在校大学生预防艾滋病健康教育方式和相关措施

国内对在校大学生艾滋病健康教育研究较多,但有效措施并不多;专题讲课、同伴教育、参与式运用较多,电影课、动画片、健康处方有一定的效果。对国内公开发表的有关文献进行搜索、综述,分析适合在校大学生艾滋病健康教育的方式和有效措施。但对性观念、性行为的改变还需加强健康教育。     

中小学生血吸虫病防治健康教育效果调查分析

目的 了解当前中小学生血吸虫病防治健康教育工作的实施效果,探讨存在的问题与挑战,为“十四五”期间血防健教工作提供参考。方法 采用三阶段分层整群抽样的方法,在3个省抽取流行区中小学生作为调查对象,通过问卷调查统计中小学生血防知识得分情况,计算血防知识知晓率及行为正确率。结果 共收集学生有效问卷586份,满分率为73.5%,不及格率为0.7%,平均分为96.4±8.0。学生血防知识知晓率为95.7%,血防行为正确率为98.2%;男、女生血防知识知晓率(95.2%vs. 96.3%)和行为正确率(97.5%vs. 98.9%)的差异均分别有统计学意义(χ²=6.973、8.101,P均<0.05);同时初中生、小学生血防知识知晓率(98.9%vs. 92.6%)和行为正确率(99.2%vs.97.1%)差异均分别有统计学意义(χ²=199.451、18.443,P均<0.05)。结论 中小学生血防健康教育效果明显,但不同性别和年级存在差距,今后应继续加强健康教育工作,不断提高流行区整体人群防护意识和行为。     

北京市大学生艾滋病健康教育结构维度研究

泪的探究在大学生中进行艾滋病健康教育应包含的结构维度,为今后开展大学生艾滋病健康教育提供理论依据。方法采用分层抽样方法,在北京市10所大学中选取800名大学生作为研究对象,使用问卷调查的研究方法和探索性因素分析的统计学方法,得到大学生健康教育的结构维度。结果对776份有效问卷进行探索性因素分析,KMO值为0．790,Bartlett’s球形检验x2值为6430．000（自由度为595）达显著,可以解释总变异的53．198％,得到9个因子。结论大学生艾滋病健康教育应包含的结构维度为：艾滋病与日常生活、对艾滋病患者的态度、艾滋病的主要特征、艾滋病的易感人群、对艾滋病的防范、与艾滋病有关的危险行为、学校应采取的措施、怀疑患病后应采取的措施、危险人群中艾滋病的预防。     

Effects of smoking on human health

In this study, 30 cases of male smokers aged 35.7 +/- 5.2 years mean and 30 male nonsmokers aged 36.6 +/- 6.8 years were selected from a factory. Before the assay, everyone smoked one pack of cigarette in a day, after that these tests were done. The experimental results as follows. 1. Comparing with control group, the levels of IgG and IgM in serum of smoking group are lower. It was shown that smoking has an inhibitive effect on phagocytosis and bactericidal of AM, so smoking has a damaging and prohibitive effect on the immunity of the body. 2. Smoking increases the level of serum IgE. 3. The increase of the level of CIC in serum in smoking individuals suggested that the defensive function decreases and the infectious susceptibility increases. So we should pay greatest attention to the occurrence of allergic disease of type III. 4. Smoking increases the level of serum elastase. 5. The level of TXB2 in human plasma of smokers increases. The result suggested that smoke plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. 6. The decrease of the level of cAMP in the plasma of smokers may be related to the release of some mediators. 7. The increase of the level of vWF in the plasma of smokers may suggest that there are lesions in the endothelium of pulmonary blood vessels.     

高校大学生艾滋病健康教育平台的探索与构建

艾滋病是一种病死率极高的传染病,高校大学生是艾滋病的易感人群之一,健康教育是目前预防和控制艾滋病的最经济、有效的一种措施。针对目前中国高校在艾滋病健康教育中存在的问题与不足,在艾滋病高发的西部民族地区积极探索并构建新的高校艾滋病健康教育平台,以医学院校为指导,整合、优化各种教育资源,从而不断提升高校艾滋病健康教育的整体水平与效果。     

职校学生预防艾滋病同伴教育干预的过程评价及结果分析

目的探索适应于职业技术学校(职校)学生的同伴教育模式。方法采用观察法和问卷调查的方式,对同伴教育实施过程进行评价。结果同伴教育者培训后,艾滋病知识和态度得分明显提高(P<0.01)。过程中目标人群参与率接近100%,参与者对同伴教育者教学质量评分均高于4.5分(5分制),对同伴教育方法的喜欢程度评分为4.67分。学生担任同伴教育者在现场控制、培训深度等方面还存在不足。结论同伴教育的方式适用于职校的艾滋病健康教育。     

