脑出血后中枢性低钠血症36例临床分析

目的 探讨脑出血后中枢性低钠血症的临床表现及诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析36例脑出血后出现中枢性低钠血症患者的临床资料.结果 除原发病症状外,30例患者新出现精神症状和意识改变.36例患者血钠均≤135mmol/L,尿钠均>260mmol/d.9例行中心静脉压(CVP)检测,6例CVP<6mm H2O(1 mm H2O=0.0098 kPa).20例诊断为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH),8例诊断为脑性盐耗损综合征(CSWS),另8例初诊断为SIADH,但经利尿、限水等治疗症状不好转,最终修正诊断为CSWS.20例SIADH患者给予限水、利尿等治疗,16例CSWS患者予水化、补钠治疗,血钠、尿钠均基本恢复正常,除4例仍昏迷外,32例病情均有好转.结论 中枢性低钠血症临床特征为低血钠、高尿钠及意识改变.SIADH以限水、利尿治疗为原则,CSWS则以水化、补钠治疗为原则.     

中枢性低钠血症的诊断和治疗(附26例报告)

目的：探讨中枢性低钠血症的发病机制、诊断和治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析中枢性低钠血症26例，其中抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征（SIADH）18例、脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）8例，通过其临床表现及实验室检查明确诊断，从而确定其有效的治疗方法。结果：23例低血钠症状恢复，2例血钠恢复正常，但仍昏迷出院，死亡1例。结论：低血钠、高尿钠及意识状态改变是中枢性低钠血症的诊断依据，SIADH应限水治疗，CSWS则水化和补盐治疗。     

神经外科低钠血症的临床分析

目的：探讨神经外科颅脑损伤患者低钠血症的发病机理、诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析700例颅脑损伤合并低钠血症患者的实验室检测结果,将患者分为轻-中型组360例,重型组340例,并与对照组比较,分析各组特征。重度颅脑损伤患者中由CSWS所致62例、SIADH所致40例,比较两者各指标的差异。结果：重型组和轻-中型组的血钠、尿钠及尿渗透压与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且前两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。CSWS组与SIADH组的发病时间,红细胞压积及血红蛋白浓度比较差异均有有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：颅脑损伤患者常发生低钠血症。重度颅脑损伤患者的血钠降低、尿钠及尿渗透压升高更明显。重度颅脑损伤可由SIADH和CSWS导致,在治疗上SIADH需要限水,CSWS需要补充血容量及丢失的钠盐。     

颅脑损伤后抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征诊治探讨

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征(SIADH)的临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析15例重型颅脑损伤后SIADH的临床表现和实验室检查特点,提出处理步骤和具体措施。结果15例按步骤限水后2~3天低血钠即开始改善,14天后血钠均恢复正常。3例死于脑伤过重,1例死于肺炎。结论SIADH诊断较困难,实验室检查指导和严密观察下限水试验性治疗对正确诊断和处理有重要意义。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭治疗时低钠血症的形成及其对预后的影响

目的观察分析慢性充血性心力衰竭治疗时低钠血症的形成原因以及低钠血症对预后的影响。方法选择该院收治的慢性充血性心力衰竭患者81例,检测其血钠浓度,对60例正常血钠浓度患者中30例进行限钠不限水以及30例不限钠水治疗,进行治疗2周后观察其血钠浓度,对21例血钠浓度不正常的患者7例进行补钠,7例进行限钠不限水,7例进行限水治疗,2周后观察其血钠浓度;选取本院收治的慢性充血性心力衰竭无低血钠症患者20例作为观察组,选取本院收治的慢性充血性心力衰竭合并低血钠症患者20例,作为对照组,观察组与对照组均进行相同治疗,21d后观察病况。结果 30例血钠正常患者中进行限钠不限水治疗的有15例出现低钠血症,占50%,30例血钠正常的患者进行不限钠水治疗,3例出现低血钠症,占10%;21例血钠浓度不正常的患者7例进行补钠治疗,6例血钠恢复治疗,占85.71%,7例进行限钠不限水治疗,血钠均未恢复正常,7例进行限水治疗,3例恢复正常血钠,占42.86%。观察组缓解率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论慢性充血性心力衰竭低钠血症的形成与限制钠盐摄入、不限制水摄入以及排钠利尿药物的运用有关,且低钠血症可对心力衰竭患者治疗产生影响,无低钠血症患者经治疗后缓解速度以及情况都比合并低钠血症患者疗效好。     

重型颅脑损伤后脑性盐耗综合征诊治的探讨

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤病人并发脑性盐耗综合征的病因、发病机制、诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析重型颅脑损伤后发生脑性盐耗综合征的26例，通过其临床表现及实验室指标明确诊断，确定有效的治疗方法。结果 5例死亡，2l例低血钠恢复正常。结论 低血钠、高尿钠、低血容量、高尿量、血浆心利钠肽和脑利钠肽升高是脑性盐耗综合征的特点，补盐、补水治疗安全、有效。     

重型颅脑损伤并发抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征临床分析

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤并发抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征(SIADH)机制,临床特征及治疗转归.方法:回顾分析17例颅脑损伤并发SIADH资料.结果:17例均有不同程度的脑挫裂伤和低钠、低氯血症、低渗血症及高尿钠症.结论:SIADH是由于下丘脑直接或间接损伤所致.治疗关键是严控摄入水量,适量补盐,将血钠控制在安全水平.     

重型颅脑损伤并发低钠血症临床分析

本文探讨重型颅脑损伤患者并发低钠血症的诊疗措施与预后关系。选择重型颅脑损伤并发低钠血症患者102例及对照组110例，对其血钠、血浆渗透压、ADH进行测定，并比较2组并发症发生率、病死率。结果表明重型颅脑损伤并发低钠血症患者并发症发生率、病死率明显高于对照组，CSWS血浆ADH明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），SIADH血浆ADH明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），CSWS、SIADH血钠浓度及血浆渗透压均低于对照组。认为ADH在重型颅脑损伤并发低钠血症中起重要作用，低钠血症的发生可加重颅脑损伤病情，影响预后。     

抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征15例临床分析

目的增强对抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征（SIADH）的认识,提高对本综合征的诊治水平。方法通过对15例SIADH患者临床表现、化验检查结果及治疗及预后情况等临床资料进行分析。结果引起SIADH的基础疾病多种多样,最常见为肿瘤和肺部炎症,其临床症状和体征无特异性,实验室检查均有低钠血症,低血浆渗透压和高尿渗透压,病情的轻重与血钠水平相关,预后与原发病能否根治有关。结论SIADH临床上并不少见,其临床表现无特异性,极易造成误诊、漏诊,化验血钠、血尿渗透压是诊断SIADH的主要依据,早诊断、早治疗是提高救治成功率的关键,治疗上限水、利尿比补钠更重要。     

限水摄入治疗1例顽固性低钠血症体会

低钠血症是临床常见的电解质紊乱,常规补钠治疗大多可在2-3 d内恢复。该例低钠血症患者经补钠治疗12 d无效,改用限水治疗后迅速好转,现报道如下。患者男,58岁。因活动后胸闷、气促3年多入院,偶有双下肢浮肿。年轻时有风湿性关节炎病史。体检:心律齐, 心尖区闻及舒张中晚期2级吹风样杂音。P2>A2。心脏彩超     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.