孕期如何补充各种营养素?

Q1: 怀孕了再开始补充营养来得及吗? A1: 很多年轻的夫妻都是在没有准备的情况下得知小生命的到来,因此很多在孕前就要注意的问题根本没有来得及准备.像现在大家都知道的,在怀孕前3个月女性应该每天补充0.4mg叶酸,因为叶酸对胎儿的神经管发育非常重要,能减少新生儿神经管畸形风险.准妈妈还要注意补充蛋白质、矿物质、维生素、微量元素等营养元素,以保证生殖细胞的发育,为胎儿的到来做好充分准备.以上这些营养元素的补充,最好从怀孕之前3个月开始准备.     

不良妊娠胎儿部分必需营养元素含量的调查研究

目的:探讨不良妊娠胎儿的发生与部分必需营养元素含量的关系。方法:分析5~8月龄先天性畸形胎儿和难免流产胎儿大脑、臀肌、胸腺、枕骨、肝脏5种组织及与其相关的母血、脐血和胎盘中钙、锌、铜、铁、硒以及其母亲血、脐血中维生素A的含量,并与正常对照组进行统计学分析。结果:除先天性畸形胎儿组中的铁偏高外,血液及各组织中必需营养元素钙、锌、铜、铁、硒和维生素A含量普遍偏低,这些变化在母血、脐血和胎盘及胎儿肝脏中差异比较显著。结论:不良妊娠胎儿的发生与部分必需营养元素的缺乏有密切关系。     

胎儿附属物异常对围产儿的影响

胎儿附属物包括胎盘、胎膜、脐带和羊水,它是保证胎儿正常生存、发育的重要组织.胎儿在官内生活时期,胎儿、胎盘,脐带、羊水和产妇是一个有机整体,如果胎儿附属物中的某个组织发生病理生理改变,将会对孕产妇、胎儿及新生儿造成很大的影响.     

孕妇吃对食物胎儿皮肤水嫩嫩

准妈咪的饮食对胎儿来说是非常重要的,如果吃对食物,不仅能够促进其健康生长,还能让胎儿有个水嫩的皮肤、聪明的头脑.想要了解一下具体内容吗?那就陕来看看下面的介绍吧. 对胎儿皮肤好的水果 胎儿所有的营养都来自母体,通过脐带将胎儿发育所需的各类营养物质输送到胎儿体内.孕妇的健康饮食直接影响胎儿的营养摄人,而通过水果补充维生素是很好的方式.对皮肤有益的元素包括维生素A、维生素C等多种维生素,以及苹果酸等物质.在水果中含量丰富的元素有如下几种.     

正常产妇成熟乳碘和初乳碘含量的比较

碘是人们生活的必需微量营养元素之一。碘缺乏可在人生的四个阶段（胎儿期、婴儿期、儿童青少年期、成人）引发不同程度的疾病［１］。婴幼儿缺碘导致脑发育异常、甲状腺发育不全、生长发育迟缓、个体矮小、智力低下等已为许多学者承认并证实［２］。正常产妇分娩后的母乳是新生儿最理想的食物,婴儿能否从母乳中获得足够量的碘,取决于乳碘的含量。作者曾报道了对国内正常产妇的１５２份初乳碘的测定结果［３］,发现有相当一部分被测定对象初乳碘含量太低。目前尚无国内正常产妇成熟乳碘含量的基础数据,为了进一步比较和确定我国正常产妇…     

妊娠期保健八大原则

正要想生一个健康、聪明的孩子,需要具备多种因素,其中加强妊娠期保健,保证胎儿在子宫内发育良好,是最重要的一个环节。胎儿的发育过程可分三个阶段,从受精到怀孕17天左右是第一阶段,细胞分裂很快,不易发生畸形;从第一阶段至怀孕56天左右为第二阶段,这是器官发生期,胚胎初具人形。这个阶段对各种有害因素的敏感性极强,胎儿易发生畸形,因此应特别小心。第三阶段是从怀孕第八周直到足月分娩。这时由于胎儿大多数器官都已形     

妊娠期肝病研究进展

妊娠期肝病,包括妊娠期发生的肝病、原有肝病妊娠期加重以及妊娠时特发的肝病.妊娠期肝病对孕妇及胎儿均有一定的危险性,早期诊断和及时治疗对于孕妇及胎儿的存活非常重要.此文对妊娠期肝病的发生病因及临床表现、诊治作了综述.     

医疗风险管理浅析

风险管理是研究风险发生规律和风险控制技术的一门新兴管理科学。它是各经济单位通过风险识别、风险估测、风险评价等方式 ,并在此基础上优化组合各种风险管理技术 ,对风险实施有效的控制和妥善处理风险所致损失的后果 ,期望达到以最小的成本获得最大安全保障目标的管理过程[1] 。它包括风险识别、风险衡量、风险评价、选择风险管理技术和风险管理效果评价 5个阶段 ,这 5个阶段周而复始的构成了一个风险管理的周期循环过程[1] 。如下图所示 :1　医疗风险管理的意义医疗风险是指在医疗活动中 ,医务人员或医疗机构对他人的身体发生医疗侵权行…     

孕早期的饮食营养

妊娠早期也称孕早期,是指怀孕期的前3个月。妊娠早期是胎儿形成的重要时期,也是容易发生流产的阶段。因为这一时期胎盘发育尚不完善,容易受到外界影响,如感染、药物、毒物以及不洁食物等。因此,饮食卫生及其他方面的影响都应格外注意。这期间胎儿生长发育缓慢,     

呵护宝宝眼睛全攻略（17）

眼睛良好的发育与多种必需营养物质有关,其中包括维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、锌元素等,这几种营养元素对眼睛的发育有以下重要的影响：     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.