Tumor cell radiosensitivity is a major determinant of tumor response to radiation

Substantial evidence suggests that the radiosensitivity of the tumor cells is the primary determinant of tumor response to radiation. More recent studies suggest that tumor stroma radiosensitivity is the principle determinant of response. To assess the relationship between intrinsic tumor cell radiosensitivity and tumor response, we altered the intrinsic radiosensitivity of a cloned tumor cell line and analyzed the effect of this alteration on tumor response. A cloned tumor cell line derived from DNA double-strand break repair--deficient severe combined immunodeficient mice was transfected with the double-strand break repair gene DNA-PKcs. The intrinsic radiosensitivity of the transfected tumor line was decreased by a factor of approximately 1.5. The isogenic lines were used to initiate tumors in NCr-nu/nu mice. When transplanted in the same strain of mice and exposed to the same dose of radiation, the isogenic tumors may be expected to exhibit a similar response to radiation if radiation damage to host stroma is the principle determinant of response. This was not observed. Over the dose range of 20 Gy in four 5-Gy fractions to a single dose of 30 Gy, the 1.5-fold increase in intrinsic tumor cell radioresistance conferred by the introduction of DNA-PKcs caused a 1.5-fold decrease in tumor growth delay. The results show that the intrinsic radiosensitivity of tumor cells is a major determinant of tumor response to radiation.     

CoCl2诱导缺氧对Eca109细胞细胞周期及放射敏感性的影响

Objective:To investigate the change of the cell cycle,apoptosis and radiosensitivity effect by CoCl2 induced hypoxia in esophageal cancer line Eca109 cells in vitro.Methods:The hypoxia culture model induced by 150 microM CoCl2 was established.The cell cycle and apoptosis were measured with flow cytometry (FCM).The radiosensitivity was analysized with clonogenic assay after irradiation alone or combined with hypoxia in Eca109 cells in vitro.Results:Eca109 cells were treated with 150 microM CoCl2 for 24 h,cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase increase and decreasing arrest in S phase with longer of hypoxiac time (0-24 h),the other rate of cell cycle and apoptosis did not change obviously.The G2/M phase block was arrested obviously in radiation alone comparing with the hypoxia plus irradiated group,apoptosis did not occur in Eca109 cell line following irradiation.The DO value and cell surviving fraction of Eca109 cell was 2.48 Gy,2.44 Gy and 97.33%,96.33% in hypoxia and control group,respectively;the Dq value of Eca109 cell was 2.89 Gy,0.52 Gy,the cell surviving fraction after radiation with 4 Gy was 48.3%,21.7% in hypoxia and control group,respectively.The hypoxia decreased the radiosensitivity in esophageal cancer Eca109 cells with clonogenic assay.Conclusion:Hypoxia induced by CoCl2 influences radiosensitivity of Eca109 cell through regulating cellular proliferation rates.     

Lack of a correlation between micronucleus formation and radiosensitivity in established and primary cultures of human tumours.

The radiation-induced genotoxic damage in three established cell lines and 15 primary cultures of human malignant melanoma and ovarian carcinoma showing different radiosensitivity was tested by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. A dose-related increase in micronucleus frequency was observed in all the cell systems. The mean number of micronuclei per Gy of ionising radiation per binucleated cell was respectively 0.44 +/- 0.0075 and 0.43 +/- 0.04 for M14 and JR8 malignant melanoma cell lines and 0.19 +/- 0.013 for the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. The number of micronuclei did not rank the cell lines in the same order of radiosensitivity as clonogenic cell survival, which showed a surviving fraction at 2 Gy of 0.38 +/- 0.02 for JR8, 0.34 +/- 0.05 for M14 and 0.22 +/- 0.007 for A2780. As regards primary tumour cultures, no correlation was observed between micronucleus induction and surviving fraction at 2 Gy. In conclusion, the discrepancy we observed between micronucleus formation and cell death raises doubts about the potential of the micronucleus assay as a preclinical means to predict radiosensitivity.     

