无创性检查对哮喘长期缓解患儿气道炎症的评价

目的探索常用无创性检查对哮喘长期缓解的评价。方法选择45例哮喘患儿,分发作组、短期缓解组、长期缓解组;另设对照组12例。检测肺功能、乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)支气管激发试验、诱导痰液计数EOS%、酶联免疫荧光法测定痰液及血清嗜酸性细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、ELISA法检测痰液及血清IL-5。结果①46.15%长期缓解期患儿FEF75<80%预计值,高于对照组(P<0.05);FEF25为(106.3±14.8)%,高于发作组(P<0.05)。②长期缓解患儿气道高反应性(AHR)与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③缓解期患儿痰液EOS%,血清ECP,痰液、血清IL-5与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);痰液ECP高于对照组(P<0.05)。④各小气道通气指标与Mch激发试验、痰液EOS%、ECP、IL-5呈负相关(P均<0.05)。⑤小气道阻塞哮喘患儿AHR重于小气道功能正常者(P<0.05),小气道阻塞患儿各小气道指标与痰IL-5呈负相关(P<0.05)。⑥Mch激发试验与痰液、血清ECP,痰液IL-5呈正相关(P均<0.05)。⑦两组缓解期患儿肺功能,AHR,痰液EOS%、ECP、IL-5,血清ECP、IL-5差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。⑧上述指标对哮喘长期缓解无预测价值(P>0.05)。结论长期缓解哮喘患儿存在一定程度小气道功能异常及气道炎症,痰液ECP是反映气道炎症更敏感的指标。研究所选取的无创性检查对评价哮喘缓解均有一定指导作用,但对哮喘长期缓解无预测价值。     

诱导痰液细胞学分析在儿童支气管哮喘临床分型中的应用

目的拟通过痰液细胞学分析探讨儿童哮喘的临床亚型。方法选择急性发作期哮喘患儿46例,缓解期哮喘患儿33例。其中轻度至中度哮喘56例,重度哮喘23例。将急性发作期哮喘分为未规则治疗组(33例)和规则治疗组(13例)。健康对照组18例。常规检测肺功能、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数(%)、诱导痰液细胞百分比(%),并行皮肤过敏原试验。结果1.以痰液EOS%≥2%为准将哮喘患儿分为嗜酸细胞性哮喘(EA)和非嗜酸细胞性哮喘(NEA)2个亚型,79例患儿中EA和NEA分别为40例(50.63%)和39例(49.37%)。2.EOS%≥2%在急性发作期未规则治疗组和急性发作期规则治疗组分别为21例(63.6%)、9例(69.2%),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但显著高于缓解期[10例(30.3%)](Pa<0.05)。3.轻度发作未规则治疗组患儿中性粒细胞百分比(NEU%)≥61%、EOS%≥2%、NEU%<61%+EOS%<2%的例数分别为7例(38.9%)、10例(55.6%)、4例(22.2%),轻度发作期规则治疗组分别为2例(22.2%)、6例(66.6%)、3例(33.3%),2组比较差异无统计学...     

哮喘患儿诱导痰液中嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白测定

目的　 探讨诱导痰液中嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP)测定在儿童哮喘中的应用价值。 方法 　采用荧光酶标法测定 41例不同时期、不同程度的哮喘患儿和 11例正常儿童诱导痰液中ECP浓度 ,便携式肺功能仪测定肺通气功能。 结果 　哮喘缓解组、轻度 -间歇组、中 -重度组诱导痰液中ECP含量〔(分别为 ( 4 8 7± 36 2 )、( 89 5± 5 7 6 )、( 15 2 7± 6 7 0 7) μg/L〕与对照组 ( 16 4± 2 2 2 ) μg/L比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。不同程度哮喘患儿各组间诱导痰液中ECP含量有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。哮喘患儿诱导痰液中ECP含量与一秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比 (FEV 1 0 % )呈显著负相关。 结论 　诱导痰液中ECP含量可反映气道炎症的变化 ,可用于儿童哮喘病情监测及指导药物治疗     

哮喘患儿痰液、支气管肺泡灌洗液、血清嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白和白细胞介素—5变化及其意义

