胰腺黏液性非囊性癌12例诊治经验

胰腺癌预后较差，5年生存率低于5％。但临床发现，部分胰腺黏液腺癌患者预后较好，这促使我们联合病理科进行进一步研究。现总结我院于1995年1月～2000年12月共收治的12例胰腺黏液性非囊性癌，并与同期所收治的病例资料完整且经随访的63例胰腺导管腺癌相比较。     

胰腺黏液非囊性癌的临床病理特点及诊治体会

目的 探讨胰腺黏液非囊性癌的临床病理特点、诊治方法 和预后.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治的11例胰腺黏液非囊性癌的临床病理及随访资料. 结果 11例患者男性6例,女性5例.年龄47～76岁,平均60.5岁.8例以上腹部不适为首发症状,1例以腹部肿块为首发症状,2例伴有黄疸.肿瘤标志物CA199均升高,6例超过正常值的5倍.影像学检查表现为胰腺密度不均的实性占位病变,边界不清.肿瘤位于胰头5例,胰体尾6例,直径4～11 cm,平均6.5 cm.11例患者均行手术探查,4例伴肝转移,1例伴腹腔广泛转移,9例行姑息性手术,2例行根治性切除,无围手术期死亡,免疫组化MUC-1均为阴性、MUC-2均为阳性,PCNA和Ki-67均为阳性.术后2例姑息性手术患者失访,其余均于5～22个月内死亡,患者平均生存期10个月.结论 胰腺黏液非囊性癌主要依赖病理学诊断,预后差,其生物学特性有待于进一步研究.     

胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤诊治分析

目的 探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤（MCN）的诊断与治疗。方法 对我院2008年1月至2014年12月49例经术后病理证实为MCN的患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 49例MCN患者中,伴异型性增生39例,伴浸润性癌10例。伴异型性增生的MCN患者中女30例,男9例,平均年龄（46.2±12.7）岁,肿瘤位于胰头部12例,胰体部及胰体尾部18例,胰腺尾部9例;肿瘤平均直径（5.3±3.3）cm。伴浸润性癌的MCN患者中女8例,男2例,平均年龄（51.3±14.7）岁;肿瘤位于胰头部4例,位于胰体尾6例;肿瘤平均直径（7.8±1.8）cm。 所有MCN患者均行手术治疗,结合术后病理切缘情况,47例得到根治性切除,2例切缘为阳性（均伴有浸润性）。肿瘤直径、CA19-9升高、肿瘤内乳头状结构在伴有浸润性癌和伴有异型性增生的MCN患者中具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。49例均获得随访,随访时间为5～85个月,中位随访时间46.3个月。伴有异型性增生的MCN患者中未见肿瘤复发或转移;伴有浸润性癌的MCN患者中死亡3例,余患者未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论 术前影像学检查对于MCN的诊断有着重要的意义。MCN手术切除后,预后较好,但对于伴有浸润性癌的MCN患者,即使行根治性切除,术后仍需密切随访。     

胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤38例临床诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤(mucinous cystic neoplasms, MCN)的临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1月至2018年12月间手术切除且术后病理确诊为MCN的38例患者的临床及病理资料,比较良性、交界性及恶性MCN之间的临床及病理特征差异及生存差异。结果 38例MCN患者平均年龄(49±14.1)岁,男女比例为1∶6.6,男性患者的平均年龄显著高于女性。肿瘤位于胰头部4例(10.5%),胰颈1例(2.6%),胰体尾部33例(86.8%)。术前影像学正确诊断率为36.8%(14/38),表现为单房性肿物26例(68.4%),多房性病灶12例(31.6%),囊壁含实性结节或乳头状突起10例(26.3%),囊壁增厚或伴有钙化者9例(25.7%)。肿瘤平均直径(5.3±2.8)cm。术后病理证实35例(92.1%)为良性MCN(轻-中度异型增生),1例为重度异型增生(原位癌),2例浸润性癌。35例良性MCN患者的病灶平均直径为(5.4±2.8)cm,明显小于恶性组患者(9.0±1.4)cm。除1例腺癌浸润患者术后29个月死于肿瘤转移外,其余患者均存活至今,中位随访时间33月。结论 MCN相对少见,临床表现缺乏特异性,术前诊断率低,手术治疗后总体预后良好。治疗决策应综合考虑肿瘤大小、增长速度、囊壁特点、肿瘤部位、临床症状及患者年龄等因素制定个体化策略,既要避免遗漏恶性尤其是浸润性MCN,也应尽量避免过度治疗增加患者负担及手术风险。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤26例临床诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗。方法对2000年6月至2005年6月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的26例胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果B超和CT对胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断正确率分别为88%(23/26)和92%(24/26),但不能准确区分其组织类型。26例均行手术治疗并获随访,1例黏液性囊腺癌病人因复发转移于术后11个月死亡,其余均存活,无复发。结论伴有症状的胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤,以及黏液性囊性肿瘤及导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤因有恶变倾向及临床不能鉴别其良恶性,需手术治疗;而无症状的浆液性囊腺瘤可观察随访。胰腺囊腺瘤手术切除后可获治愈,囊腺癌术后疗效也较满意。     

十二指肠乳头及胰腺内多发性乳头状黏液性囊性肿瘤一例

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in pancreas,IPMN）是由胰腺导管内能够分泌黏液的高柱状上皮细胞呈乳头状增生形成的肿瘤,伴有主胰管或其侧支胰管的囊性病变,与胰腺癌相比具有低度恶性、生长缓慢的特点.在临床工作当中,笔者遇到1例IPMN且合并肝内外胆管扩张的患者,现报道如下.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床诊治

提高对胰腺囊性肿瘤诊断和治疗的认识,减少这种少见肿瘤的误诊误治。方法:对1958年4月～1995年7月经病理证实的15例胰腺囊性肿瘤病人进行回顾性分析。结果:15例胰腺囊性肿瘤中,浆液性囊腺瘤6例,粘液性囊性肿瘤9例。肿瘤位于胰头部4例,体尾部10例,全胰1例。15例病人全部进行手术治疗,其中12例获手术切除,切除率为80％。术前明确诊断为胰腺囊性肿瘤者仅6例,其余9例术前被误诊为胰腺假性囊肿或中、上腹肿块而行手术,其中7例术中被诊为囊性肿瘤而获相应的根治性切除,另2例被错误地进行了内引流术。结论:胰腺囊性肿瘤临床上常被误诊,只要综合运用病史分析、影像学特点、囊液分析、术中活检等方法,就能提高诊断的准确率。胰腺囊性肿瘤手术切除率高,预后较好。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤13例临床分析

目的总结胰腺囊性肿瘤(pancreatic cystic neoplasms,PCN)的诊断与治疗体会。方法回顾性分析手术治疗的13例PCN的临床资料。结果术前B超确诊率为61.5%(8/13),CT确诊率为84.6%(11/13),肿瘤切除率为84.0(11/13),术后发生胰漏、切口感染各2例,腹腔感染1例。10例平均随访3.6年,3例死亡,其余均无复发。结论PCN术前定位困难,主要依靠影像学检查与胰腺假性囊肿鉴别。外科手术是PCN的主要治疗手段。     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的临床病理学分析

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）是近几年才被逐渐认识的一类胰腺囊性肿瘤，约占临床诊断胰腺肿瘤的7．5％和手术切除胰腺肿瘤的16．3％，具有产生大量黏液蛋白、胰腺导管囊性扩张和伴有导管内乳头生成的特点。本文总结我院近年来诊治的24例IPMN患者的临床病理学资料，报告如下。[第一段]     

胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤诊治分析

目的: 探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗效果.方法: 回顾分析15例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的临床资料.男6例,女9例;8例胰腺黏液性囊腺瘤,7例胰腺黏液性囊腺癌(1.14∶1);肿瘤位于胰头部3例(20%),胰体尾部10例(66.7%),胰尾部2例(13.3%).胰十二指肠切除术2例,胰腺体尾部+脾切除术8例,胰尾+脾切除术2例,胰腺囊腺瘤切除术1例,胰腺囊肿-空肠吻合内引流术1例,胰腺囊肿外引流术1例.结果: 随访10~15年,8例囊腺瘤均无瘤存活;7例囊腺癌中4例(57.1%)存活5年,2例(28.5%)存活3年,1例(14.2%)存活率1年.结论: 囊腺癌属于低度恶性肿瘤,根治性切除术效果良好.     

