肝硬化患者部分凝血因子的变化和出血表出关系的探讨

本文报告了３３例肝硬化患者的部分血因子的活性变化，并对其中例伴有不同出血表现者作了进一步分析。     

肝硬化测定PT、APTT的临床意义

肝硬化时由于肝功能受损，蛋自合成能力下降导致凝血因子减少，维生素K吸收障碍，使维生素K依赖性凝血因子（因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ）前体不能变成有活性的凝血因子，肝素酶合成减少，肝素灭活能力下降，血浆肝素含量升高，血小板减少，功能异常，血循环中存在类肝素，抗凝血酶原异常抗凝血物质引起PT、APTT的延长，所以出血倾向是肝硬化者常见的临床表现。通过检测肝硬化病人的PT、APTT并与健康对照组比较，探讨其对肝硬化病人的临床意义。     

肝硬化患者血浆凝血因子的变化的检测

目的探讨肝硬化患者血浆凝血因子检测的临床意义。方法回顾我院2009年5月～2010年5月收治的100例肝硬化患者血浆凝血因子检测资料,并与80例健康正常人血浆凝血因子进行对比分析,观察肝硬化患者血浆凝血因子的变化。结果肝硬化组血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）比正常对照组明显延长,两组相比差异有统计学意义（p〈0.01）。肝硬化组纤维蛋白原的含量（FIB）较正常对照组明显减少,两组相比差异有统计学意义（p〈0.01）。结论肝硬化患者通过血浆凝血因子检测,可在早期准确反应肝病患者凝血机制的障碍情况,对肝硬化患者的治疗和预后都有重要临床意义。     

凝血因子Ⅷ抑制物的诊治进展

凝血因子Ⅷ抑制物系体内产生的具有灭活或中和FVⅢ促凝活性的抗体，引起FⅧ水平和活性降低，造成临床严重出血。包括同种免疫抗体（allo-antibodies）；血友病A（HA）患者输注FⅧ制品后产生的抗FⅧ抗体；自身免疫抗体（Auto-antibodies）；非血友病患者自发产生的抗FⅧ抗体。     

肝硬化患者凝血四项指标检测的临床意义

肝脏是许多凝血因子合成的重要器官，当肝细胞受损时．由于凝血因子合成减少而发生凝血功能障碍，因此，肝硬化患者常存在凝血功能的改变。凝血四项指标是常用的一组凝血因子的筛选试验，它包括凝血酶原时问（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原定量测定（FIB）。本文通过对77例肝硬化患者凝血功能的检测，用以观察肝硬化患者凝血功能的变化．现将结果报告如下：     

慢性肝炎患者发生乙二胺四乙酸依赖性假性血小板减少症的诊治体会

慢性肝炎、肝硬化患者由于肝功能减退、脾功能亢进等常出现血小板数目减少和／或功能异常及凝血因子的异常,进而引起出血的风险,同时给治疗带来困难。本文将介绍1例乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）依赖性假性血小板减少症（PTCP）发现的检查、诊断过程及体会。     

先天性出血性疾病108例临床特征分析

目的提高对先天性出血性疾病的诊治水平,减少临床误诊、漏诊。方法分析2008年1月-2013年11月河北联合大学附属医院血液科门诊和住院登记的108例先天性出血性疾病患者的临床特征,包括性别、年龄分布、家族史、疾病谱分布、临床症状以及并发症等情况,进行回顾性分析。结果108例患者中男96例,女12例,男：女=8：1,最小年龄6个月,最大82岁,中位年龄25岁。其中血友病A（凝血因子Ⅷ缺乏）78例,血友病B（凝血因子Ⅸ缺乏）16例,凝血因子Ⅶ缺乏症2例（均为女性）,凝血因子Ⅺ缺乏症3例（其中女性2例）,凝血因子V缺乏症1例（女性）,先天性纤维蛋白原缺乏症3例（其中女性2例）,凝血因子Ⅻ缺乏症2例（均为女性）,遗传性毛细血管扩张症3例（均为女性）。有阳性家族史者占26．8％。血友病A／B重型患者均自幼反复自发性出血,以关节、肌肉和皮肤黏膜出血为主;中型患者多为损伤后出血,以皮肤黏膜、关节出血为主;轻型患者以皮肤黏膜损伤后出血为主。结论先天性出血性疾病以血友病最为常见,大部分患者无明确家族史。其他先天性出血性疾病男女均可发病。凝血因子缺乏症以关节肌肉出血为主,遗传性毛细血管扩张症以皮肤黏膜出血和慢性失血为主要表现,凝血因子Ⅻ缺乏症均无出血倾向。     

肝硬化合并消化性溃疡病——附204例临床分析

目的：探讨肝硬化患者消化性溃疡的发病情况和影响因素，以及在肝硬化上消化道出血中的地位。方法：对204例肝硬化患者行胃镜检查判断消化性溃疡（PU）的发病情况，并和100例正常对照组比较。结果：204例肝硬化患者伴PU45例（22．5％）与正常对照组伴PU5例（5％）；比较明显增加（P＜0．01）；年龄、性别、肝功能状态与肝硬化患者消化性溃疡无关（P＞0．05）；肝硬化消化性溃疡的症状多不典型，上消化道出血的原因PU、EV破裂分别为21．3％、44．3％。结论：肝硬化患者伴PU明显增加，PU是肝硬化上消化道出血的主要原因之一。     

对36例肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者的临床分析

目的：探讨分析肝硬化合并上消化道出血的发病原因及临床治疗情况，旨在提高肝硬化合并上消化道出血的临床治疗水平。方法：随机选取2007年6月～2013年6月间我院收治的肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者36例作为研究对象，应用胃镜检测其出血的原因，并对其临床体征进行实行监测，同时对其进行有针对性的治疗，将检测与治疗的结果及所有患者的年龄、性别、住院时间等临床资料进行回顾性的分析。结果：在这36例患者中，男性的患病率明显高于女性，差异显著（P＜0.05），具有统计学意义。中老年人的发病率明显高于青年人，差异显著（P＜0.05），具有统计学意义。诱发肝硬化合并上消化道出血的原因主要有门静脉高压（PHG）、食管静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜溃疡、肝源性溃疡、胃炎等。经检查，在这36例患者中，伴有门静脉直径增宽的患者有11例，伴有肝脏质地不平整、比例不正常的患者有17例，伴有脾大、腹水的患者有12例。经过1个小时的积极治疗，有11例患者停止活动性出血；经过2个小时的积极治疗，有27例患者停止活动性出血；经过3个小时的积极治疗，有35例患者停止活动性出血。结论：积极预防肝硬化并发症的发生、及时对患者的病因进行确诊是提高肝硬化合并上消化道出血的治愈率、降低复发率的关键。     

肝癌晚期合并上消化道出血的护理

上消化道出血是晚期肝癌患者较易出现的并发症。此类患者由于常合并有严重的肝炎及肝硬化，致使其凝血因子合成不足，加上脾功能亢进对血小板的破坏，患者多有较明显的出血倾向；此外晚期肝癌患者多数伴有门静脉主干或主支的癌栓，门静脉因回流障碍而压力增高，故此类患者一旦发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血，往往出血量大，速度迅猛，短时间内即可出现休克，     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.