AO空心加压螺钉固定治疗股骨颈骨折

目的：观察3枚AO空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：采用闭合复位,3枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折患者34例,观察效果。结果：治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折行早期闭合整复3枚AO空心加压螺钉内固定术,经术后6个月、12个月复查及Sander评分,优良率分别为91．2％、88．1％。经术后6～12月随访,共发生骨不愈合4例,占11．7％;经术后20-4871（平均36个月）随访,股骨头缺血性坏死7例,占20．6％。结论：3枚AO空心加压螺钉内固定术是治疗股骨颈骨折较好的治疗方法之一,准确的术前评估、规范的术后管理和定期随访有利于减少并发症。     

AO空心加压螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折40例

目的：探讨经AO空心加压螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法：对我院自2000年1月～2005年3月采用AO空心加压螺钉治疗的40例股骨颈骨折，观察其手术疗效、并发症。结果：40例均得到随访，平均19．5个月（3～36个月），根据梁玉田等制定的疗效评定标准：优26例、良11例、可3例、差0，优良率为92．5％。并发症有螺钉松动和骨折不愈合。结论：AO空心加压螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折疗效满意，为临床首选方法。     

青壮年股骨颈骨折256例治疗体会

目的探讨青壮年股骨颈骨折的治疗方法。方法对256例不同类型股骨颈骨折的患者,分别采用单纯牵引41例,手法复位、空心加压螺钉内固定171例,空心加压螺钉内固定+同种异体腓骨移植术治疗44例。结果 256例患者平均33.5(19～50)岁,经1～5年随访,骨折愈合时间分别为:3个月内31例,4～6个月186例,6～8个月35例,延期愈合4例,无骨折不愈合病例发生。截止2009年12月共发生股骨头缺血性坏死51例,坏死率为19.9%,尚无股骨头塌陷病例发生。结论青壮年股骨颈骨折因所受外力不同,骨折程度亦有明显区别,采用相应的治疗方法,可以减轻患者的经济负担,能预防骨折不愈合发生,降低股骨头缺血性坏死、塌陷率,疗效确切。     

青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折(GardenⅢ、Ⅳ)的手术治疗

目的评价空心加压螺钉联合臀中肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法 2008年6月~2012年6月我院对27例移位型青壮年股骨颈骨折(GardenⅢ、Ⅳ)患者采用改良Smith-Peterson入路(S-P)空心加压螺钉联合臀中肌骨瓣移植治疗。结果 27例患者均获随访,随访时间18~60个月,平均36个月。骨性愈合时间4~8个月、平均6.5个月,骨折愈合25例,愈合率93.3%,股骨头坏死3例、其中2例骨折不愈合后期发展为股骨头缺血坏死、另1例为内固定取出术后出现股骨头坏死。股骨头坏死率为10.0%。结论采用改良S-P入路对股骨头周围血供破坏小,臀中肌骨瓣移植联合空心加压螺钉治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折,对提高青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折愈合率和降低股骨头缺血坏死率疗效肯定,值得临床使用。     

老年股骨颈骨折的微创内固定治疗

目的 总结评价老年新鲜股骨颈骨折应用微创空心加压螺钉内固定治疗的临床疗效。方法对1998年1月至2005年1月收治的60岁以上182例新鲜股骨颈骨折微创空心加压螺钉内固定治疗进行回顾性分析。结果182例均顺利完成手术，切口无感染，随访11～60个月，平均25个月，无骨不连发生，股骨头坏死6例，功能优良率为87．1％，术后并发内科疾病17例。结论微创空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折具有创伤小、方法简便、固定牢靠、并发症少、费用小等优点，是治疗老年股骨颈骨折的一种比较好的方法。     

65例闭合整复空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折临床应用

目的：探讨闭合整复空心加压螺钉内固定在股骨颈骨折中的应用。方法：回顾总结采用闭合整复空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折65例临床资料。结果：骨折愈合率为90．76％,骨折不愈合率为9．24％,股骨头坏死率为3．07％。Harris髋关节功能评分优良率为86．15％。结论：闭合整复空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折具有创伤小、固定牢靠、疗效确切、操作简单、骨折愈合率高,并发症少等优点。     

带蒂股方肌骨瓣移植空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年不稳定型股骨颈骨折65例分析

目的评价股方肌带蒂肌骨瓣移植空心加压螺钉内固定治疗不稳定型股骨颈骨折的可行性。方法采用前瞻性研究,对本院65例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者采用髋关节后外侧切口,进行股骨颈切开复位,空心加压螺钉固定,股方肌带蒂骨瓣植骨,观察受伤至手术的时间,骨折部位及粉碎程度,术后是否早期负重与骨折愈合及股骨头坏死的关系。结果经过6～60个月的随访,功能评定按Harris评分标准,优42例,良18例,优良率为92.3%,骨折全部愈合,愈合率为100%,愈合时间为6～12个月,平均8个月,5例股骨头缺血坏死（其中1例为陈旧性骨折）,股骨头坏死率为7.7%。结论青壮年不稳定型股骨颈骨折能给予及时有效的复位、内固定及股方肌带蒂肌骨瓣移植（提供了充足的血供）,并给予正确的康复指导,可以提高骨折愈合率,减少股骨头缺血坏死的发生率。本术式不失为基层医院治疗青壮年不稳定型股骨颈骨折非常有效的方法。     

微创空心加压螺纹钉治疗中青年股骨颈骨折

目的总结中青年股骨颈骨折的微创治疗原则和疗效。方法18岁以上新鲜股骨颈骨折患者59例,在充分术前准备情况下,59例新鲜中青年股骨颈骨折采用C臂X线机监控下闭合复位AO空心钉内固定微创治疗。结果59例均获随访,随访时间6～42个月,其中51例骨折愈合且无股骨头坏死;Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型8例股骨头坏死和骨不愈合。结论闭合复位AO空心螺钉微创治疗中青年股骨颈骨折,手术创伤小、方法简便,对中青年股骨颈骨折治疗效果满意。     

股方肌骨瓣移植加压空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折临床分析

目的探讨股方肌骨瓣移植加压空心螺钉内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法本组58例患者均采用髋关节后外侧切口．用骨刀凿取4．0cm×2．0cm×1．0cm带血管蒂股方肌蒂骨瓣,直视下骨折解剖复位,三枚空心螺钉内固定。将带血管蒂骨瓣移至股骨头颈处,可吸收丝线缝合。结果患者随访时间12-18个月,平均15个月,58例患者骨折全部愈合,优35例,良18例,可2例,差3例,优良率为91．37％,无股骨头坏死发生。结论带血管蒂股方肌骨瓣移植加压空心螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折操作可行性强、血供好、愈合时间短、骨折愈合率和功能优良率高,能提高股骨颈骨折的治愈率,有效预防股骨头坏死,是治疗股骨颈骨折的有效方法。     

经皮空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨经皮空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的方法及疗效。方法：对58例股骨颈骨折患者在C型臂监测下于牵引床上复位后采用经皮加压空心螺钉内固定。结果：58例随访6～24个月,骨折愈合51例,不愈合4例,股骨头坏死3例。结论：经皮空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折具有创伤小、方法简便、固定牢靠、可早期功能锻炼、并发症少的优点。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.