沉默CDKN1A基因对鼻咽癌放射抗拒性CNE-2R细胞放射敏感性的影响

目的：探讨CDKN1A基因的表达与鼻咽癌放射敏感性的关系。方法构建慢病毒表达载体LV-CDKN1A-RNAi并转染鼻咽癌放射抗拒性CNE-2R细胞,设转染LV-CDKN1A-RNAi慢病毒的CNE-2R细胞为实验组,转染阴性对照慢病毒的CNE-2R细胞为阴性对照组,未转染的CNE-2R细胞为空白对照组。用CCK-8法、细胞克隆形成实验及流式细胞术分别检测各组细胞增殖、放射敏感性及细胞周期的变化。结果成功构建了CDKN1A基因沉默的CNE-2R细胞,CCK-8法检测显示实验组CNE-2R细胞在照射6 Gy后生长受到抑制,且随时间延长其抑制作用更为明显。细胞克隆形成实验显示实验组CNE-2R细胞放射敏感性增强（放射增敏比为SER=1.24）。流式细胞术检测显示实验组与对照组细胞相比, G0/G1期和G2/M期细胞分布在X射线照射6 Gy前后明显改变（P约0.05）。结论 CDKN1A基因沉默能增强鼻咽癌放射抗拒性CNE-2R细胞的放射敏感性,CDKN1A基因的表达可能与鼻咽癌放射敏感性相关,有望成为鼻咽癌治疗的新靶点。     

Late G1 accumulation after 2 Gy of gamma-irradiation is related to endogenous Raf-1 protein expression and intrinsic radiosensitivity in human cells.

We have previously reported a correlation between high endogenous expression of the protein product of the RAF-1 proto-oncogene, intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity and rapid exit from a G2/M delay induced by 2 Gy of gamma-irradiation. Raf1 is a positive serine/threonine kinase signal transduction factor that relays signals from the cell membrane to the MAP kinase system further downstream and is believed to be involved in an ionizing radiation signal transduction pathway modulating the G1/S checkpoint. We therefore extended our flow cytometric studies to investigate relationships between radiosensitivity, endogenous expression of the Raf1 protein and perturbation of cell cycle checkpoints, leading to alterations in the G1, S and G2/M populations after 2 Gy of gamma-irradiation. Differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity after modulation of the G1/S checkpoint have generally been understood to involve p53 function up to the present time. A role for dominant oncogenes in control of G1/S transit in radiation-treated cells has not been identified previously. Here, we show in 12 human in vitro cancer cell lines that late G1 accumulation after 2 Gy of radiation is related to both Raf1 expression (r = 0.91, P = 0.0001) and the radiosensitivity parameter SF2 (r = -0.71, P = 0.009).     

Effect of ionizing radiation on cell-cycle progression and cyclin B1 expression in human melanoma cells

In the present study we investigated the effect of γ-irradiation (2.5 and 10 Gy) on cell-cycle progression of a human melanoma cell line, M14, characterized by a moderate radiosensitivity (SF2 = 0.5). Flow cytometric analysis showed a dose-dependent S-phase accumulation, which was detectable 8 hr after treatment with 2 and 5 Gy and was still persistent at 12 hr after 10 Gy exposure. Such a delay in S-phase was paralleled or followed by an accumulation of cells in G₂M, which was transient at the lowest radiation doses and still persistent at 72 hr after 10 Gy. Such an accumulation was, at least in part, due to a block in G₂-M transition, as demonstrated by mitotic index analysis. Bivariate flow cytometric analysis of DNA content and cyclin B₁ expression showed that, following 2 and 5 Gy, the fraction of cyclin B₁-expressing cells was superimposable upon that of G₂M cells. Conversely, in cells treated with 10 Gy, the fraction of cyclin B₁-expressing cells was half the G₂M cell fraction. Northern-blot analysis indicated that the radiation-induced decrease in cyclin B₁ protein expression was accompanied by a reduced cyclin B mRNA level. On the whole, our results indicate a direct inhibitory effect of 10 Gy irradiation on cyclin B₁ expression as a possible cause for the persistent G₂ block in irradiated M14 cells. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Oncogenes and cellular-sensitivity to radiotherapy - a study on murine keratinocytes transformed by v-h-ras, v-myc, v-Neu, adenovirus e1a and mutant p53

