HPLC法测定环吡酮胺搽剂的含量及其有关物质

目的:建立HPLC测定环吡酮胺搽剂中环吡酮胺的含量.方法:采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇∶乙腈∶水相(含25 mmol·L-1枸缘酸和2.5 mmol·L-1 EDTA,20％ NaOH调pH 7.0)(32∶ 18∶ 50)为流动相,检测波长为307 nm,流速为l ml·min-1,柱温30℃,进样量20μl.结果:有关物质含量为0.58％,环吡酮胺在20 ～ 200mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为101.23％(RSD=1.88％,n=9).结论:本法准确、可靠、重复性好,可用于控制环吡酮胺搽剂的质量和有关物质的测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定注射用唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质

目的:建立了测定注射用唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:采用C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-四氢呋喃-0．05 mol·L-1磷酸氢二铵(4:1:100,磷酸调节pH值2．55)为流动相用于含量测定,以0．03％氢氧化四丁基铵水溶液(磷酸调节pH值2．55)-乙腈(100:7)为流动相用于有关物质测定。流速1．0 mL·min-1,UV检测波长218 nm。结果:含量测定条件下注射用唑来膦酸在5～125μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0．999 9),平均回收率100．3％,RSD=0．50％,有关物质测定条件下,各有关物质与主药的分离良好。结论:本法测定注射用唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质准确可靠。     

反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定唑来膦酸粉针剂中的主药和有关物质

目的:建立唑来膦酸粉针剂中有关物质和主药含量的测定方法.方法:采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为BDS柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.08%磷酸溶液-0.1%四丁基氢氧化胺溶液(100∶15,用三乙胺调pH值为4.02),流速1.0mL*min-1,检测波长217nm,柱温为室温.结果:本法使有关物质与主药分离良好,唑来膦酸在40.50～141.8μg*mL-1范围内,峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,平均回收率99.64%(n=9),RSD为0.87%.结论:本法操作方便,结果准确,重现性好,可用于唑来膦酸粉针剂中有关物质的检查及主药的含量测定.     

离子交换HPLC法测定唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质

目的采用阴离子交换高效液相色谱法测定唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质。方法HypersilSAX强碱型阴离子交换色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以0.03mol/L焦磷酸钠溶液-甲醇(85∶15)(混合后磷酸调pH为7.0)为流动相,流速约1ml/min,检测波长210nm,室温。结果唑来膦酸与有关物质分离良好,唑来膦酸在0.8～200μg/ml的浓度范围内,浓度与峰面积呈很好的线性关系(r=0.99999),平均回收率为99.78%,RSD=0.43%(n=9),最低检测浓度为0.04μg/ml。结论该方法分离效果好,准确、可靠、精密。     

离子对色谱法测定乙酰谷酰胺铝的含量与有关物质

目的:建立离子对色谱法测定乙酰谷酰胺铝(化学名:N-乙酰-L-谷氨酰胺铝复合物)的含量与有关物质.方法:采用Diamonsil C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水(含4 mmol·L-1四丁基氢氧化铵与30mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾,磷酸调pH 5.0)(1:100),柱温:室温,流速:1 mL·min-1,检测波长210 nm,进样量20 μL.结果:乙酰谷酰胺铝的线性范围为20～70 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.89%,RSD为1.1%.结论:本法操作简便,专属性好,适合于测定乙酰谷酰胺铝的含量与有关物质.     

HPLC法测定注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中的有关物质

目的:建立测定注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中有关物质的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Kromasil 100-5 C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水(含10 mmol·L-1四丁基氢氧化铵与10 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾)-甲醇(80∶20)为流动相;流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长:258 nm,柱温:30℃;进样量:20μl;应用外标法对注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中已知杂质阿糖腺苷和腺嘌呤进行检查,其他未知杂质用主成分自身对照法进行检查。结果:阿糖腺苷和腺嘌呤分别在0.0765~1.530 7μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9),0.078 0~1.560 0μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=0.2%,n=9)、97.0%(RSD=1.2%,n=9)。结论:该方法可用于注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷有关物质的测定。     

柱前衍生化RP-HPLC法测定桑枝总生物碱的含量

目的:建立桑枝总生物碱(1.脱氧野尻霉素)的含量测定方法.方法:以9-氯甲酸芴甲酯为柱前衍生化试剂,采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Dikma C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-75 mmol·L-1柠檬酸三钠溶液(磷酸调pH=4.2),梯度洗脱,检测波长为264 nm.以1-脱氧野尻霉素为对照,外标法计算桑枝总生物碱含量.结果:1-脱氧野尻霉素在20～500 mg·L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,检测限为2.6 ng.加样回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.9%(n=9).结论:本法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于桑枝总生物碱及其制剂的含量测定.     

离子色谱法测定依替膦酸二钠及其片剂的含量及有关物质

目的:建立离子色谱-抑制电导检测法测定依替膦酸二钠及其片剂的含量及有关物质。方法:采用IonPac AS11-HC阴离子交换色谱柱分离,30 mmol·L-1KOH溶液为淋洗液等度洗脱,抑制电导检测磷酸根、亚磷酸根等有关物质以及依替膦酸二钠的含量。结果:依替膦酸二钠在0.0021～0.1243 g·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997),依替膦酸二钠、磷酸和亚磷酸的检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.66 ng、0.36 ng、0.15 ng,片剂的平均回收率为98.0%(RSD=0.5%),各杂质与主成分色谱峰能够完全分离。结论:该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于依替膦酸二钠及其片剂的质量控制。     

FMOC-Cl柱前衍生化HPLC法测定注射用帕米膦酸二钠的含量

目的:建立氯甲酸-9-芴甲酯(FMOC-Cl)柱前衍生化HPLC法测定注射用帕米膦酸二钠的含量。方法:碱性条件下供试品与FMOC-Cl进行衍生化反应,采用Hypersil ODS2(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.4%EDTA溶液(用1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至7.2)(25∶75),流速1 mL·min-1,检测波长为265 nm。结果:帕米膦酸二钠浓度在0.05～1.00 mg·mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为101.0%(n=9)。结论:该方法专属性好,适合用于注射用帕米膦酸二钠的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定枸橼酸西地那非原料药的含量及有关物质

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定枸橼酸西地那非原料药的含量及有关物质。方法采用Phenomenex Luna C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.60 mm,5μm),流动相:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸三乙胺(取7 m L三乙胺用水稀释至1 000 m L,用磷酸调p H至4.0±0.1)-甲醇-乙腈(体积比为58∶25∶17),流速:1.0 m L·min-1,柱温:30℃,检测波长:290 nm,进样量:20μL。结果枸橼酸西地那非与各有关物质、降解产物均能良好的分离,西地那非的质量浓度在17.12~39.94 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),重复性好(RSD=0.3%),中间精密度佳(RSD=0.6%),平均回收率为100.7%(RSD=0.4%,n=9),检测限(S/N=3)为2.10 ng。结论本法可用于枸橼酸西地那非原料药含量测定和有关物质检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.