床旁经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术在高龄急性化脓性胆囊炎患者中的应用价值

目的评价床旁B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGD)对高龄急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2010年8月～2011年3月接受治疗的25例高龄急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 25例均置管成功。1例87岁女性患者PTGD术后7天死于多器官功能衰竭。其余24例在行PTGD术后2周～2月间择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中中转开腹3例,胆囊切除术后均未死亡。结论 PTGD治疗高龄化脓性胆囊炎是一项安全、有效、简便的方法。     

Usefulness of single and repetitive percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration for the treatment of acute cholecystitis

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and usefulness of single and repetitive percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration (PTGBA) for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Methods PTGBA was performed in patients with acute cholecystitis who showed no improvement after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. PTGBA was carried out at bedside. When the bile was too thick to be aspirated through a 21-gauge needle, an 18-gauge needle was used. Aspiration of the gallbladder contents and injection of antibiotics into the gallbladder were performed without the placement of a drainage catheter. When improvement was not observed after the first attempt, PTGBA was repeated. Results Single PTGBA achieved improvement in 32 of 45 patients. In 11 of the remaining 13 patients, the second PTGBA was effective. In the remaining two patients, repetitive PTGBA was not carried out because of advanced cancer. In two of 45 patients, 18-gauge needles were necessary for PTGBA because of the high viscosity of the bile. PTGBA was carried out in three patients with blockage of the cystic duct by a stent, and it was effective in all three. Two patients whose conditions improved with a single PTGBA experienced a recurrence at 4 and 31 months, respectively, after PTGBA. No other severe complications related to PTGBA were observed in any patients. Conclusions For the treatment of acute cholecystitis that does not react to conservative therapies, PTGBA is a safe, simple, and effective treatment modality that can be performed at bedside without any severe complications.     

Percutaneous transhepatic versus EUS-guided gallbladder drainage for malignant cystic duct obstruction

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超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术在急性胆囊炎老年高危患者中的应用

目的通过分组对比的方式,观察经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGD)的治疗效果,及其对择期手术的影响,分析并评价PTGD在急性胆囊炎老年高危患者中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析扬州大学附属医院普外科2016年3月至2018年3月收治的急性胆囊炎患者189例,选取符合本次试验病例纳入标准的患者78例。其中根据急性期治疗方式不同,将其分为2组,一组接受PTGD治疗,另外一组接受常规抗感染等保守治疗。每组随机选取30例,分别为试验组和对照组。分别对比2组患者首次入院时,从接受治疗开始,腹痛持续时间,体温恢复正常所用时间,抗生素的使用时间。入院治疗48～72 h抽血检测的血液中白细胞计数、转氨酶、总胆红素指标。并对择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术时间,术中出血量,2次治疗总费用,术后并发症发生率进行比较。 结果试验组患者腹痛持续时间(21.10±3.99)h明显低于对照组患者(32.50±6.52)h,试验组患者体温恢复至正常(36.5≤T≤37.2 ℃)所用时间(13.37±3.78)h较对照组患者(28.70±9.27)h明显缩短。入院后48h白细胞计数试验组(8.34±1.80)×10⁹/L低于对照组(11.78±2.09)×10⁹/L,试验组谷丙转氨酶(87.50±30.72)U/L、谷草转氨酶指标(90.57±30.84)U/L低于对照组(110.33±25.81、119.93±29.67)U/L,总胆红素指标试验组(15.24±4.43)mmol/L低于对照组(19.45±5.17)mmol/L。试验组患者抗生素使用时间(3.82±0.83)d少于对照组患者(6.88±1.24)d。差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者出院1～3个月至我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,试验组手术时间(58.17±10.92)min、术中出血量(25.67±6.02)ml与对照组(58.00±11.73)min、(24.67±5.62)ml相比,差异无统计学意义。治疗总费方面无明显差异。 结论对急性胆囊炎老年高危患者,采取PTGD治疗可以迅速降低胆囊内压力,控制炎症发展,有效地缓解腹痛、发热等感染所带来的临床症状,降低胆囊穿孔和感染性休克等严重并发症发生的风险,加快转氨酶下降速度,保护肝功能,为择期手术创造一定的条件。     

Percutaneous transhepatic sclerotherapy for recurrent bleeding ileal varices diagnosed by capsule endoscopy and computed tomography during percutaneous transhepatic venography

We report a case of acute uncontrolled gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with liver cirrhosis. A 64‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital for further investigation of blood in stools. Preliminary examination by computed tomography (CT) as well as upper and lower endoscopy could not detect the bleeding source. Exploratory laparotomy was considered difficult due to potential easy bleeding and adhesions caused by past abdominal surgery. The hemoglobin level was normalized by blood transfusion. Capsule endoscopy (CE) identified ileal varices. The top of these ileal varices was red, prompting their identification as the source of bleeding. Percutaneous transhepatic venography (PTV) confirmed the presence of many varices in the branch of the superior mesenteric vein, although the bleeding source could not be identified. CT during PTV identified varices protruding into the ileal lumen, which were managed subsequently by percutaneous transhepatic sclerotherapy (PTS). The procedure stopped the bleeding completely. CE proved less invasive and effective in detecting obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. CT during PTV followed by PTS is suitable for diagnosis and treatment of bleeding varices in patients with portal hypertension.     