目的　探讨哮喘患儿吸入糖皮质激素治疗前后痰液、支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)、血清嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP)和白细胞介素 5 (IL 5 )水平 ,及其与肺通气功能的关系。方法　采用荧光酶联免疫法和双抗体夹心ABC ELISA法检测对照组 ( 17例 )、吸入糖皮质激素 (GC)治疗前后间歇期哮喘 (SA组 11例 )、发作期哮喘 (EA组 2 0例 )痰液、BALF、血清ECP、IL 5水平 ,同时检测肺功能。结果　治疗前EA组痰液、血清ECP明显高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 0 1,P <0 .0 1)和SA组 ( P 均 <0 .0 5 ) ;EA组痰液、血清IL 5明显高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 0 1,P <0 .0 1)和SA组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;SA组痰液ECP浓度 >血清ECP浓度 >BALFECP浓度 ,痰液IL 5明显高于血清IL 5。治疗后两组痰液、BALF、血清ECP、IL 5均明显下降 (P <0 .0 1～P <0 .0 5 ) ,通气功能改善 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。哮喘患儿痰液与血清ECP之间、痰液与血清IL 5之间均相关 ,BALF与血清ECP显著性相关 ,BALF与血清IL 5无显著性相关。结论　痰液、血清、BALF中ECP和痰液、血清IL 5水平能反映哮喘气道炎症的活动情况 ,其中以痰液中浓度最高。ECP、IL 5与通气功能相互补充 ,可作为监测和指导哮喘抗炎治疗的指标     

诱导痰炎性细胞计数和儿童哮喘严重程度相关性的临床研究

目的 探讨哮喘患儿诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ECP）与哮喘严重程度的关系。方法 选择2005年6月～2006年6月湖州市中心医院门诊哮喘急性发作期的患儿77例，检测其肺功能并分别采用瑞氏染色法及荧光免疫法检测高渗盐水诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞数量和ECP浓度，并选择同期62名健康儿童作为对照。结果 哮喘急性发作期患儿诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞数量和ECP质量浓度显著高于健康组（P〈0．01），哮喘急性发作期患儿诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞数量与患儿第1秒用力呼气容积／用力肺活量比值（FEV1／FVC）呈显著负相关（r=-0.64，P〈0．01）；ECP质量浓度与患儿FEV1／FVC呈显著负相关（r=-0.58．P〈0．01）。哮喘患儿诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞数量和ECP质量浓度随病情加重逐渐升高，且轻度、中度和重度患儿之间比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论 诱导痰中嗜酸性粒细胞和ECP质量浓度可反映哮喘的严重程度。     

哮喘患儿诱导痰液中NO_3~-/NO_2~-含量的变化及其意义

探讨儿童哮喘诱导痰液中一氧化氮(NO)代谢终产物硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐(NO_3~-/NO_2~-)含量的变化及临床意义,采用3％高渗盐水雾化吸入诱导患儿咳痰,0.1％DTT和PBS缓冲液裂解痰液,应用硝酸酶还原法和荧光酶标法分别测定诱导痰液中No_3~-/NO_2~-和嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)含量,便携式肺功能仪测定肺通气功能。结果表明,稳定期、轻度和中、重度发作期患儿诱导痰液中NO_3~-/NO_2~-浓度较对照组显著增高,P<0.05;ECP含量较对照组显著增高,P<0.05;不同时期哮喘患儿各组间诱导痰液中NO_3~-/NO_2~-含量和ECP均有显著性差异,P<0.05。哮喘患儿诱导痰液中NO_3~-/NO_2~-和ECP含量与1秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1.0％)呈显著负相关,r=0.512,P<0.01;而NO_3~-/NO_2~-含量与痰液中ECP浓度呈显著正相关r=0.607,P<0.01。提示NO参与了儿童哮喘的发生和发展,诱导痰液中NO_2~-/NO_2~-水平可反映气道炎症的变化,可用于儿童哮喘病情监测及指导药物治疗。     

哮喘患儿诱导痰液中NO3^—／No2^—含量的变化及其意义

探讨儿童哮喘诱导痰液中一氧化氮(NO)代谢终产物硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐(NO-3/NO-2)含量的变化及临床意义,采用3%高渗盐水雾化吸入诱导患儿咳痰,0.1%DTT和PBS缓冲液裂解痰液,应用硝酸酶还原法和荧光酶标法分别测定诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2和嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)含量,便携式肺功能仪测定肺通气功能.结果表明,稳定期、轻度和中、重度发作期患儿诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2浓度较对照组显著增高,P<0.05;ECP含量较对照组显著增高,P<0.05;不同时期哮喘患儿各组间诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2含量和ECP均有显著性差异,P<0.05.哮喘患儿诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2和ECP含量与1秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1.0%)呈显著负相关,r=-0.512,P<0.01;而NO-3/NO-2含量与痰液中ECP浓度呈显著正相关r=0.607,P<0.01.提示NO参与了儿童哮喘的发生和发展,诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2水平可反映气道炎症的变化,可用于儿童哮喘病情监测及指导药物治疗.     