Mechanisms involved in cellular radioresistance are mostly unknown and may be related to specific genetic alterations. In order to correlate the most frequent oncogenic alterations detected in tumors and ionizing radiation resistance, we studied the effect of irradiation on murine keratinocytes transformed by different oncogenes. Mouse PAM 212 keratinocytes were transformed by transfection or retroviral mediated infection with the oncogenes v-H-ras, v-myc, adenovirus Ela, neu and a mutant p53 (mp53). Cells were gamma irradiated with a Co-60 source. Cell viability was evaluated by the crystal violet method and thymidine uptake and data adjusted to the linear-quadratic model. Surviving fraction 2Gy (SF2) and DO was calculated. Cell cycle study was assessed by incorporation of bromodeoxyridine (BrdUrd) and flow cytometry. p53 protein was studied by Western-blot and apoptosis in DNA agarose gels. The surviving fraction for the different keratinocytes, PAM 212, 212 neo, 212 Ela, 212 v-H-ras, 212 myc, 212 neu and 212 mp53 was 0.79, 0.78, 0.34, 0.82, 0.68, 0.74, and 0.72, respectively. Ela oncogene induced a great sensitivity to irradiation and v-H-ras a mild radioresistance. In flow cytometry, 212 Ela keratinocytes displayed a pronounced and prolonged arrest in G2/M phase. Apoptosis was observed after irradiation only in the 212 Ela keratinocytes. With these results, we conclude that some oncogene products may modulate radiosensitivity in keratinocytes. Mechanisms involved in radiosensitivity mediated by the Ela oncogene seem to be related to p53 protein level, induction of apoptosis and to an irreversible premitotic arrest in G2/M phase, ineffective for repair of DNA damage.     

Radiosensitivity of human melanoma spheroids influenced by growth rate

The radiosensitivity of human melanoma cell line BRO was investigated using the multicellular tumor spheroid system. By adding different concentrations of bovine serum to the tissue culture medium, two different growth rates could be obtained. Spheroids (200-250 microns) were irradiated with graded single doses of X rays (2-8 Gy). The radiation response was quantified using specific growth delay, clonogenic cell survival, and spheroid cure. All three assays showed a growth rate dependent radiation response. At both growth rates the spheroid growth fraction and critical cell number were of comparable magnitude. There was a strong correlation between the radiation response of spheroid regenerating units and clonogenic cells from dispersed spheroids. Cell survival curves indicated a decreased ability to accumulate sublethal damage in fast growing multicellular tumor spheroids. From this study it appears that the intrinsic radiosensitivity of human melanoma cell line BRO cells in multicellular spheroids is modulated by intratumoral conditions.     

c-erbB-2-siRNA对结肠癌HT-29细胞放射敏感性影响的研究

目的:观察单纯放射及放射联合应用siRNA对细胞增殖、细胞周期、凋亡和放射增敏性的影响.方法:分别用X射线单纯放射和放射合并转染c-erbB-2-siRNA质粒的结肠癌细胞(分别分为3组pGenesil-erbB-2实验组、阴性质粒对照组和转染试剂对照组),MTT法、平板克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖和放射敏感性,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和凋亡.结果:6、8GyX射线照射组较0、2和4 Gy组的吸光度A值分别为0.314±0.035、0.117±0.009和0.721±0.044、0.608±0.018、0.584±0.041,6、8 Gy组显著低于0、2和4 Gy组,P=0.000 1;放射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组在0、2、4、6和8 Gy照射组的吸光度A值分别为0.741±0.024、0.611±0.071、0.538±0.041、0.245±0.029和0.117±0.011,均显著低于其他两组,P=0.000 1.4、6、8组和0、2 Gy组G2/M期细胞数分别为12.19±0.41、15.02±0.38、18.56±0.94及6.50±0.43、5.26±0.71,前者显著高于后者,P=0.000 1;4 Gy X射线照射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组、转染试剂对照组及阴性质粒对照组G0/G1期细胞数分别为79.93±0.79、69.34±1.17和69.40±0.84,实验组显著高于其他两组,P=0.000 1.0、2、4、6和8 GyX射线照射诱导HT-29细胞发生凋亡的无明显差别,P=0.065;4 Gy X射线照射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组、阴性质粒对照组和转染试剂对照组的细胞凋亡率分别为19.21±3.54、6.82±0.74和7.56±0.35,实验组显著高于其他两组,P=0.000 1.放射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组的放射增敏比为1.283和1.242,均＞1.结论:放射联合应用c-erbB-2-siRNA对结肠癌HT-29细胞具有抑制细胞增殖、诱导凋亡和放射增敏作用.     

