胎儿侧脑室增宽与染色体异常的关系

目的探讨胎儿侧脑室增宽与染色体异常以及伴发异常的关系。方法对2003年11月至2009年12月中山大学附属第一医院妇产科胎儿医学中心收治的132例超声诊断为侧脑室增宽的单胎妊娠胎儿,回顾性分析其染色体核型检查结果以及其伴发异常。以侧脑室宽度10mm作为侧脑室增宽的诊断标准,分为轻度组(10～15mm)118例和重度组(≥15mm)14例;根据是否伴有其它异常,分为孤立性(59例)和非孤立性(73例)侧脑室增宽。通过羊膜腔穿刺获取羊水(9例),脐带穿刺获取脐血(123例)进行胎儿染色体核型分析。结果轻度组与重度组检出染色体核型异常分别为23例(19.5%)、2例(14.3%),两组比较P0.05。轻度组的23例异常核型中,染色体数目异常17例,其中21-三体为最常见的异常核型(12例);重度组2例无一例为染色体数目异常。轻度组60例胎儿(50.8%)合并其他异常,而重度组13例胎儿(92.9%)合并其它异常,两组比较P0.05。轻度组60例非孤立性侧脑室增宽的胎儿中,20例(33.3%)合并染色体核型异常;而58例轻度孤立性侧脑室增宽中有3例(5.2%)合并染色体核型异常(P0.01)。结论染色体非整倍体异常为胎儿轻度侧脑室增宽常见的异常核型。胎儿侧脑室增宽尤其是重度侧脑室增宽常常伴发其它异常。轻度侧脑室增宽合并其它异常时,染色体异常核型的检出率明显升高。对侧脑室增宽的胎儿建议进行产前诊断。     

孤立性轻度侧脑室增宽胎儿的产前诊断及预后分析

目的:研究孤立性轻度侧脑室增宽(i MVM)胎儿与染色体异常、先天性宫内感染及不良妊娠结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2013年12月i MVM胎儿143例的产前诊断情况及妊娠结局。结果:143例i MVM胎儿中共有48例(33.57%)同意产前诊断,行胎儿染色体核型及TORCH-Ig M检查,发现1例(2.08%)染色体异常,为47,XX,+21;2例(4.17%)胎儿分别合并巨细胞病毒和弓形体感染。89例(62.24%)有追踪随访结果,其中1例21-三体终止妊娠,3例孕妇主动选择终止妊娠,2例分别合并继发性耳聋和语言发育障碍,其余83例(93.26%)在出生后0~4年内智力及生长发育正常;在i MVM的胎儿中男女比例为2.07∶1。结论:排除i MVM胎儿的染色体异常及先天性宫内感染后,此类胎儿的预后良好,而且男胎发病率远远高于女胎。     

肾盂增宽胎儿染色体核型及染色体芯片的产前诊断

目的:探讨常规G显带染色体核型分析及染色体芯片分析(CMA)技术在肾盂增宽胎儿产前诊断中的应用价值,探讨肾盂增宽可能的遗传学病因。方法:选取产前超声发现肾盂增宽并选择行侵入性产前诊断的102例胎儿。对102例胎儿采用常规G显带染色体核型分析,并对部分染色体核型结果正常的胎儿行CMA分析。对所有胎儿的妊娠结局及预后进行电话随访和病例资料追踪,新生儿随访至2岁。结果:102例肾盂增宽病例中,101例胎儿染色体正常,1例异常,为47,XX,+18,染色体异常率为0.98%(1/102)。60例CMA结果均成功获得分析,其中4例胎儿存在致病性拷贝数异常(CNVs)(6.6%,4/60),包括17q12微缺失综合征2例、15q11.2微缺失综合征1例、2q23.1微缺失综合征1例,CNVs大小范围0.467~1.53Mb。将进行CMA检测的肾盂增宽病例分为孤立性肾盂增宽(30例)和肾盂增宽合并其他异常(30例)两组,致病性CNVs的检出率分别为6.6%(2/30)、6.6%(2/30);根据肾盂增宽程度将行CMA检测的60例病例分为3组:轻度肾盂增宽、中度肾盂增宽和重度肾盂增宽,致病性CNV检出率分别为0(0/21)、11.1%(1/9)、10%(3/30)。产前胎儿肾盂增宽消退率63.5%,总消退率(含出生后消退) 85.8%,胎儿肾积水出生后手术率12.9%。结论:核型和CMA检测结果正常的胎儿肾盂增宽多于产前或出生后消退,染色体非整倍体和染色体微缺失微重复是胎儿肾盂增宽的致病原因之一;核型和CMA检测对肾盂增宽胎儿进行产前诊断具有一定的价值。     