湖北省警官学员艾滋病KAP调查及健康教育效果的评估

目的了解湖北省警官学员艾滋病知识、态度、行为(KAP)的现况,尝试以公共安全管理为切入点,在警官学院开展艾滋病知识预防教育模式的探索。方法以应届毕业警官学员为目标人群,自行设计调查问卷及半结构访谈提纲,对536名学员进行了基线调查并实施健康教育综合干预,对干预效果进行了评估。结果干预措施实施前警官学员对艾滋病相关知识总知晓率为64.9%,干预后上升到88.0%,培训后问卷得分(32.77±6.68)高于培训前(27.27±5.93)(P<0.01),干预效果明显。结论警官学员是公安干警的后备军,应加强艾滋病相关知识的普及。利用公安警校这个平台开展公安干警艾滋病防治教育,有利于健康教育的可持续性开展。     

北京市燕山地区中小学生结核病防治健康教育效果观察

目的 评价燕山地区中小学生结核病防治健康教育效果,为更有效地开展结核病防治健康工作提供依据。 方法 将燕山地区14所学校学生,分成高、中、小学生3组,对14条信息进行问卷调查,收回合格问卷1-531份,合格率99.4%。经过6个月的健康教育工作后,同样对象、同样内容再次作答,收回合格问卷1-511份,合格率99.6%。 结果结核病知识内容知晓率为：43.4%,其中10条全部正确者占5.8%,咳嗽、咳痰多长时间应该考虑可能是得了肺结核病？如果怀疑得了肺结核病最好去哪里看病？检查、治疗肺结核病有免费政策吗？正确回答上述3条者占26.7%。经过6个月形式多样的健康教育工作后,结核病知识内容知晓率有了很大提高至71.1%;其中全部正确者占25.2%;前述3条全部正确者占54.8%;经差异性分析,健康教育前后,除小学组的结核病知识内容全部正确者差异无统计学意义外,其余差异有统计学意义。 结论 在学校开展健康教育宣传工作,对提高燕山地区中小学生结核病防治知识水平有显著效果,为今后工作重点提供了科学依据。     

健康教育对控制湖区小学生血吸虫感染的效果观察

血防健康教育 (下称健教 )的目标人群首先是学生[1] ,健教干预措施在湖区对控制血吸虫病流行起了很大作用[1,2 ] ,并越来越引起人们重视 ,为了进一步了解健教对儿童感染血吸虫的影响 ,选择鄱阳湖血吸虫病重疫区的邹家小学为观察现场 ,于 1 996年 3月 -1 999年 3月进行为期3年的观察 ,结果报告如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　现场概况及对象选择邹家小学座落江西省波阳县莲湖乡邹家村 ,该村原属洲岛型血吸虫病重度流行区 ,历史曾有急性血吸虫病发生 ,居民以捕鱼为主要职业 ,村庄距周围易感草滩最近距离 1 5 0 m。选择邹家小学 2～ 4年级小学生为观…     

血吸虫病高度流行区开展学生健康教育对促进化疗工作的作用

如何促进重疫区化疗人群尤其是学生青少年依从性,扩大化疗覆盖率,提高防治效果,是加快控制血吸虫病流行一个急待解决的问题。我们按照卫生部ＪＲＭＣ研究项目７—１课题标书的要求,于１９９５～１９９６年,选择潜江市龙湾镇沱口村和郑家湖村作为试区,进行学生健康教...     

南京市栖霞区学生血防健康教育效果

急性血吸虫感染(急感)与人的行为密切相关。在血吸虫病流行区,学生急感约占发病总人数的40%,为重点防治目标人群。为探讨在血吸虫病流行区开展学校健康教育的方法、经验和效果,我们于2001~2004年选择2所小学进行血防健康教育,取得了较为满意的效果。1内容与方法1.1试区选择八卦洲和龙潭镇花园2所小学3~5年级学生为实验区对象。同时选择基本情况相似的另一学校作为对照区。采用“测试(试卷) 问卷”的方法,调查学生健康教育前后的血防知识、卫生行为,统计正确应答数、应答率、卫生知识来源途径等。1.2干预措施在实验区每年有计划地开展学生血…     

Beliefs related to cigarette smoking among Irish college students

Beliefs related to cigarette smoking were investigated in a college student sample. Regular smokers, compared with nonsmokers and occasional smokers, perceived more approval for their smoking and believed that their peers smoked more frequently. They perceived positive social and physiological consequences of smoking (e.g., feel more relaxed) to be more likely, and negative consequences (e.g., feel sick) to be less likely. While they did not see long-term health consequences (e.g., increasing chances of cancer) as less likely, they evaluated them less negatively. Finally, smokers placed less importance on the value health than did nonsmokers or occasional smokers. These findings suggest that intervention programs aimed at discouraging smoking by young people should be multifaceted.     