shRNA转染对食管癌细胞TE13中CHK1和CHK2表达以及照射后G2/M期阻滞的影响

背景与目的:肿瘤细胞照射后常表现为细胞周期的变化,本研究采用细胞周期监测点激酶CHK1和CHK2基因的短发卡状RNA(shRNA)转染食管癌细胞,观察对其蛋白表达以及60Co γ射线照射后细胞周期的影响.方法:设计合成并构建质粒连接的CHK1和CHK2 shRNA,分别提取质粒DNA并采用脂质体转染TE13细胞并传代;采用Western blot、RT-PCR和流式细胞仪分别检测CHK1和CHK2蛋白和muRNA表达、以及5 Gy 60Co γ射线照射后细胞周期变化,克隆形成实验检测5 Gy γ射线照射后细胞存活率.结果:采用CHK1和CHK2 shRNA转染TE13细胞后,其mRNA和蛋白表达均明显降低.单纯5 Gy γ射线照射后24 h,TE13细胞G2/M期比例由未照射组的32.17%增至6147%;shRNA转染的TE13细胞在5 Gy γ射线照射后24 h,C2/M期比例由单纯照射组的61 47%降至28.13%(CHK1)和42.80%(CHK2),P＜0.05.5 Gy γ射线、CHK1 shRNA力5 Gy γ射线、以及CHK2 shRNA力5 Gy γ射线照射后,细胞存活率分别为27.0%、13.0%和21.0%.shRNA转染的子一代TE13细胞在转染后120 h,对CHK1和CHK2蛋白表达的抑制作用已基本消失:转染120 h后以5 Gy γ射线照射24 h,CHK1或CHK2 shRNA转染组G2/M期比例高于单纯照射组,P＜0.05;至转染后144 h和5 Gy γ射线照射后48 h,转染组与单纯照射组比较G2/M期比例无明显差别,P＞0.05.结论:采用质粒连接的人CHK1和CHK2 shRNA转染TE13细胞后,可以明显抑制其mRNA和蛋白表达并消除照射后G2/M期阻滞,增加放射敏感性;提示TE13细胞γ射线照射后G2/M期检测点可能受CHK1和CHK2激酶双重调节,但以CHK1为主.     

Radiosensitization in sarcoma cell lines with a p53 missense mutation correlates with prevention of irradiation G2/M arrest but not with induction of apoptosis

We analysed the effects of caffeine and taxol on the radiobiological behaviour of two human sarcoma cell lines (RD, SK-LMS-1) each with a p53 missense mutation. Treatment with 2 mM caffeine resulted in an inhibition of the irradiation induced G2/M arrest in both cell lines. This effect was coupled with a radiosensitization in cell line SK-LMS-1 after an irradiation with 6 Gy (enhancement factor of 5.0). However, the effect of radiosensitization was not correlated with an induction of apoptosis. Incubation with 20 nM taxol increased the irradiation induced apoptosis almost 3-fold in cell line SK-LMS-1, but not in cell line RD. However, taxol had no effect on the irradiation induced G2/M arrest or radiosensitivity in either cell line. The results support the hypothesis that the prevention of irradiation induced G2/M arrest but not the induction of apoptosis plays a critical role in determining radiosensitivity in sarcoma cell lines with p53 mutations.     

siRNA抑制survivin基因周期的影响表达对HeLa细胞

目的设计靶向survivin基因的干涉片段,构建真核表达载体pSUPER／survivin并转染宫颈癌HeLa细胞,探讨siRNA抑制survivin表达对联合1射线宫颈癌HeLa细胞周期的影响。方法化学合成干涉引物,退火获得survivin基因的干涉片段,连入pSUPER载体并测序。将测序正确的pSUPER／survivin载体转染HeLa细胞株,RT—PCR法和流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞中survivin基因的表达,流式细胞术检测转染联合＇射线照射后各组细胞的细胞周期数据。结果本实验成功的构建了pSUPER／survivin载体。转染pSUPER／survivin的HeLa细胞其survivin基因表达水平明显低于未转染的HeLa细胞及转染空载体pSUPER的HeLa细胞。1射线照射后,转染pSUPER／survivin的HeLa细胞发生了S期细胞比例下降,及G2／M期阻滞。结论成功的构建了pSUPER／survivin载体,siRNA干涉survivin可以作为提高放射敏感性的潜在分子靶点,通过减少S期细胞比例,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,通过增加G2／M期阻滞增加放射线的杀伤。     