胎儿影像学异常的临床认识和处理——胎儿侧脑室增宽的临床认识和处理

脑室增宽（ventriculomegaly，VM）是指脑脊液过多地积聚于脑室系统内，致使脑室系统扩张，其中侧脑室增宽最为常见。明显的侧脑室扩张与围生期胎儿发病率和病死率有密切关系；轻度的侧脑室扩张，常可伴有其他结构异常或染色体核型异常。因此，产前发现并诊断胎儿脑室增宽具有重要意义。     

侧脑室扩张胎儿产前诊断及临床预后

目的 探讨侧脑室扩张胎儿的产前诊断及预后,为产前咨询及临床处理提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年12月在南方医科大学南方医院妇产科行产前超声提示胎儿侧脑室扩张,并行介入性产前诊断的孕妇223例。根据首次超声检查的侧脑室宽度分为轻度组（10～11.9 mm）、中度组（12～14.9 mm）、重度组（≥15 mm）。根据首次超声诊断胎儿侧脑室扩张时的孕周分为中孕早期（孕18～23+6周）、中孕晚期（孕24～27+6周）、孕晚期（≥28周）。根据是否合并其他异常,分为孤立性侧脑室扩张组和非孤立性侧脑室扩张组,根据累及的侧脑室分为单侧侧脑室扩张组和双侧侧脑室扩张组。根据上述不同分组分析胎儿侧脑室扩张病例的染色体核型、基因芯片结果及妊娠结局。结果 173例纳入病例中,29例（29/173）染色体结果异常,轻度组染色体异常率为12.15%,中重度组为24.24%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.039）。162例（162/173）随访患者中122例分娩,40例引产。经Logistic回归分析,初诊孕周、侧脑室宽度及超声提示其他结构异常等因素对分娩结局有影响,差异有统计学意义（P<...     

胎儿侧脑室增宽的临床认识和处理

脑室增宽(ventriculomegaly,VM)是指脑脊液过多地积聚于脑室系统内,致使脑室系统扩张,其中侧脑室增宽最为常见。明显的侧脑室扩张与围生期胎儿发病率和病死率有密切关系;轻度的侧脑室扩张,常可伴有其他结构异常或染色体核型异常。因此,产前发现并诊断胎儿脑室增宽具有重要意义。1超声对胎儿脑室增宽的评价及诊断标准脑室系统包括侧脑室、第三脑室、中脑导水管、第四脑室。产前超声检查中,侧脑室最容易观察,其宽度及形态检查是产前系统超声检查中的重要内容,而单纯第三脑室及第四脑室增宽罕见,不是本文讨论的重点。侧脑室房部宽度是侧脑室增…     

胎儿轻度脑室扩张40例产前诊断及临床预后

目的探讨孤立性轻度脑室扩张胎儿的产前诊断及临床预后,为临床遗传咨询和优生优育提供依据。方法回顾性分析并随访2006年8月至2008年12月南京医科大学苏州市立医院生殖与遗传中心产前B超诊断孤立性轻度脑室扩张的胎儿40例,记录其临床处理方式,随访B超及新生儿检查结果。结果 (1)40例病例中已有22例胎儿继续妊娠并分娩,1例出生时死亡,1例出生后4个月死亡,2例有发育异常,余18例胎儿娩出后CT或B超检查未见异常(81.8%,18/22)。(2)共15例病例进行了胎儿染色体检查,未见染色体异常。结论对于孤立性轻度脑室扩张的胎儿,建议行染色体检查;染色体正常的胎儿,应行多次B超复查,并建议进行胎儿MR I检查,无进行性加重且胎儿MR I无明显异常者其预后一般较好,在充分告知患者利弊的情况下,可以继续妊娠。     