诱导痰分析对预测毛细支气管炎转归的意义

目的观察首次喘息的毛细支气管炎(毛支)患儿诱导痰组分的变化,探讨诱导痰液炎性细胞及细胞因子在预测其转归的价值。方法用4.5%高渗盐水超声雾化法留取70例毛细支气管炎婴儿的诱导痰液,用荧光酶标法、ELISA方法检测诱导痰液中的嗜伊红阳离子蛋白质(ECP)、白介素(IL)-4、干扰素(IFN)-γ水平,台盼蓝染色和瑞氏染色计数嗜酸性粒细胞,随访观察3年。结果毛支发作3年后有24.3%(17/70)患儿发展为哮喘,其初发阶段诱导痰液中的嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)、ECP、IL-4明显高于未发展为哮喘的单纯毛支患儿(P<0.01),而IFNγ-则明显低于单纯毛支患儿(P<0.01),差异具有显著性。结论对于诱导痰中存在ECP、IL-4、EOS显著增高的毛支患儿有发展为哮喘的可能,在其初发阶段应进行哮喘的早期干预治疗。     

不同亚型中重度支气管哮喘患儿白细胞介素-5、免疫球蛋白E水平变化及意义

目的 研究IL-5、IgE水平在不同亚型中重度患儿哮喘发病中的变化及意义.方法 选取2009年9月-2010年3月于本院儿科哮喘专科门诊就诊的中重度哮喘患儿65例(哮喘组),将哮喘组中急性发作期患儿按诱导痰的细胞分类分为嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)型哮喘(EA)组及非EOS型哮喘(NEA)组.选取20例健康儿童为健康对照组.采用ELISA法检测不同亚型哮喘患儿血清IgE水平.将哮喘组及健康对照组儿童外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)与CD3单克隆抗体及CD28单克隆抗体共培养,ELISA法检测PBMC在抗体刺激下分泌的IL-5水平.并对IL-5表达水平与IgE水平进行相关性分析,了解IL-5、IgE在不同亚型中重度哮喘患儿中的作用.结果 EA组诱导痰EOS百分比明显高于NEA组(P=0.000).哮喘组患儿PBMC表达的IL-5水平显著高于健康对照组,急性发作组明显高于临床缓解组,急性发作重度持续组显著高于中度持续组,EA组显著高于健康对照组及NEA组.EA组血清IgE水平显著高于NEA组(P=0.010).哮喘患儿外周血及EOS诱导痰EOS比例与IL-5、IgE水平呈显著正相关(Pa=0.000);哮喘患儿IL-5水平与IgE水平也呈显著正相关(r=0.482,P=0.001).结论 IL-5、IgE参与哮喘的发病,IL-5、IgE在EA中的作用较NEA更为突出.IL-5水平与哮喘病情分度密切相关.     

孟鲁司特对儿童哮喘炎症因子的影响

目的探讨孟鲁司特对儿童哮喘炎症因子的影响。方法将80例6～14岁中度哮喘患儿随机分口服孟鲁司特5mg/d、吸入布地奈德200μg/d、孟鲁司特5mg/d口服并吸入布地奈德100μg/d3组,持续治疗12周。于治疗开始和第12周进行临床评估和肺功能检查,同步进行外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(Eos)计数、血及痰液嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、IL5和TNFα水平的检测。结果哮喘患儿治疗后临床和肺功能明显改善;治疗开始患儿血ECP、IL5、TNFα水平和Eos计数均显著高于正常对照组(P均<0.01);血Eos计数与ECP浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),血IL5水平与ECP浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01);治疗后血ECP、IL5、TNFα水平和Eos计数较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01);痰液ECP、TNFα和IL5含量显著低于治疗前(P<0.01)。结论孟鲁司特可抑制哮喘中Eos引起的呼吸道炎症,降低血和痰液ECP、IL5、TNFα水平。抑制效应可能是孟鲁司特抗哮喘呼吸道炎症的重要机制。     

Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in controlling acute asthma exacerbations in children at home

Many clinicians advise their patients to increase the dose of inhaled corticosteroids during acute asthma exacerbations, without strong clinical evidence supporting this treatment. This study investigates the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in controlling acute asthma exacerbations in children at home. The study population consisted of children with mild intermittent, mild and moderate persistent asthma aged 1 to 14 years who were treated in our outpatient clinic with inhaled budesonide for 1 year. After participating in an asthma education session, the parents were instructed to initiate treatment with inhaled budesonide at the first signs of asthma exacerbation, starting with 200 to 400 microg budesonide, in combination with beta-2 agonists 4 times a day and followed by a decrease in the dose in 4 to 8 days. Asthma status and peak expiratory flow rates were measured in the 3 monthly follow-up visits. Only children who complied with the treatment regimen and came for follow-up visits regularly were included in the final analysis. One hundred fifty children used our treatment protocol with inhaled budesonide to control their asthma attacks. Clinical improvement of asthma symptoms was achieved after a mean of 1.8 +/- 0.7 days from the beginning of treatment. The parents were able to control 94% of the 1,061 episodes of asthma exacerbation occurring during a cumulative follow-up period of 239 years. In the 3-month period before enrollment, 101 children (67%) had used oral corticosteroids to control their asthma attacks and 50 (33%) were hospitalized. During the entire follow-up period, only 11 children (7%) used oral corticosteroids, and none of the children were hospitalized. The present study demonstrates that children with asthma can control their exacerbations at home using inhaled corticosteroids (budesonide). Treatment, starting with relatively high doses followed by a rapid reduction in dose over 4-8 days, resulted in a decrease in the use of oral steroids and in hospitalization. To achieve good results, patient compliance is essential.     

Management of severe asthma in children

The majority of children with asthma are classified as mild/moderate and can be successfully managed with regular inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. However, more than 5% of asthmatic children continue to have sub-optimal control despite apparently appropriate therapy. These children suffer significant morbidity including poor school attendance, adverse effects on family life and consume disproportionate health care resources. True therapy resistant asthma is rare in children and paediatricians should focus on ensuring the correct diagnosis, identifying and managing modifiable risk factors for difficult to control asthma before using the label severe asthma. Management of severe asthma requires a multidisciplinary approach. Symptomatic children on Step 4 (less than 5 years) or Step 5 (more than 5 years) of British Thoracic Society/SIGN Asthma Guideline or in children with diagnostic uncertainty should be referred to the local tertiary paediatric respiratory service.     

Update on National Asthma Education and Prevention Program pediatric asthma treatment recommendations

The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) published an update on selected topics from the 1997 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma and provided new evidence-based recommendations for asthma treatment. Selected topics on the long-term management of asthma in children addressed the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) compared with other asthma medications (i.e., as-needed beta(2)-adrenergic agonists and other controllers) in mild and moderate persistent asthma and the safety of long-term ICS use. The effects of early intervention with ICSs on asthma progression also were evaluated. An important new aspect of the treatment update entails the recommendation of ICSs as the controller medication of choice for all severities of persistent asthma in children. Additionally, on the basis of studies in adults, the Expert Panel suggested that long-acting beta(2)-adrenergic agonists are now the preferred adjunct to ICSs in children with moderate or severe persistent asthma. Based on long-term data in children, ICS therapy was deemed safe in terms of growth, bone mineral density, ocular effects, and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis function. Although members of the NAEPP Expert Panel determined that the effects of early intervention with ICSs on decline in lung function have not been adequately studied, they found that the effects on asthma control were substantial.     