Clear and colorless fluid observed during percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage

Twelve patients with discharge of clear colorless fluid during percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) were encountered during a period of 4.5 years. On the average, the fluid appeared on the 12th day after PTGBD and continued to flow until the completion of observation. The volume was usually less than 60ml per day. It flowed in an alternating pattern with normal yellow color bile each day. The fluid was observed in patients in whom satisfactory patency of the biliary system was confirmed by cholangiography and/or cholangio-fiberscopy. Biochemical examinations of the fluid revealed lower biliary lipids but a similar electrolyte composition compared to bile of normal color. It was alkaline. These observations indicate that the clear colorless fluid is different from what is known as “white bile”, which is produced when there is an obstruction of the biliary tree. The fluid may be secreted from the gallbladder epithelium or the bile duct epithelium. The significance was not clarified in this study. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the clinical implications of the clear and colorless fluid secretion.     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术联合延期胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎患者近期疗效研究*

目的 观察经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术（PTGBD）联合延期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性胆囊炎患者的近期临床效果。方法 2015年8月~2017年8月我院收治的94例急性胆囊炎患者被分为两组,47例观察组患者采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗,另47例对照组采取急诊LC治疗。结果 观察组 手术时间为（83.2±34.1） min,显著短于对照组【（119.0±36.4） min,P<0.05】,手术失血量为（33.7±15.5） ml,显著少于对照组【（60.4±16.7） ml,P<0.05】,术后肛门排气时间为（23.5±6.6） h,显著短于对照组【（27.2±5.1） h,P<0.05】,术后腹腔引流时间为（3.4±2.0） d,显著短于对照组【（9.1±3.1）d,P<0.05】,而总住院时间为（11.2±4.7） d,显著长于对照组【（8.3±3.0）d,P<0.05】;观察组腔镜中转开腹率和直接开腹率分别为4.3%和0.0%,显著低于对照组的17.0%和12.8%（P<0.05）;术后72 h,观察组白细胞计数、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和总胆红素水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组短期并发症发生率为8.5%,显著低于对照组的29.8%（P<0.05）。结论 采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗急性胆囊炎患者临床疗效确切,可有效降低腔镜手术中转开腹率和术后并发症发生率,临床上应尽量避免急诊行LC手术。     

Percutaneous transhepatic stenting of a restrictive atrial septal communication in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

The postnatal survival of patients with congenital cardiac defects such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is dependent on the patency of the ductus arteriosus and the presence of an unrestrictive atrial septal defect (ASD). We report a six week old infant with HLHS and tricuspid valve regurgitation with restrictive ASD. Transfemoral balloon atrial septostomy provided temporary relief but further attempts were not possible. A transhepatic venous approach to stent the atrial communication was technically successful. This approach may be the only access for certain infant cardiac catheterization interventions, permitting the use of a large delivery system (≥ 8 Fr). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Percutaneous transhepatic papillary balloon dilation as a therapeutic option for choledocholithiasis

Background

For choledocholithiasis, endoscopic therapy, including endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) or endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD), is now standard. However, the procedure of endoscopic therapy is very complicated and sometimes incomplete for reasons of anatomical anomalies. Therefore, we started performing percutaneous transhepatic papillary balloon dilations (PTPBD) instead of endoscopic therapy for choledocholithiasis 1 year ago for some selected patients. We report our technical methods of PTPBD.

Methods

First, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was performed under ultrasound guidance. Via the drainage route, the balloon catheter was inserted until the common bile duct was reached. Then, cholangiography was performed and the stones were identified. The balloon was maintained in the inflated state with 4?ml air at the papilla of Vater for 3?min. Next, the stones were pushed out rapidly into the duodenum with the same balloon catheter. If the stone diameter was larger than 8?mm, then basket lithotripsy was performed before balloon dilation.

Results

Five patients underwent PTPBDs. The bile duct stones were successfully pushed out into the duodenum in all patients. The first three patients required two sessions for complete stone clearance due to technical problems; however, the last two patients needed only one session. There were no deaths and no complications.

Conclusions

We recommend that PTPBD might be a feasible and alternative therapeutic option for choledocholithiasis.

     

Successful management of preoperative cholangitis by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: Case report of advanced gallbladder carcinoma with severe cholangitis

A case of advanced gallbladder carcinoma complicated with preoperative severe cholangitis is reported. The cholangitis was completely controlled after management employing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), and it was then possible to perform curative resection of the gallbladder carcinoma. Malignancy at the hepatic hilus sometimes causes acute obstructive cholangitis, followed by severe liver dysfunction, making major hepatic resection impossible. PTBD is quite useful for improving such a pathological condition.