胎儿右位主动弓合并迷走左锁骨下动脉的遗传学研究及临床价值

目的:研究胎儿右位主动脉弓合并迷走左锁骨下动脉(RAA-ALSA)遗传学异常情况,为临床决策提供帮助。方法:选取产前超声检查胎儿RAA-ALSA共99例,其中孤立性RAA-ALSA 51例、非孤立性RAA-ALSA 48例。采集胎儿羊水或脐血标本行传统核型分析及染色体微阵列(CMA)检测,分析染色体异常检出率的情况,并寻找基因组中拷贝数变异情况。结果:99例胎儿RAA-ALSA中,染色体核型分析检出异常10例(10.10%),CMA检出异常29例(29.29%)。孤立性RAA-ALSA中核型未检出异常,CMA检出异常4例(7.84%)。RAA-ALSA合并心内结构异常18例,核型检出异常4例(8.33%),CMA检出异常10例(20.83%);合并心外结构异常30例,核型检出异常6例(12.5%),CMA检出异常15例(31.25%)。胎儿RAA-ALSA中CMA染色体异常检出率高于核型分析,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),CMA在非孤立性RAA-ALSA中的染色体异常检出率高于孤立性RAA-ALSA,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:孤立性RAA-ALSA染色体异常风险存在;RAA-ALSA合并其他结构异常时,染色体异常风险明显增加;在拷贝数异常情况下CMA比核型具有更高的分辨率及敏感性。当产前超声检查为RAA-ALSA时,应建议行介入性产前诊断,除传统的染色体核型分析外,同时行CMA检测,为进一步的遗传咨询提供指导帮助。     

112例胎儿侧脑室扩张的产前诊断与随访结果分析

目的:探讨胎儿侧脑室扩张(VM)的临床特征、病因及预后,为临床咨询提供参考。方法:将2000年11月至2019年9月于北京大学深圳医院就诊且行产前诊断穿刺的112例胎儿VM分别分为单侧组(64例)和双侧组(48例),轻度组(58例)、中度组(31例)和重度组(23例),孤立性侧脑室扩张组(IVM组,56例)和非孤立性侧脑室扩张组(NIVM组,56例),收集胎儿超声、染色体检查和出生后随访资料,比较染色体异常发生率和出生后随访结果。结果:轻度组、中度组、重度组中合并其他颅内异常者分别有9例(15.5%)、9例(29.0%)和12例(52.2%),重度组合并其他颅内异常率显著高于轻度组(P0.05)。染色体异常11例(9.8%),其中3例为染色体非整倍体,8例为染色体拷贝数变异(CNVs)。核型正常的病例中11.4%(5/44)合并致病性CNVs;单侧组、双侧组染色体异常率(分别为7.8%、12.5%)无统计学差异(P0.05);两两比较轻度组、中度组和重度组染色体异常率(分别为10.3%、12.9%、4.3%)均无统计学差异(P0.05);IVM组和NIVM组的染色体异常率无统计学差异(7.1%vs 12.5%,P0.05)。112例有79例选择分娩,随访成功72例,随访结果异常9例(12.5%),包括语言发育迟缓4例,重度运动发育迟缓伴新生儿死亡2例,轻度运动发育迟缓2例,轻度运动发育迟缓伴语言发育迟缓1例。轻度组、中度组和重度组分别有6.7%、10.0%和57.1%随访结果异常,重度组的随访结果异常率大于轻度组、中度组(P0.05),轻度组与中度组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。轻度组、重度组随访异常的病例均为NIVM。结论:重度VM更易合并其他颅内异常,VM可以伴有多种致病性CNVs,建议对VM均进行染色体核型及染色体微阵列检查;轻度、中度孤立性VM的预后均较好,重度VM不管是否合并其他异常,预后均较差。     