舌下特异性免疫治疗对尘螨过敏性哮喘儿童的作用

目的：观察舌下特异性免疫治疗(sublingual immunotherapy, SLIT)联合吸入糖皮质激素(inhaled corticosteroids, ICS)与单独ICS治疗尘螨过敏轻、中度哮喘儿童的临床疗效,为哮喘的联合治疗提供更多的选择方案。方法：对尘螨过敏的轻、中度哮喘患儿32例随机分为两组： SLIT组(SLIT联合ICS治疗,18例)和对照组(单独ICS治疗,14例)。两组共30例完成为期1年的临床观察。比较两组患儿ICS给药总量、哮喘日间和夜间症状评分、皮肤点刺试验、肺功能、血清sIgE和sIgG4值、VAS评分（visual analog scale）的差异。结果：SLIT组在1年治疗结束ICS给药总量较对照组显著减少;与对照组相比,SLIT组的日、夜间哮喘症状评分显著降低,肺功能FEF25- 75%值显著增加,sIgE值及VAS评分降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;皮肤点刺反应计分、FEV1及sIgG4值两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在整个随访期两组均无严重不良反应。结论：SLIT联合ICS治疗在改善尘螨致敏哮喘患儿的日、夜间哮喘症状、肺功能及VAS评分方面的疗效优于单独使用ICS治疗。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（5）：344-347］     

The prevalence of ibuprofen-sensitive asthma in children: a randomized controlled bronchoprovocation challenge study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of ibuprofen-sensitive asthma in school-aged children with mild or moderate persistent asthma. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover bronchoprovocation challenge study in children 6 to 18 years of age with mild or moderate persistent asthma. Patients received a single dose of ibuprofen or placebo, per randomization, and then returned 2 to 7 days later to repeat the procedures after taking that study drug not received at the first visit. At each visit, patients performed spirometry before and (1/2), 1, 2, and 4 hours after administration of study drug. We defined bronchospasm as a > or =20% decrease from baseline in the forced expired volume in the first second (FEV1) and ibuprofen sensitivity as bronchospasm following administration of ibuprofen but not placebo. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients screened, 100 (mean age, 11 years) completed the study. Two patients met criteria for ibuprofen-sensitive asthma, resulting in a prevalence of 2% (95% CI: 0.2%-7%). Neither patient was known to have had any exposure to ibuprofen before the study. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ibuprofen-sensitive asthma was low but non-zero in this group of children with mild or moderate asthma. The possibility of ibuprofen-induced bronchospasm should be considered before administering ibuprofen to children with asthma.     

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??Objective??To investigate the effects of long-term inhalation of corticosteroids at low dose on the height of Chinese children with mild to moderate asthma. Methods??From August 2015 to July 2016??a total of 966 prepubertal children aged 3.0 to 9.5 years from the Cooperative Group of Asthma??the Subspecialty Group of Respiration??the Society of Pediatrics??Chinese Medical Association were enrolled for the analysis of the cross-sectional questionnaire survey??in which 173 were asthmatic children who had received at least 12-month ICS treatment at low dose and stopped the ICS treatment at least 6 months before enrollment??415 were asthmatic children who had received any ICS treatment for no more than 2 months in a year or who didn’t receive ICS treatment??and 378 were healthy controls. The analysis of variance??ANOVA?? test was used to compare height standard deviation score??SDS??and height velocity among these three groups. The t test was used to analyze changes of height indicators across time in the long-term ICS treatment group. Results??No difference was found in the height SDS and weight SDS at enrollment??or in the height SDS and weight SDS one year before enrollment??or in growth velocity and weight velocity among these three groups. In the long-term ICS treatment group??the height SDS slightly decreased at withdrawal of ICS treatment??-0.62±2.75?? compared to that at the start of ICS treatment??-0.23±1.71?? and one year before enrollment??-0.20±2.91????but significantly increased after at least six monthsof withdrawalofICS??enrollment????0.15±1.39??. The height SDS after five years of treatment with ICS was -0.95±1.41??which was significantly reduced compared to the height SDS after one to three years of treatment??0.17±1.40??P??0.020?? or three to five years of treatment??0.32±1.27??P??0.013??. Conclusion??Long-term treatment????five years?? with ICS at low dose is not associated with height reduction in prepubertal children with mild to moderate asthma.     

Serum total and free carnitine levels in children with asthma

Background  Serum carnitine is decreased in recurrent pulmonary infections. We aimed to evaluate serum carnitine levels in asthmatic children. Methods  Study group consisted of children with stable asthma and those with acute asthma attacks, while control group included healthy children. Attack severity was determined by the pulmonary score system. Total and free carnitine levels were studied in one blood sample from the control group and stable asthmatics and in two samples from children with acute asthma exacerbation during and after the attack. Results  All the 40 patients in the study group had moderate asthma including 30 with acute attack (13 mild and 17 moderate) and 10 with stable asthma. Carnitine levels were significantly lower in acute attack asthmatics than in the stable asthmatics and controls, while there was no significant difference between the latter two groups. Carnitine levels were not different between asthmatics with mild and moderate attack, and were similar during and after an acute attack. Conclusions  Serum carnitine levels decrease in children with moderate asthma during exacerbation of asthma and shortly thereafter. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of carnitine treatment on serum carnitine level.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇在治疗儿童支气管哮喘中的临床疗效分析

