鼻及鼻窦常见病变和解剖变异的CT冠状位靶扫描(附507例分析)

目的：探讨鼻及鼻窦常见病变和解剖变异的CT特征。方法：回顾性分析507例病人的冠状位CT表现。结果：慢性鼻及鼻窦炎占61．73％(313／507)；鼻息肉占22．87％(116／507)；囊肿占4．93％(25／507)，真菌性鼻窦炎占1．38％(7／507)；恶性占位性病变占0．79％(4／507)，未见异常占7．88％(40／507)。鼻中隔弯曲占65．66％(333／507)。Onodi气房占29．19％(148／507)；Haller气房占12．42％(63／507)。蝶窦发育不良占3．94％(20／507)；上颌窦发育不良占1．97％(10／507)。结论：冠状位CT靶扫描可对各种鼻及鼻窦病变做出诊断，并可显示其解剖变异的特征。     

真菌性鼻窦炎的CT与临床诊断

目的：探讨真菌性鼻窦炎的CT和临床特征以及新的分类。资料与方法：回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的34例真菌性鼻窦炎患者的CT表现。结果：CT征象：（1）所有受累鼻窦均显示窦腔内密度增高影；（2）上颌窦内可见团块状或线样钙化影25例（73．5％）；（3）窦腔高密度湿浊影中有气泡影8例；（4）上颌窦骨质吸收、破坏5例，窦壁骨质膨胀或变薄3例。结论：真菌性鼻窦炎有特征性的CT表现，如窦腔内可见团块状高密度影、线样钙化影或气泡影等。CT扫描结合鼻内镜检查是诊断本病的重要手段。     

霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT特征

目的探讨霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT特征。方法回顾分析20例经手术病理证实的霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现。结果单侧副鼻窦发病18例,双侧副鼻窦发病2例,全部病变均累及上颌窦,累及2个以上副鼻窦腔8例,病变侵犯后鼻孔2例。霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现主要为病变窦腔内充满软组织影,密度增高,不均匀,病灶内出现点状、条状钙化灶,窦腔骨壁增厚伴破坏,窦腔缩小。结论霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现具有单侧发病为主,窦腔内点状、条状钙化灶,窦腔骨壁增厚伴破坏以及窦腔缩小等特征。CT可为诊断本病提供重要信息,但确诊需要组织学和细菌学检查。     

鼻窦真菌球的 CT 及磁共振成像表现

目的：探讨鼻窦真菌球的CT、磁共振成像（MRI）特征性表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析35例经手术、组织病理学证实的鼻窦真菌球的影像学资料,35例患者均做CT平扫,其中4例做MRI平扫加增强扫描。结果鼻窦真菌球的主要CT表现为：①病变为单侧性（100%）;②病变部位以上颌窦为主（80%）,部分突入同侧鼻腔;其次为蝶窦（14%）;③病变窦腔内不均匀软组织密度影充填,其内可见呈斑点状、云絮状或条带状高密度钙化影（89%）;④局限性骨质增生（74%）及破坏（9%）。 MRI表现为：病变中心T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈低信号,周围增厚黏膜T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描病变中心不强化,周围增厚黏膜明显强化。结论病变内钙化影是本病特征性的CT征象,是诊断该病较为可靠的依据,CT检查是诊断本病的重要手段;MRI能显示病变内真菌球的范围,有助于诊断。     

Imaging of paranasal sinuses today

CT is accepted as the gold standard for pathological-anatomical evaluation of paranasal sinus disease, CT is especially considered an obligatory part of planning surgical procedures. Indications for paranasal sinus CT include trauma, malignant disease, and chronic sinusitis, which accounts for the major part of examinations. Due to the benign character of the disease and the relatively moderate age of the patients involved, the radiation dose of paranasal sinus CT plays an important role. The use of a low-dose spiral CT technique and the reformation of coronal images out of the axial CT data instead of an additional direct coronal scan allow the effective dose of paranasal sinus CT to be reduced to the order of a chest radiogram. MRI is the preferred imaging modality in malignant disease or complications of inflammatory sinus disease that extend beyond the limits of the paranasal sinuses. The clinical value of other imaging modalities, including plain film radiography, ultrasound, or scintigraphy, is limited to special indications.     

Bildgebung der Nasennebenhöhlen (NNH) in der heutigen Zeit

CT is accepted as the gold standard for pathological-anatomical evaluation of paranasal sinus disease, CT is especially considered an obligatory part of planning surgical procedures. Indications for paranasal sinus CT include trauma, malignant disease, and chronic sinusitis, which accounts for the major part of examinations. Due to the benign character of the disease and the relatively moderate age of the patients involved, the radiation dose of paranasal sinus CT plays an important role. The use of a low-dose spiral CT technique and the reformation of coronal images out of the axial CT data instead of an additional direct coronal scan allow the effective dose of paranasal sinus CT to be reduced to the order of a chest radiogram. MRI is the preferred imaging modality in malignant disease or complications of inflammatory sinus disease that extend beyond the limits of the paranasal sinuses. The clinical value of other imaging modalities, including plain film radiography, ultrasound, or scintigraphy, is limited to special indications.     