13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常的产前遗传学分析及妊娠结局随访

目的:探索13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常胎儿的产前临床表型及遗传学分析。方法:回顾分析2017年7月1日至2021年7月1日在福建省泉州市妇幼保健院产前诊断中心行羊水/脐血染色体核型及单核苷酸多态性微阵列(SNP-array)检测的产前诊断病例,对遗传学诊断确认13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常的胎儿,进一步行遗传学分析、家系分析及随访妊娠结局。结果:共检出8例13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常胎儿,其中3例为致病性变异,均因亲代染色体结构异常导致;5例为临床意义不明变异(VOUS),其中3例遗传自父亲。除例5胎儿产前超声提示胎儿全身水肿、永存左上腔静脉伴多发超声软指标异常外,其余7例胎儿产前超声未见明显结构异常。结论:联合染色体核型分析及SNP-array检测技术可明确13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常的性质及范围,结合亲代验证情况及超声等辅助检查结果,有利于妊娠结局的选择。     

Fetal lateral cerebral ventriculomegaly: associated malformations and chromosomal defects

In 267 consecutive cases of fetal lateral cerebral ventriculomegaly, additional fetal malformations were detected by ultrasonography in 209 (78%) of the cases. On the basis of the ultrasound findings, the patients were subdivided into three groups: (i) isolated ventriculomegaly (n = 58), (ii) ventriculomegaly and open spina bifida only (n = 172), and (iii) ventriculomegaly and other malformations (n = 37) with or without spina bifida. Antenatal karyotyping was performed in 64 cases from groups (i) and (iii), and 11 (18%) of the fetuses had chromosomal abnormalities. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was strongly related to the presence of multisystem malformations. Thus, only 3% of fetuses with isolated ventriculomegaly as opposed to 36% of those with additional malformations had chromosomal defects. Furthermore, the degree of ventriculomegaly in the chromosomally abnormal fetuses was relatively mild. In the chromosomally normal fetuses, mild, static ventriculomegaly was associated with apparently normal subsequent mental development.     

The application of chromosomal microarray analysis to the prenatal diagnosis of isolated mild ventriculomegaly

Objective

To investigate the clinical value of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities in fetal isolated mild ventriculomegaly.

Isolated mild fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly: a retrospective analysis of 26 cases

We retrospectively studied 26 fetuses with isolated mild cerebral ventriculomegaly diagnosed between 1992 and 1998 and defined by a lateral ventricular atrial diameter of 10-15 mm without any other cerebral anomaly. Our objectives were to determine maternal risk factors, to evaluate complementary investigations, to assess developmental prognosis and to propose possible management. During pregnancy 10/26 patients had regressive ventriculomegalies, ten remained borderline at birth and six were confirmed postnatally. No maternal risk factors were identified. Prenatal investigations were carried out in 69% of cases but in only a few cases supplied any information. Postnatal examinations revealed one case of Down syndrome and one of porencephaly. Four children were lost to follow-up. In the 22 other cases, four had developmental delay. Early and unexplained mild ventriculomegaly appears to have a good prognosis. If ventriculomegaly is persistent, prenatal management should be carried out to investigate chromosomal abnormalities, viral infection, and fetal cerebral parenchymal damage. A long postnatal clinical follow-up is required.     

Prenatal detection of rubella-specific IgM in fetal sera

Serum specimens were obtained by fetoscopy at 19-25 weeks' gestation from four fetuses whose mothers had had confirmed rubella earlier in pregnancy. They were tested for rubella-specific IgM by antibody capture radioimmunoassay. No specific IgM was detected in one fetus and a healthy infant was delivered at term. Specific IgM was detected in the other three fetuses. In one case the level was low (1 unit) and this pregnancy went to term resulting in a neonate with clinical and laboratory evidence of congenital rubella infection. The remaining two fetuses had 2.8 and 2.4 units of specific IgM and the pregnancies were terminated. Blood obtained from these two fetuses after abortion showed levels of 5.4 and 2.9 units respectively. No specific IgM was detected in sera from eleven other fetuses aborted because of maternal rubella but five of these cases were terminated before 19 weeks and in five the interval between rash and abortion was three weeks or less. The results show that the human fetus can produce detectable specific IgM antibody by 19-20 weeks' gestation after exposure to rubella several weeks earlier. However, a larger study is required to define the reliability of fetoscopic blood sampling for the diagnosis of intrauterine infection.     