Colloid (mucinous noncystic) carcinoma of the pancreas

In the past, colloid (mucinous noncystic) carcinoma (CC) of the pancreas had been included under the category of ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma, a tumor with a dismal prognosis, or was frequently misdiagnosed as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The clinicopathologic features of CC have not yet been well characterized, because most cases on record have been parts of studies on either mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), with which colloid carcinomas are frequently associated. To determine the clinicopathologic characteristics of CC, 17 pancreatic tumors composed predominantly (>80%) of CC (defined as nodular extracellular mucin lakes with scanty malignant epithelial cells) and in which the invasive carcinoma measured larger than 1 cm were studied. Ten of these were originally classified as mucinous ductal adenocarcinoma and four as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The mean age of the patients was 61 years; 9 were men and 8 were women. The mean size of the CC was 5.3 cm (range, 1.2-16 cm). In more than half of the patients, CC represented the invasive component of an IPMN (in nine cases) or MCN (in one case). The tumors were composed of well-defined pools of mucin with sparse malignant cells in various patterns of distribution. Signet-ring cells floating in the mucin (but not as individual cells infiltrating stroma, a characteristic finding of signet-ring cell adenocarcinomas) were commonly identified and were prominent in five cases. Perineurial invasion was noted in six cases and regional lymph node metastases in eight. Mutation in codon 12 of the k-ras gene was detected in only 4 of 12 cases studied and p53 mutation in 2 of 9. Immunohistochemical and histochemical mucin stains suggested luminalization of the basal aspects of the cells. Five-year survival was 57%. At an overall mean follow up of 57 months, 10 patients were alive with no evidence of disease (median, 79 mos), including four with lymph node metastasis, three others with perineurial invasion, and another with vascular invasion. Four patients died of disease (18, 18, 25, and 26 mos), and three died of thromboembolism (with persistent disease) at 2, 5, 10 months. All seven patients who died with or of tumor had undergone incisional biopsy of the tumor either before the operation or intraoperatively, whereas none of the patients who were alive had incisional biopsy. When compared with 82 cases of resectable ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma on whom follow-up and staging information was complete, it was found that the patients with CC present with larger tumors (p = 0.03) but lower stage (p = 0.01). The prognosis of CC is significantly better: 2-year and 5-year survival are 70% versus 28% and 57% versus 12%, respectively (p = 0.001). In conclusion, pancreatic CC may occur with or without an identifiable IPMN and MCN component, and should be distinguished from mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma, and signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma. CC of the pancreas is associated with a significantly better prognosis than ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma. In addition to its distinctive morphologic and clinical characteristics, CC of the pancreas also appears to have a low incidence of mutation in codon 12 of the k-ras gene. In cases with a clinical suspicion of colloid carcinoma, the possibility that an incisional biopsy may contribute to thromboembolic complications or even dissemination of the tumor may need to be considered. The luminalization of the basal aspects of the tumor cells may be the cause of stromal mucin accumulation that characterizes colloid carcinoma and may act as a containing factor.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a controversial entity. Although some reports show that it is metastatic from another source, others demonstrate that it is a primary tumor. Between 1988 and 1997, fourteen cases of pancreatic squamous cell carcinoma were identified in the records of our pathology department. In seven instances the features were consistent with squamous cell carcinoma with no adenomatous component. The records of six of these patients were available for review and constitute the basis for this report. Five patients were diagnosed by means of percutaneous CT-guided fine-needle aspiration, whereas the sixth patient was diagnosed using a transduodenal core needle biopsy. At the time of diagnosis four patients had lung lesions, three patients had liver lesions, and two patients had lyric bone lesions. One patient had a 6 cm esophageal lesion. Surgical intervention had no impact on treatment or palliation in one of the patients. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy, alone or in combination, were ineffective in all patients. Median survival from the time of diagnosis was 2 months. We conclude that in cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas, every effort should be made to exclude adenomatous components histologically within the tumor and to exclude another primary source of squamous cell carcinoma. This will allow a better understanding of this entity and a refinement of therapy.     

Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors and mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas: imaging

Most cystic lesions of the pancreas are nonneoplastic and inflammatory in nature. However, approximately 5%–15% of cystic pancreatic masses may be neoplastic. Among the cystic neoplasms are the mucin-producing tumors, both the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and the mucinous cystic neoplasms. Their imaging features on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assist in the differentiation of these lesions. The imaging findings of both intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm are reviewed with attention to CT and MRI.     

宫颈粘液腺癌48例临床病理分析

目的探讨宫颈粘液腺癌患者治疗后的近期和远期疗效,并分析其预后影响因素。方法收集中国医学科学院北京协和医院2000年1月至2014年10月收治的48例宫颈粘液腺癌患者的临床病理资料,分析其年龄分布、临床病理特点、治疗、预后及相关影响因素。结果患者中位年龄为43岁(23~72岁);临床分期:IA2期1例,IB1期16例,IB2期12例,IIA期5例,IIB期9例,III期4例,IV期1例;病理分型:宫颈管型38例,肠型1例,胃型(微偏腺癌)7例,印戒细胞型2例;宫颈局部肿瘤直径:≤4cm者30例,4cm者18例。术后病理发现:33例子宫颈深间质受侵(浸润深度≥1/2),11例淋巴血管间隙受累(LVSI),14例盆腔和(或)腹主动脉旁淋巴结有转移。48例宫颈粘液腺癌患者中,近期疗效有效率75%,随访期内死亡者共20例,5年累积总生存率49%,中位总生存时间为68个月。随访期内共21例患者术后出现复发、转移,中位复发、转移时间为12个月(1~55个月)。20例已死亡,1例带瘤生存。单因素生存分析显示,宫颈粘液腺癌患者的预后与肿瘤大小、脉管瘤栓、宫旁侵犯及淋巴结转移显著相关(P0.05);多因素分析显示:仅淋巴结转移与否是独立的预后影响因素(P0.001)。结论宫颈粘液腺癌患者的总体预后较差,发生淋巴结转移是影响其预后的重要不良因素。     

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis of the pancreas versus pancreatic carcinoma

We report one of few cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis of the pancreas, which is different from the classical retroperitoneal fibrosis that affects ureters and vessels that mimicking locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma at presentation.     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的提高对胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMTs)的认识,以改善其诊治水平。方法对1993年5月至2003年12月收治的15例IPMTs病人的临床、影像学表现及病理资料作回顾性分析。结果15例中男性12例,女性3例。年龄33～76岁,平均58岁。上腹痛为最常见症状。B超和CT检查,均提示有不同程度的胰管扩张和囊实性占位。11例行ERCP检查,发现十二指肠乳头肿大和黏液溢出者7例。14例行手术治疗(胰十二指肠切除术12例,胰体尾切除1例,全胰切除1例)。术后病理诊断胰头导管内乳头状黏液性腺癌3例、导管内乳头状黏液性腺瘤伴局部癌变6例、胰头导管内乳头状黏液性腺瘤伴不典型增生3例、胰头导管内乳头状黏液性腺瘤2例,术后除1例因肝广泛转移而死亡外,其余病人均健在,存活期最长1例已13年。结论胰腺有囊实性占位伴胰管全程扩张的病人应考虑IPMTs,ERCP发现十二指肠乳头增大有黏液溢出者可确诊该疾病。手术切除是最有效的治疗,术后预后良好。     