The value of the occipitomental (Waters') view in diagnosis of sinusitis: a comparative study with computed tomography

AIM: Sinus X-rays are still frequently used in the evaluation of paranasal sinusitis. Many radiology departments nowadays provide the referring doctors with a single Waters' projection. Our purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a single Waters' view vs high resolution computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of paranasal sinusitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 134 patients with suspected paranasal sinusitis underwent a Waters' view X-ray and high resolution CT on the same day. The radiographs were evaluated independently by nine experienced radiologists, who observed each sinus separately. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each sinus and for each observer, using the CT findings as a 'gold standard'. RESULTS: The weighted mean sensitivity for diagnosis of any abnormality in the maxillary sinus was 67.7%, specificity 87.6%, accuracy 78.6%, positive predictive value 82.5% and negative predictive value 76.9%. For this sinus the variation between observers was small, however, the sensitivity for diagnosis of any disease in the frontal and ethmoid sinuses varied widely between observers (range 1.9-54.0% and 0-58.9%, respectively). The sensitivity for the sphenoid sinus was very low (range 0-3.8%), even in radiographs which seemed to demonstrate it well. CONCLUSION: The Waters' view has its limits in the diagnosis of sinusitis of the maxillary sinuses and its contribution for diagnosing lesions in the remaining sinuses is very poor. Whenever access to CT is available, a low dose high-resolution CT study of the paranasal sinuses is highly recommended.Konen, E. (2000). Clinical Radiology55, 856-860.     

真菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断(附16例分析)

目的　探讨真菌性鼻窦炎的CT特征性表现及诊断价值。方法　分析 16例经手术病理证实的真菌性鼻窦炎CT表现。结果　真菌性鼻窦炎主要CT表现有 :病变仅发生于一侧 ,以上颌窦或以上颌窦为主 ,同时累及其他鼻窦 ;鼻旁窦内软组织呈结节状或息肉样不规则增生 ,内可见点状、结节状钙化 ;部分窦腔增大 ,骨壁破坏。结论　真菌性鼻窦炎在CT表现上有特异性 ,CT对该病诊断有重要价值     

霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断

目的 探讨霉菌性鼻窦炎CT特征性表现及诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的霉菌性鼻窦炎CT表现，提出诊断和鉴别诊断要点。结果 霉菌性鼻窦炎主要CT表现有：病变为单侧性，对侧鼻窦正常；病变仅位于上颌窦或以上颌窦为主，累及其他鼻窦；病变窦腔密度增高，不均匀，内有小团状，砂粒状，条状极高密度区；可有鼻窦骨质破坏。结论 霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT表现上有特异性，CT是诊断该病有价值的方法。     

副鼻窦CT对功能性鼻内窥镜手术的价值

通过对１００例慢性副鼻窦炎术前ＣＴ影像的分析结果，作者认为副鼻窦的ＣＴ检查能准确地反映变范围、程度，并可做出分型，分期；同时还可显示副鼻窦多种解剖变异，骨质改变，与周围结构的关系等，因此，对功能性鼻内窥镜手术有肯定的指导价值，是术前必不可少的最佳影像学检查手段。     

鼻腔鼻窦原发恶性黑色素瘤的影像学表现

目的：分析鼻腔鼻窦原发恶性黑色素瘤CT及 MR 表现,探讨其诊断要点。方法回顾性分析经活检或手术病理及免疫组化证实的16例鼻腔鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤的CT、MR特征及临床资料,均行 CT 平扫及增强,其中9例行 MR 平扫及增强。结果16例CT表现均为单侧发病;肿瘤位于鼻腔8例,鼻窦4例,同时累及鼻腔、鼻窦4例;形态欠规整,呈软组织密度,其内未见钙化和囊变;周围组织均受侵;增强后不均匀中-重度强化。9例 MR表现均为单侧发病;肿瘤位于鼻腔4例,鼻窦3例,同时受累鼻腔、鼻窦2例;形态欠规则,1例呈T1 WI高信号,T2 WI低信号,3例呈T1 WI等信号,T2 WI等/稍高信号,5例呈混杂信号。增强后不均匀轻-中度强化;周围组织均有侵犯。结论鼻腔鼻窦原发恶性黑色素瘤 CT表现缺乏特异性;典型恶性黑色素瘤有 MR 特征性表现,但罕见,以非色素及混合型常见。CT联合 MRI能准确显示肿瘤部位及与周围组织、邻近骨质的关系。     

CT诊断真菌性鼻窦炎100例分析

目的回顾性总结真菌性鼻窦炎CT影像表现,并结合临床,探讨CT检查对诊断真菌性鼻窦炎的临床价值。方法收集100例确诊为真菌性鼻窦炎的病人资料并结合临床检查结果,与CT检查进行分析比较。鼻窦CT扫描采用骨窗和软组织窗扫描。结果 100例患者均为单侧鼻窦发病,其中真菌球型68例,慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎4例,变应性真菌性鼻窦炎28例。CT扫描影像特点为鼻窦腔散在较均匀毛玻璃特征或极不规则的线状,有星状分布的钙化点;伴不同程度骨质吸收或结构不清;窦壁骨质侵蚀15例。病变延伸到邻近结构3例,其中1例累及眼眶。有2例侧颅底骨质吸收。鼻腔或鼻窦内分布黏蛋白与CT显示毛玻璃样高密度影一致。结论真菌性鼻窦炎的鼻窦CT扫描显示与其他鼻窦炎不同。CT检查有助于准确诊断真菌性鼻窦炎。     