单次、分次照射与125I 粒子低剂量率照射对人喉鳞癌 Hep2细胞的抑制作用

目的：探讨125I 粒子持续低剂量率照射与分次照射、单次照射对人喉鳞癌细胞 Hep2的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法实验分为无照射对照组（Ctrl 组）、单次照射组（SDR 组）、分次照射组（FDR 组）和125I 粒子持续低剂量率照射组（125I-CLDR 组）四组。采用细胞克隆形成实验法检测 Hep2细胞在不同照射条件下细胞克隆的形成能力;用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期阻滞情况;用蛋白印迹法检测不同照射条件后 Hep2细胞总γ-H2AX、CyclinB1、Caspase3蛋白表达的变化。结果经2 Gy、4 Gy、6 Gy 的剂量照射,125I-CLDR 组 Hep2细胞克隆形成率均低于 SDR 组和 FDR 组。经4 Gy 的剂量照射后,125I-CLDR 组 Hep2细胞出现 G2/M 期阻滞,且阻滞效应较 SDR 组及 FDR 组的细胞强;125I-CLDR 组 Hep2细胞的凋亡比例明显高于 SDR 组及 FDR 组;三个照射组γ-H2AX、CyclinB1、Caspase3、NF-κB、P21和 Cdk1的表达水平上调,125I-CLDR 组 p-Cdc25c 蛋白表达水平低于 SDR 组和 FDR 组。结论在本实验条件下,125I 粒子持续低剂量率照射较单次照射、分次照射能够诱发更多 Hep2细胞出现 DNA 损伤、引起持续的 G2/M 期阻滞、诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞的再增殖。     

RNA干扰MDC1基因对食管癌细胞X线照后细胞周期及相关蛋白表达影响

目的 利用RNA干扰技术降低食管癌细胞ECA109中MDC1基因表达, 观察照射后细胞周期和放射敏感性变化并探讨相关机制。方法 针对MDC1mRNA序列设计合成3对有效干扰序列和阴性对照序列, 与载体pSIH1-H1-copGFP形成重组质粒, RT-PCR和蛋白印迹法测定MDC1mRNA和蛋白水平表达。克隆形成实验检测细胞放射敏感性, 流式细胞术检测细胞周期, 蛋白印迹法检测CHK1、CHK2蛋白表达, 激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞核内MDC1斑点数量。单因素方差分析组间差别。结果 成功构建pMDC1-shRNA质粒并感染ECA109细胞, 获得稳定转染细胞ECA109M。ECA109M细胞MDC1mRNA、蛋白表达水平低于ECA109N、ECA109细胞(P=0.032、P=0.041)。5 Gy照射后ECA109M细胞G₂+M期比例低于ECA109N、ECA109(P=0.026)。5 Gy照射后ECA109、ECA109N、ECA109M细胞中CHK1和CHK2蛋白表达相近(P=0.345和P=0.451), ECA109M细胞CHK2T68蛋白表达低于ECA109、ECA109N细胞(P=0.012)。ECA109细胞D₀值为3.06 Gy, SF₂值为0.91;ECA109N、ECA109M细胞的D₀值分别为2.90、1.88 Gy;SF₂值分别为0.89、0.84(P=0.021;P=0.037)。结论 RNA干扰降低MDC1蛋白表达后可以降低细胞周期相关蛋白的表达, 解除细胞周期阻滞, 增强食管癌细胞ECA109的放射敏感性。     

辐射对食管癌Eca-109细胞COX-2表达的影响及其放射增敏意义

目的:探讨不同辐射剂量对食管癌Eca-109细胞COX-2表达的影响及其与放射敏感性的关系,为合理应用COX-2抑制剂提供实验依据.方法:X线照射食管癌Eca-109细胞,2Gy/f,以照射累积剂量(0Gy、20Gy、40Gy)将其分为Eca 109、Eca 109-20、Eca-109-40组;COX-2抑制剂尼美舒利培育Eca-109-40组细胞为Eca-109-40R;RT-PCR及Western-blot检测细胞COX-2的表达;克隆形成实验检测细胞放射敏感性;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布.结果:Eca-109-40细胞COX-2表达增高(P<0.05),放射敏感性降低(P<0.05),细胞周期S期比例增多(P<0.05),Eca 109 与Eca 109-20之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Eca-109-40R较Eca-109-40 COX-2表达下降(P<0.05),放射敏感性增高(P<0.05),细胞周期S期比例减少(P<0.05).结论:辐射累积剂量在40Gy时Eca-109细胞COX-2的表达较高,癌细胞放射敏感性降低;照射40Gy时加用尼美舒利可提高细胞放射敏感性.     

Enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity and abrogation of G2 and S phase arrest by the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin.

PURPOSE: Because of the potential for affecting multiple signaling pathways, inhibition of Hsp90 may provide a strategy for enhancing tumor cell radiosensitivity. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of the orally bioavailable Hsp90 inhibitor 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) on the radiosensitivity of human tumor cells in vitro and grown as tumor xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The effect of 17-DMAG on the levels of three proteins (Raf-1, ErbB2, and Akt) previously implicated in the regulation of radiosensitivity was determined in three human solid tumor cell lines. A clonogenic assay was then used to evaluate cell survival after exposure to 17-DMAG followed by irradiation. For mechanistic insight, the G(2)- and S-phase checkpoints were evaluated in 17-DMAG-treated cells. Finally, the effect of in vivo administration of 17-DMAG in combination with radiation on the growth rate of xenograft tumors was determined. RESULTS: 17-DMAG exposure reduced the levels of the three radiosensitivity-associated proteins in a cell line-specific manner with ErbB2 being the most susceptible. Corresponding concentrations of 17-DMAG enhanced the radiosensitivity of each of the tumor cell lines. This sensitization seemed to be the result of a 17-DMAG-mediated abrogation of the G(2)- and S-phase cell cycle checkpoints. The oral administration of 17-DMAG to mice bearing tumor xenografts followed by irradiation resulted in a greater than additive increase in tumor growth delay. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that 17-DMAG enhances the in vitro and in vivo radiosensitivity of human tumor cells. The mechanism responsible seems to involve the abrogation of radiation-induced G(2)- and S-phase arrest.     

鼠乳腺癌细胞SX-9放射敏感性与细胞周期研究

通过对小鼠乳腺癌放射敏感细胞SX 9照射前、后细胞周期分布及其 p5 3基因状态等研究 ,初步探讨其放射敏感性与照射后细胞周期阻滞的关系。方法　利用克隆形成法比较SX 9与SR 1细胞照射后细胞存活份数及流式细胞术研究其细胞周期分布的差异 ;RT PCR克隆并鉴定p5 3基因 ;DNA电泳、流式细胞术和苔盼蓝染色研究细胞死亡方式。 结果　SX 9细胞对γ射线高度敏感 ,照射后G1 期阻滞消失 ,但仍存在G2 期阻滞 ;其 p5 3基因第 5外显子存在突变 ,DNA电泳检测不到DNAladder;苔盼蓝染色检测到的细胞死亡比例与对照组无显著差异。结论　γ射线照射放射敏感细胞SX 9细胞周期改变与其亲本细胞SR 1明显不同。SX 9亲本细胞SR 1细胞存在G1 ,G2 期阻滞。DNA电泳及苔盼蓝染色检测结果与SX 9细胞相同。结果表明SX 9细胞对放射敏感不是由于照射后细胞凋亡所致 ,而是由于其失去增殖能力引起增殖死亡的结果。     

Inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway potentiates radiation-induced cell killing via cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition and independently of increased signaling by the JNK/c-Jun pathway

The ability of low dose ionizing radiation (2 Gy) to modulate the activities of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1) cascades in human monocytic leukemia (U937/pREP4) cells and in cells over-expressing dominant negative c-Jun (TAM67) (U937/TAM67) was investigated. Radiation exposure caused prolonged ( approximately 1 h) MAPK activations in U937 cells. In contrast, low dose irradiation weakly modulated JNK1 activity in these cells. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway by use of the specific MEK1/2 inhibitor (10 microM PD98059) in both U937/pREP4 and U937/TAM67 cells prior to radiation exposure permitted strong prolonged radiation-induced activations of JNK1. Expression of TAM67 decreased the ability of radiation to cause apoptosis compared to control transfected cells. However, combined MEK1/2 inhibition and radiation exposure in both cell types caused a large decrease in suspension culture growth and a large increase in apoptosis, when compared to either treatment alone. Reduced proliferation after combined irradiation and PD98059 treatment in both cell types correlated with prolonged cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Prolonged growth arrest was abolished when MEK1/2 inhibitor was removed 6 h following irradiation, which was associated with a reduction in apoptosis. The ability of MEK1/2 inhibition to cause prolonged G2/M growth arrest was reduced in U937 cells stably transfected with a p21Cip-1/WAF1 antisense construct (U937/p21AS). This data correlated with an enhancement of radiation-induced apoptosis and a reduced ability of MEK1/2 inhibition to potentiate apoptosis. Collectively our data demonstrate that inhibition of MEK1/2 function increases the radiation sensitivity of U937 cells, independently of c-Jun function, and decreases the ability of these cells to recover from the radiation-induced G2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest. In addition, our data also demonstrate that the ability of MEK1/2 inhibition to potentiate radiation-induced cell death in U937 cells in part requires an ability of cells to express low levels of p21Cip-1/WAF1.     