Awareness of the harmful effects of smoking and views on smoking cessation intervention among Japanese medical students

OBJECTIVE: To clarify attitudes toward smoking, and views on smoking intervention among medical students, as well as to teach them the harmful effects of smoking. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We carried out an anonymous questionnaire among 2nd and 5th year Japanese medical students and 1,137 of them responded. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence was 25.1% in men and 8.8% in women in the 2nd year and 43.1% and 9.3%, respectively, in the 5th year. Most respondents thought smoking is harmful to health, but smokers were more likely to think it is not so harmful. In both groups, 97% of the respondents knew lung cancer was related to smoking. Apart from this, knowledge of smoking-related diseases (pulmonary emphysema, coronary heart disease, peptic ulcer, and neonatal death) increased by the 5th year but the rates of recognition were generally less than 50%. Many of them learned about the deleterious effects mainly at places other than medical class (80.2% in the 2nd, 44.9% in the 5th year). About 90% intended to perform smoking intervention in the future, but only one-third were actively interested. More than 70% of the respondents thought that doctors should carry out smoking cessation advice depending on the disease, while the rate of those who thought so irrespective of the disease did not reach 20%. Smokers thought less actively about smoking intervention than current nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: The awareness of the harmful effects of smoking and intention to perform smoking intervention in the future as doctors seemed unsatisfactory among Japanese medical students.     

A comparison of smoking habits among medical and nursing students

OBJECTIVE: The approach and credibility of future physicians and nurses as treatment providers for smoking- and tobacco-related diseases may be influenced by their smoking habits. We compared smoking habits among medical and nursing students, and examined whether these habits changed during the course of education for each cohort. METHOD: Over 1,100 medical and nursing students from a university were surveyed in year 2000 using a questionnaire that included the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). RESULTS: A total of 397 medical students and 126 nursing students completed the survey. Significantly fewer medical students (3.3%) smoked compared to nursing students (13.5%). Also, significantly more nursing students were former smokers (17.8%) than medical students (9.8%). The severity of nicotine dependence, as indicated by the total FTND score as well as scores on five of the six items on the FTND, was significantly lower among medical students compared to nursing students. Smoking or quit rates did not differ across class years in both groups; however, unlike nursing students, time since quitting significantly differed across class years for medical students. Although smoking habits appear to change little during the course of education for both medical and nursing students, many smokers may have quit just prior to entering medical school but not nursing school. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm the continuing decline in smoking among medical students in the United States; however, increased efforts to promote tobacco education and intervention among nursing students seem necessary. Nevertheless, both groups appear to have the potential to be credible advisors to patients and public regarding smoking cessation.     

学校艾滋病健康教育效果的系统评价

目的评价学校艾滋病健康教育对预防青少年感染艾滋病病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)的有效性。方法系统检索国内外数据库,手工检索纳入文献的参考文献,检索时间到2011年9月。纳入以感染率或行为指标,评价学校艾滋病健康教育效果的随机对照试验(Randomized controlled trials,RCT)或非随机对照试验(Non-RCT)研究。评价纳入研究的质量后,定量描述结果,对指标进行Meta分析。结果共纳入RCT研究3个,Non-RCT研究1个。Meta分析显示,学校艾滋病健康教育和未干预比较,对青少年性行为的影响无差异,相对危险度(Relative risk,RR)值为1.25,95%可信区间(Confidence interval,CI)为0.77～2.03;学校艾滋病健康教育提高青少年相关知识的效果优于未干预,标准化均数差(Standard mean difference,SMD)为0.63,95%CI为0.15～1.11。结论当前缺乏学校艾滋病健康教育可降低青少年HIV感染的证据,尚无证据表明学校艾滋病健康教育促进青少年行为改变的效果优于未干预。学校健康教育可提高青少年艾滋病相关知识。     

我国学校结核病预防与控制的思考

学校结核病防控一直是我国结核病防治工作的重点,学校结核病控制涉及千家万户,政策性强,稍有不当,会造成很大的社会影响。作者对学校结核病防控的重点人群、暴发公共卫生事件的定义,以及学生结核病休复学问题提出了一些不同见解,希望引起业界同道的关注、思考和讨论,更好地为政府制定切实可行和有效的学校结核病控制策略提供科学依据。     

Health risk appraisal modifies cigarette smoking behavior among college students

To assess whether Health Risk Appraisal (HRA), a computer-scored lifestyle analysis questionnaire, can result in significant changes in health behavior, a controlled clinical trial with one-year follow-up was conducted among entering freshmen at an urban state university. Three hundred fifty entering freshmen were each assigned to one of four groups: HRA with feedback, HRA without feedback, initial control, and final control. Twenty-two per cent of the nonsmokers in the no-feedback group, as compared with 5% in the feedback group, acquired the habit of cigarette smoking (p<0.001). Furthermore, 26% of the smokers in the feedback group, as compared with 6% in the no-feedback group, were able to quit smoking (p<0.05). Among those unable to quit smoking, 59% in the feedback group, as compared with 19% in the no-feedback group, were able to reduce their cigarette consumption by more than six cigarettes per day (p<0.01). Health Risk Appraisal, when accompanied by feedback counseling, was an effective health promotion tool to help prevent nonsmokers from acquiring the habit and to modify cigarette smoking behavior among college freshmen. Presented in part at the seventh annual meeting of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine, Washington, DC, May 1984. Supported by a grant from Metropolitan Foundation, New York, NY.