脑室扩张胎儿的MRI诊断及预后

目的 探讨超声发现的脑室扩张胎儿行MRI检查的临床价值,并观察脑室扩张胎儿的预后.方法 选择2006年3月至2008年7月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院行超声检查发现有胎儿脑室扩张的孕妇135例,产前检查孕周平均为32周.为进一步明确诊断行MRI检查.MRI检查发现胎儿单侧或双侧侧脑室三角区宽度为10～15 mm者诊断为轻度脑室扩张,16～20 mm者诊断为中度脑室扩张,>20 mm者诊断为重度脑室扩张.采用病例对照研究方法,对MRI诊断为单纯轻度脑室扩张胎儿和无异常胎儿,在出生后半年至1年进行丹佛智能发育筛查量表(DDST)检测,以判断单纯轻度脑室扩张胎儿在婴幼儿期的智力及生长发育状况.结果 (1)MRI诊断胎儿脑室扩张的准确率:135例超声诊断的脑室扩张胎儿中,MRI检查无明显异常56例(41.5%,56/135),单纯脑室扩张60例(60/135,44.4%),脑室扩张合并脑出血5例(3.7%,5/135),脑室扩张合并胼胝体异常12例(8.9%,12/135),脑室扩张合并小脑发育不良2例(1.5%,2/135).MRI诊断胎儿脑室扩张共79例,其中合并胼胝体异常率为15.2%(12/79).(2)MRI检查胎儿脑室扩张的分度:MRI诊断胎儿单纯脑室扩张60例,其中55例(91.7%,55/60)为轻度脑室扩张,5例为中度脑室扩张(8.3%,5/60);脑室扩张合并脑出血的5例胎儿中,1例为轻度脑室扩张、4例为中、重度脑室扩张;脑室扩张合并胼胝体异常的12例胎儿中,8例(66.7%,8/12)为中度脑室扩张,4例为重度脑室扩张(33.3%,4/12);脑室扩张合并小脑发育不良的2例胎儿均为中度脑室扩张.(3)DDST检测结果:55例单纯轻度脑室扩张胎儿中,符合随访条件的30例为病例组.无异常的56例中随访到38例,同期因其他原因行MRI检查无异常的胎儿42例,共计80例为对照组.病例组婴儿中DDST检测结果为可疑或异常4例(13.3%,4/30),正常26例(86.7%,26/30);对照组婴儿中DDST检测结果为可疑或异常10例(12.5%,10/80),正常70例(87.5%,70/80).两组分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(4)MRI检查确诊的79例单纯脑窜扩张胎儿的临床结局:79例脑室扩张胎儿中,30例轻度脑室扩张胎儿及5例中度脑室扩张胎儿均妊娠至足月,出生后随访未发现婴儿异常;另有7例拒绝合作,6例孕妇坚决要求引产,失访12例.合并胼胝体发育异常的12例胎儿中,3例继续妊娠,胎儿出生后复查MRI,其诊断结果与胎儿期的MRI检查结果相同;8例孕妇坚决要求引产,失访1例.合并脑出血的5例胎儿均按孕妇意愿选择引产,尸体检查结果均证实MRI诊断正确.合并小脑发育不良的2例胎儿,1例要求继续妊娠,足月分娩,生后半年婴儿确诊为脑瘫,另有1例引产.结论 对超声发现的脑室扩张胎儿进一步行MRI检查有重要的临床验证和补充诊断价值;胎儿单纯轻度脑室扩张在出生后6～12个月期间,智力及生长发育与同龄儿无异.     

胎儿先天性心脏病和风疹病毒感染的关系

目的 探讨和分析孕妇风疹病毒感染与胎儿先天性心脏病(简称先心病)的关系,为提高先天性风疹综合征产前诊断率寻求方法.方法 对超声心动图诊断并要求引产的38例先心病胎儿行脐带穿刺,采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定脐血风疹病毒特异性抗体IgM. 结果 38例先心病胎儿中18例脐血风疹病毒IgM(+),占47.4%,其余20例IgM(-).18例风疹病毒IgM(+)胎儿按心脏异常结构出现频率排序:室间隔缺损10例、肺动脉发育异常9例、房室瓣异常6例、大动脉转位5例、主动脉骑跨4例.IgM(+)和IgM(-)组中属于圆锥动脉分隔异常或圆锥动脉干间隔旋转不足或方向相反的病例数分别为11例(61.1%)和5例(25.0%)(P<0.05). 结论 风疹病毒与胎儿先心病的发生有一定关联,可能影响胎儿心室分隔和圆锥动脉干发育.B超提示胎儿室间隔缺损、肺动脉发育异常、心肌瓣膜异常、大动脉转位时,应考虑到风疹病毒感染的可能.     