敲低Bmi-1对鼻咽癌细胞CNE2放射敏感性的影响

目的探讨敲低Bmi-1的表达水平对鼻咽癌细胞CNE2放射敏感性的影响。方法通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western blotting检测4种鼻咽癌细胞株CNE1、CNE2、HNE1和HONE1中Bmi-1的表达,筛选出高表达Bmi-1的细胞株。设计3条针对Bmi-1 mRNA的干扰序列(shRNA1、shRNA2、shRNA3),用于构建慢病毒重组载体Bmi-1-shRNA1、Bmi-1-shRNA2、Bmi-1-shRNA3,然后转染至高表达Bmi-1的细胞株中,筛选出敲低Bmi-1效果最佳的慢病毒重组载体。将筛选出的慢病毒重组载体转染至高表达Bmi-1的鼻咽癌细胞株中,使用2 Gy放射线(IR)进行照射,通过平板克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布及凋亡情况。结果在4种鼻咽癌细胞株中,CNE2细胞的Bmi-1 mRNA表达水平最高(P<0.05),CNE1、CNE2细胞中Bmi-1蛋白表达相对较高(P<0.05)。构建的3条慢病毒重组载体Bmi-1-shRNA1、Bmi-1-shRNA2、Bmi-1-shRNA3均可降低CNE2细胞中...     

Influence of the H-ras oncogene on radiation responses of a rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell line.

Rat R2k rhabdomyosarcoma cells were transfected with the human H-ras oncogene, which resulted in increased resistance to cell kill in vitro by a single dose of 137Cs gamma-rays. A subline carrying one oncogene showed an increase in the quasi-threshold dose (Dq) from 0.88 to 1.48 Gy. Another subline containing six oncogenes not only had an increased Dq of 1.59 Gy but also showed an increase in the dose reducing cell survival to a fraction of e-1 = 0.37 (D0) from 1.25 to 1.76 Gy. Analysis of the cell survival data according to the linear-quadratic formalism indicated that a decrease in the value of the coefficient of the linear component alpha is associated with a H-ras-mediated increase in radioresistance. In fractionated irradiation experiments it was observed that with a dose of 1 Gy/fraction a 1.8 times higher dose for an isoeffect of 10% cell survival (D10) was needed for a subline with one H-ras oncogene, while with fraction doses of 2 or 4 Gy only a 1.2 times higher D10 was found. This indicates a more efficient repair of radiation-induced damage in the transfected subline. Tumors arising in the rat gastrocnemius muscle inoculated with cultured cells were irradiated with different doses of 300-kV X-rays. A single dose of 45 Gy was found to result in a 6% cure rate for the subline containing one H-ras oncogene and a 32% for the parental line. When a priming dose of 45 Gy was followed by fractionated irradiation with 1 Gy/fraction, an extra dose of 51 Gy would be needed to obtain a 75% cure rate for the transfected subline. An extra dose of only 10 Gy would be needed for the parental line. The percentage cure per unit of dose for the parental line irradiated with 1 Gy/fraction was estimated to be 4.3%.Gy-1, whereas for the transfected tumor line it was 1.4%.Gy-1. This means that a 3.0 times higher cumulated absorbed dose would be needed for enhancing the cure rate from 32% to 75% in the subline with H-ras than for the parental line. With 2 Gy/fraction the difference in extra doses required for obtaining isolevels of cure rates was found to be small, a factor of 1.4. The results indicate that in the course of fractionated irradiation with 1 Gy/fraction, in vivo repair is much more efficient in the transfected subline.