Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

他汀类药物在儿童家族性高胆固醇血症治疗中的研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是一种常染色体显性遗传的脂质代谢障碍疾病,由于FH早期就可引起动脉粥样硬化病变,增加患者严重心血管疾病的患病风险和死亡风险,因此目前越来越强调患者自儿童期就使用他汀类药物进行治疗,以改善远期预后。文章综述他汀类药物治疗儿童FH的必要性、有效性和安全性,同时也提出目前存在的一些问题和思考。     

皮质激素在癫痫治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫痫中的应用已有近50a的历史，现已证明其对某些癫痫综合征如婴儿痉挛症、Landau—Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态的癫痫综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用，其确切的作用机制尚不清楚。在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应。     

皮质激素在癫(癎)治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫(癎)中的应用已有近50 a的历史,现已证明其对某些癫(癎)综合征如婴儿痉挛症、landau-Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫(癎)性电持续状态的癫(癎)综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用,其确切的作用机制尚不清楚.在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应.     

神经营养因子在支气管哮喘发病机制中作用的研究进展

神经营养因子（NT）是主要分布于神经系统的一类因子，近来发现它们也参与呼吸系统疾病的发生，如支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）的发病。该文通过回顾NT在哮喘发病机制中作用的研究，着重阐述NT在调节哮喘的气道炎性反应及气道高反应性中的作用，探讨哮喘的发病机制，有望开辟哮喘新的诊断以及治疗方法。     

氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的应用

目的研究氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的作用及不良反应。方法随机选择肿瘤32例患儿,采用自身对照,观察患儿在同一化疗方案中使用氨磷汀辅助治疗后黏膜损伤、骨髓抑制时间、发热持续时间、抗生素及刺激因子应用时间及氨磷汀的不良反应。结果氨磷汀辅助治疗组发生黏膜溃疡4例,明显低于对照组9例;中性粒细胞<0.5×109/L持续时间缩短,血小板<5×109/L持续时间缩短;发热持续时间、抗生素和刺激因子应用时间缩短。两组化疗过程中均未出现低体温、皮疹、低血压等情况,化疗后肾功能、心电图均正常;对肝功能影响程度相似;氨磷汀组低钙血症尤其是低钙性抽搐发生率高。结论氨磷汀能够有效保护正常组织细胞,不良反应较低,可在儿童肿瘤患者化疗中应用。     

儿童发作性睡病研究进展

发作性睡病是一种以嗜睡为主要临床表现的慢性快速眼动睡眠期睡眠障碍疾病,常见的四大临床表现包括日间过度睡眠、猝倒发作、入睡前/睡眠幻觉、睡眠瘫痪。发作性睡病常起病于儿童期,儿童起病症状不典型,语言表达能力有限,且当前无针对儿童的特殊诊断标准等均增加了疾病的漏诊率和误诊率。文章着重综述儿童发作性睡病的发病机制、儿童有别于成人的临床症状、鉴别诊断及治疗等。     

Incidence of neuroblastoma in infancy in Japan

Since 1974, we have been mass screening for neuroblastoma in 6-month-old infants using a VMA (vanilmandelic acid) spot test in Kyoto City. Fifteen (48.4%) of the 31 childhood neuroblastoma cases registered in this city during the recent 8-year-period, 1974-1982, were under 1 year of age. The annual number of cases per year was 3.9 cases under 15 years with 1.9 cases under 1 year of age. As the number of children under 15 years of age in this city was 292,000 according to the National Census of the Human Population in 1975, the annual incidence of this tumor in childhood was 3.9/292,000 (13.3/million). And as the number of live births was 161,153, the annual detection rate for this tumor in infancy increased to 15/161,153 (93/million) from 1974 to 1982. We found that many neuroblastomas could be detected in infancy by a VMA spot test and/or a careful physical examination.     

Prevalence of Hypocalcemia in Seizures in Infancy

A one-year prospective study on developmentally normal children between 1-mo to 2-y with seizures was done to study the prevalence of hypocalcemia. The contribution of hypovitaminosis-D to hypocalcemia was also studied. Of 78 infants (51 boys) enrolled, 18 (23.1%) had hypocalcemia. Fifteen (19.2%) had hypocalcemia secondary to hypovitaminosis-D and 3 (3.8%) had hypomagnesemia. In infants aged less than 6 mo who were exclusively breastfed, 15 (41.67%) had hypocalcemia in comparison to other two age groups [2 (10.53%) in 6–12 mo age-group and 1 (4.35%) in 1–2 y age-group]. This association was statistically significant (p?=?0.001).     

儿童髓母细胞瘤术后放疗、化疗的治疗进展

髓母细胞瘤(MB)好发生于儿童,约占儿童脑肿瘤的17.7%,3岁以下者占儿童MB的25%～30%.MB的恶性程度较高,单纯手术不易完全切除,但MB对放疗、化疗多较敏感.目前标准治疗方案是进行手术,然后接受放疗和化疗.近年来,许多研究者对术后放疗、化疗的方案进行了大量研究,希望能够在保证较好疗效的前提下,减少患者不良反应.现就近年来术后放疗、化疗方案的研究进展进行综述.