目的评估高选择性β2受体激动剂硫酸沙丁胺醇在儿童支气管哮喘轻中度急性发作治疗中的临床疗效与安全性。方法门诊诊断为哮喘轻中度急性发作的5～13岁患儿104例,随机分为硫酸沙丁胺醇缓释胶囊组(A组,52例)和丙卡特罗组(B组,52例)。观察2周,记录患儿哮喘日间及夜间症状评分及清晨峰流速值占正常预计值的百分比(PEFam%),在治疗前及治疗第7、14天检查肺功能,记录1 s用力呼气量占正常预计值的百分比(FEV1%),评估临床疗效评分及有效率,记录不良反应。结果 A组在治疗后第7、14天的哮喘日间症状、夜间症状、FEV1%、PEFam%与治疗前比较,均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001);与B组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组临床总有效率、不良反应事件发生率与B组相比差异均无统计学意义(χ2=3.041、0.343,P均>0.05)。结论硫酸沙丁胺醇缓释胶囊在治疗哮喘轻中度急性发作中能较好改善患儿的临床症状及肺功能,缓解喘息,维持症状稳定,有较好的安全性。[临床儿科杂志,2011,29(10):967-970]     

Anti-inflammatory treatment of asthma: differentiation and trial-and-error

The relative lack of evidence for anti-inflammatory treatment of some phenotypes of asthma in children has been highlighted in recent guidelines and consensus reports specifically aiming at the paediatric population. Consequently, we are left with a need for defining treatment strategies in the clinical setting. The decision to initiate antiinflammatory treatment should be based on assessments of the individual child's age, the type of asthma, severity, heredity and atopic condition, adherence factors and sensitivity to systemic adverse effects of treatment options. Inhaled corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents that are effective in the whole spectrum of asthma in school age children. In toddlers with viral wheeze and in children with mild asthma oral leukotriene receptor antagonists or inhaled corticosteroids may be given on a trial-and-error basis.
Conclusion:  To treat all children with asthma equally effectively from infancy through adolescence does not mean that they should be treated identically and in some types of asthma a trial-and-error approach may be warranted.     

Benefits of a school-based asthma treatment program in the absence of secondhand smoke exposure: results of a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND: Daily maintenance medications are recommended for all children with mild persistent to severe persistent asthma; however, poor adherence to these medications is common. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of school-based provision of inhaled corticosteroids on asthma severity among urban children with mild persistent to severe persistent asthma. DESIGN: Children aged 3 to 7 years with mild persistent to severe persistent asthma were identified at the start of the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 school years in Rochester. Children were assigned randomly to a school-based care group (daily inhaled corticosteroids provided through the school) or a usual-care group (inhaled corticosteroids not given through school). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Improvement in parent-reported symptom-free days. RESULTS: Of 242 eligible children, 184 were enrolled from 54 urban schools. Data for 180 children were available. Parents of children in the school-based care group had a greater improvement in quality of life compared with parents of children in the usual-care group (change score, 0.63 vs 0.24; P =.047); also, children in the school-based care group vs the usual-care group missed less school because of asthma (mean total days missed, 6.8 vs 8.8; P =.047) and experienced more symptom-free days during the early winter months (mean days per 2-week period, 9.2 vs 7.3; P =.02). A post hoc analysis revealed that all significant findings were produced by differences among children who were not exposed to secondhand smoke. Furthermore, among children not exposed to smoke, those in the school-based care group vs the usual-care group had more symptom-free days overall (11.5 vs 10.5; P =.046), had fewer days needing rescue medications (1.6 vs 2.3; P =.03), and were less likely to have had 3 or more acute visits for asthma (6 [13%] of 47 children vs 17 [31%] of 54 children; P =.03). CONCLUSIONS: School-based provision of inhaled corticosteroids significantly improved symptoms, quality of life, and absenteeism among urban children with mild persistent to severe persistent asthma. This effect was seen only among children not exposed to secondhand smoke.