Coronal CT of the paranasal sinuses before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Coronal CT of the paranasal sinuses and the ostiomeatal complex (OMC) was performed before and 12 months after bilateral functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in 30 patients with sinusitis and 12 patients with nasal polyposis. The extent of sinus mucosal thickening was graded, and the patency of the OMC was evaluated. After FESS, the percentage of open OMCs had increased from 42% to 83% in the sinusitis group, and from 8% to 45% in the polyposis group. There was only a small improvement in mucosal score in sinuses with opened OMC, so that the overall extent of sinus opacification before and after FESS was almost the same. Despite this, 91% of the patients reported clinical relief of symptoms. Preoperative coronal CT of the paranasal sinuses serves as an anatomical map for the surgeon, but there is no benefit of routine postoperative CT.Correspondence to: M. Mantoni     

鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨CT对鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的诊断价值.材料与方法回顾性分析23例经病理证实的鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT征象,术后13例行CT随访.结果肿瘤呈不规则软组织肿块,以中鼻道为中心,同时侵犯同侧鼻腔及副鼻窦21例,单纯累及上颌窦2例;所致骨质改变以骨质破坏多见.术后肿瘤复发率高(85%),3例恶性变.结论CT能较好地显示鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的病变部位、范围及术后有无肿瘤复发,有利于临床治疗方案的选择.     

Recent trends in the diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis

The almost simultaneous introduction of nasal endoscopy and CT imaging led to better understanding of normal and pathologic function of the paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis and treatment of many paranasal sinus diseases improved considerably. Endoscopy and CT are not concurrential; they are complementary, but they have specific strengths and weaknesses, as well as specific indications and considerations. Staging systems for chronic sinusitis are currently used based on CT findings and response to medical therapy. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become the standard procedure for most surgical cases of chronic sinusitis. Indications for FESS have enlarged beyond chronic sinus problems and even beyond the borders of the sinuses. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery aims to gain maximal result (restoring normal function) with minimal trauma and morbidity. Correspondence to: M. Jorissen     

鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤CT误诊分析

目的　探讨鼻腔鼻窦内翻乳头状瘤的CT误诊原因。方法　对 10例病理证实为鼻腔鼻窦内翻乳头状瘤而术前CT误诊的病例进行分析。结果　鼻腔鼻窦内翻乳头状瘤主要表现为单侧鼻腔鼻窦呈匍匐生长的软组织团块 ,轻到中度增强 ,可伴有骨质破坏和骨质硬化。结论　严格操作规程 ,行增强扫描 ,可降低本病的误诊率。     

脑脊液鼻漏的X线诊断（附10例报告）

本文通过对10例脑脊液鼻漏分析，提示脑脊液鼻漏X线平片检查能见到漏侧之邻近鼻窦密度增高及骨折线，CT薄层扫描多能显示脑脊液鼻漏骨质缺损的部位及大小，以及颅内积气等，并提出筛窦，蝶窦应作冠状面CT薄层扫描，额窦作横断面CT薄层扫描为佳。     

霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断（附8例分析）

目的：旨在认识霉菌性鼻窦炎ＣＴ表现的特征，以便作出准确的定性诊断。材料与方法：搜集经手术病理证实的霉菌性鼻窦炎８例，其中曲霉菌病５例，毛霉菌病２例，隐球菌病１例。对它们的ＣＴ征象结合病理改变进行回顾性分析。同时对本病与一般性炎症、肿瘤之间的鉴别诊断作了讨论。结果：以下ＣＴ征象可作秋诊断该病的重要依据：（１）病变为单侧性，对侧鼻腔鼻窦正常；（２）病变仅位于上颌窦或以上颌窦为主，累及同侧鼻腔及其他鼻窦     

鼻窦解剖变异的CT观察

目的 增进对鼻窦各种解剖变异的识别能力．提高鼻窦内镜手术对鼻窦炎的疗效．降低并发症。资料与方法 对200例受检者行鼻窦CT扫描,对鼻窦的各种解剖变异进行评估。结果 统计了鼻窦各种解剖变异的出现率。结论 CT检查有助于鼻窦内镜手术方案的制订,不仅可以评估病变,而且还可检出与鼻窦炎发生相关和增加手术危险性的解剖变异。     

The etiological role of concha bullosa in chronic sinusitis

The etiological role of concha bullosa in chronic sinusitis is controversial. Previous investigators have not studied the relationship between the location of concha bullosa and different chronic sinusitis patterns We performed coronal paranasal sinuses CT in 100 Chinese patients with signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis and recorded the presences and location of the concha bullosa and the pattern of sinonasal disease. The incidence of concha bullosa was 47 %. The presence of concha bullosa showed no statistically significant association with different patterns of chronic sinusitis. Correspondence to: W.W.M. Lam