The midsagittal view of the fetal brain: a useful landmark in recognizing the cause of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly

AIM: To evaluate the positive predictive value of the midsagittal view of the fetal brain in recognizing the cause of ventriculomegaly diagnosed with traditional axial scan. METHODS: Fifty-eight pregnant women, referred to our Center following a generic diagnosis of ventriculomegaly have been evaluated: 38 had marked and 20 had borderline ventriculomegaly. The fetal brain was scanned by the midsagittal view using a transabdominal probe in fetuses in breech presentation or transverse lie and a transvaginal probe in fetuses in cephalic presentation. The possible cause of ventriculomegaly was postulated by combining the findings of the corpus callosum/cavum septi pellucidi complex with those of the posterior fossa. The prenatal diagnoses were compared with the anatomical specimens of aborted fetuses or with postnatal neuroimaging. RESULTS: The prenatal diagnoses were confirmed in 54/58 cases (PPV 93.1%). In the marked ventriculomegaly group, one case of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum was mistaken for a complete agenesis. In the group of borderline ventriculomegaly, two cases of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum were confused with a complete agenesis, while one case of suspected isolated ventriculomegaly was diagnosed after birth as partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS: The sagittal scan of the fetal brain is a useful source of information and allows the contemporary view of both corpus callosum and posterior fossa, where various typical sonographic findings are present in ventriculomegaly.     

Mild cerebral ventriculomegaly in fetuses: characteristics and outcome

BACKGROUND: A fetal ultrasonographic (US) finding of mild ventriculomegaly (MVM) is not uncommon, but its prognostic significance is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and US characteristics and outcome of fetuses with mild dilatation of the cerebral lateral ventricles. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 34 consecutive fetuses with US evidence of MVM (atrial width of the lateral ventricles = 10-15 mm) at 18-35 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: Of the 34 fetuses with MVM, 7 underwent karyotype examination and were normal. In 4 of the 34 fetuses the pregnancy was terminated (at autopsy: 1 was normal, 2 had hydrocephalus and for 1 the parents refused autopsy). Eight fetuses that were delivered had congenital malformations; 3 of them died during the early neonatal period. In 6 of the 8 fetuses with malformations, karyotypes were available and 3 had chromosomal aberrations (trisomy 18, 45XO, and triploidy 69XXX). Spontaneous in utero resolution of the MVM occurred in 10/30 (33.3%) of the cases. Of the 26 infants that remained in follow-up, 16 (61.1%) were normal at 1 month and at 2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm those of previous reports as to the characteristics and outcome of MVM. In the setting of mild fetal ventriculomegaly with a normal karyotype and an absence of malformations, the outcome appears to be favorable.     

Diagnóstico ecográfico de la ventriculomegalia fetal. Seguimiento posnatal

Objetives

To determine the prevalence of fetal ventriculomegaly and identify the neurological outcomes of newborns with a prenatal diagnosis.

Method

Observational study of ventriculomegaly prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound in our department between 2004 and 2012.

Results

We diagnosed 61 cases of ventriculomegaly. The prevalence rate was 2.25 per 1,000. Diagnosis was made during the second trimester in 54 patients and during the third trimester in 7. Bilateral ventriculomegaly was found in 91% of the fetuses. Ventriculomegaly was mild (10-12 mm) in 79.4% and moderate (12-15 mm) in 5.6%. Severe ventriculomegaly (>15 mm) or hydrocephalus was diagnosed in 15% of the fetuses. The clinical course during pregnancy was unfavorable in 13%. Associated anomalies were diagnosed in 23 cases.

Conclusions

Mild, isolated and non-progressive ventriculomegaly has the best neurological prognosis.