肾黏液小管状和梭形细胞癌的临床特点分析

目的 探讨肾黏液小管状和梭形细胞癌(MTSCCa)的临床特点、治疗和预后. 方法 MTSCCa患者4例.均为女性.年龄42～76岁,平均57岁.腰痛2例,其中伴肉眼血尿1例;体检发现肾肿瘤2例.肿瘤位于左肾3例,右肾1例.CT检查示肾内低密度影,增强后有轻度强化,且有延迟强化.肿瘤直径3.8～12.0 cm,平均6.8 cm.T1aN0M0 1例,T1bN0M0 2例,T2N0M0 1例.4例均行根治性肾切除术,其中1例行腹腔镜手术. 结果 4例手术顺利.肿瘤大体标本切面呈灰白色或灰褐色,周边有完整包膜.肿瘤内有出血区域:镜下表现为管状和梭形结构穿插于黏液样间质中,病理均诊断为肾MTSCCa.2例术后行干扰素及IL-2免疫治疗3个月.随访9～46个月,均未见复发或转移.结论 MTSCCa是一种罕见的低度恶性肾脏上皮肿瘤,多见于女性,早期手术切除是首选治疗方法,预后良好.     

Changes to levels of serum neuron-specific enolase in a patient with small cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the pancreas is a rare disease, with an extremely poor prognosis; only 24 cases have been reported in the literature. However, as some patients have been successfully treated with combination chemotherapy, it is important to obtain both a definite diagnosis and a precise evaluation of the effect of the treatment. A 69-year-old woman presented with an abdominal tumor and pain. She had been observed for sensory neuropathy and swelling of the pancreatic head by the referring doctor over the previous 9 months. The patient was diagnosed with SCC of the pancreas after surgery and had two courses of combination chemotherapy (cisplatin and etoposide). Initially, the tumor disappeared completely on computed tomography (CT) scans, but she died of disease recurrence 3 months after completing the chemotherapy. Changes in serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were monitored constantly during the progress of the disease. NSE levels had already increased above the upper limit of normal 8 months before the patients admission to our hospital, and levels changed concurrently not only with tumor growth but also subsequently with remission and then relapse of the disease after treatment. These results indicate that NSE is a good marker, both as a diagnostic indicator for SCC of the pancreas and as a means of evaluating response to treatment.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the base of the tongue: Late metastasis to the pancreas

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a relatively rare epithelial tumor of the salivary glands. We present a 64-year-old gentleman with ACC of the tongue who following resection and radiotherapy, presented 10 years later with a lung metastasis and underwent operative intervention and further radiotherapy. Five years later he presented with obstructive jaundice found to be metastatic ACC. We believe this to be the first report of an ACC metastasizing to the pancreas.     

Clinical analysis of TS1 carcinoma of the pancreas

In 40 patients with tumor size (TS)1 pancreatic cancer with a TS of 2 cm or less, the tumor was classified as without direct extrapancreatic invasion in 11 patients (t₁a, group) and as with direct extrapancreatic invasion in 29 patients (t₂t₃ group). Ultrasonography (US) and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) were useful for the diagnosis, with accuracy rates of 80% and 75%, respectively, in the t₁a group and 78% and 75% in the t₂t₃ group. The accuracy rate of preoperative integrated imaging diagnosis was 83% in the t₂t₃ group but only 55% in the t₁a group. All of the t₂t₃ patients were stage III or higher and 18% of the t₁a patients had lymph node metastasis, indicating the need for extended radical operation in TS1 pancreatic cancer. Because standard operation is indicated when the preoperative diagnosis is not pancreatic cancer, accurate preoperative diagnosis is very important. The rate of curative resection and the 5-year survival rate were 100% and 56%, respectively, in the t₁a group and there were two 5-year survivors. The rate of non-curative resection and the 5-year survival rate were 31% and 35%, respectively, in the t₂t₃ group and there were three 5-year survivors. In the light of these findings, it is therefore important to make an accurate diagnosis of t₁a pancreatic cancer of TS1 pancreatic cancer without direct extrapancreatic invasion. As liver metastasis was frequently observed in both the t₁a and t₂t₃ groups, the establishment of effective measures to inhibit liver metastasis is considered urgent to improve the result of TS1 pancreatic cancer surgery.