7名患者发生CDI,CDI发病率为4.35%,其中6名患者在入院时定植产毒艰难梭菌。将分离的50株产毒艰难梭菌进行多位点序列分型,共分析出14个ST分型,其中3株二元毒素阳性菌株均为ST5型。研究期间,患者4与患者31、患者13与患者19检测到相同的ST型,且居住过同一病房或床位。结论 本研究未分离到高毒力菌株ST1/RT027型或ST11...     

住院患者抗菌药物临床应用干预前后对比分析

目的分析医院住院患者1个月的抗菌药物应用,评价用药合理性,调查其干预效果,为抗菌药物临床合理应用以及管理提供参考依据。方法 2011年5月全院出院患者3 446例作为对照组,2012年5月全院出院患者3 787例作为干预组,比较两组抗菌药物使用率以及使用强度,采用SPSS13.0分析。结果活动前抗菌药物使用金额占药品总金额的27.3%,抗菌药物使用率为77.7%,抗菌药物累计使用DDDs 28 384.9,使用强度74.1,特殊使用抗菌药物构成比14.8%,限制使用抗菌药物构成比39.3%;活动后抗菌药物使用金额占10.7%;抗菌药物使用率为47.6%;抗菌药物累计使用DDDs 21 477.1,使用强度52.9,特殊使用抗菌药物构成比6.7%,限制使用抗菌药物构成比15.2%。结论经过抗菌药物专项整治活动,医院抗菌药物临床应用渐趋合理,抗菌药物使用率、使用量明显下降,使用强度也有明显下降;特殊使用与限制使用抗菌药物的比重有大幅度下降,但仍有不合理使用抗菌药物现象,使用强度达不到卫生部要求(AUD<40DDD)。     

Risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a Quebec medical intensive care unit.

Our study was conducted to determine whether use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increased the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) in a medical intensive care unit of one of the first hospitals to be threatened by the current CDAD epidemic in Quebec, Canada. Our findings suggest that efforts to determine risk factors for CDAD should focus on other areas, such as older age and antibiotic use.     

Case-control study of antibiotic use and subsequent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which antibiotics increase or decrease the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Nonprofit, integrated healthcare delivery system in Northern California. PATIENTS: Study participants included patients with cases of hospital-acquired CDAD that occurred during the period from 1999 through 2005 (n=1,142) and control patients (n= 3,351) matched for facility, calendar quarter during which hospitalization occurred, diagnosis related group for the index hospitalization, and length of hospital stay. All case and control patients had received antibiotics in the 60 days before the index date. For each antibiotic, the risk of CDAD was examined in relation to whether the patient received the antibiotic, after adjustment for use of other antibiotics, demographic characteristics, selected health conditions, and use of healthcare services. RESULTS: The following antibiotics were associated with a significantly increased risk of acquiring CDAD: imipenem-cilastin (odds ratio [OR], 2.77), clindamycin (OR, 2.31), cefuroxime (OR, 2.16), moxifloxacin (OR, 1.88), ceftazidime (OR, 1.82), cefpodoxime (OR, 1.58), ceftizoxime (OR, 1.57), and ceftriaxone (OR, 1.49). Metronidazole and doxycycline were associated with a significantly reduced risk of CDAD (OR for metronidazole, 0.67; OR for doxycycline, 0.41). Other factors associated with an increased risk of CDAD were older age, longer hospital stays, use of proton pump inhibitors, prior gastrointestinal disease, and prior infection (not including C. difficile infection.) CONCLUSIONS: Some antibiotics appear to increase the risk of acquiring CDAD, notably clindamycin, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems, whereas metronidazole and doxycycline appear to be protective, compared with other antibiotics.     

Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection: a prospective study in an Indian hospital

Clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. A prospective study comprising of 156 patients and 54 healthy controls was undertaken to assess C. difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) incidence in an Indian hospital. Methods used included C. difficile culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Toxin A. Attempts were made to type isolates by antibiogram and SDS-PAGE. Of the 210 stool samples tested, 12 gave positive results in at least one assay. Of these, 11 were positive by the ELISA method, eight by culture, and seven by both methods. Neither the organisms nor the toxin was found in healthy controls or neonates. The average disease incidence of CDAD estimated by using both methods was 15%. Two antibiotypes of the isolates were obtained and of the isolates characterized by SDS-PAGE, two had identical patterns. This study shows that CDAD is an emerging problem in Indian hospitals. Monitoring should enable the development and implementation of policies and procedures that minimize the risk of this nosocomial pathogen.     

Morbidity and mortality associated with Clostridium difficile ribotype 078: a case-case study

The morbidity and mortality associated with Clostridium difficile ribotype 078 were examined by comparison with other known outbreak strains. A healthcare interaction within eight weeks of a positive specimen significantly increased the likelihood of ribotype 078 compared with ribotype 027. Individuals with ribotype 078 also tended to come from community sources, have a hospital stay post specimen similar to ribotype 027 and a lower 30-day mortality, but these differences were not statistically significant. This study generates several hypotheses and a methodological platform to explore this unique profile.