初中生自尊发展与人际素质的关系研究

目的 探讨初中生自尊发展与人际素质的关系.方法 采用自尊量表和初中生心理健康人际素质的量表,分别对初中3个年级的学生进行了调查.结果 ①不同年级的初中生自尊发展存在差异(F＝5、47,P=0.005);不同性别的初中生自尊发展没有显著差异;②不同年级的初中生在人际素质上没有显著差异;不同性别的初中生在人际素质上差异显著...     

初中生人性哲学的调查研究

目的 探讨不同性别、年级、城乡初中生的人性哲学状况。方法 本研究采用分层抽样法选取389名初中生，利用Wrightsman的人性哲学修订量表进行调查。结果 男女生的人性哲学状况存在边缘显著的差异；城乡环境封初中生人性态度存在显著影响；人性态度存在显著的年级差异，初三学生愤世嫉俗的程度最高，而且对人缺乏信任。结论 初中生的人性态度状况总体土比较好，但也存在一些问题。     

高中生学习策略的调查研究

目的了解高中生学习策略并分析学习策略在不同维度上的差异。方法从几所高中选取278名高中生作为研究对象,采用《中学生学习策略问卷》作为研究工具进行分析。结果①学习策略发展水平存在显著的年级差异(t=4.064,P<0.01)和性别差异(t=1.975,P<0.05);②女生在复述策略(t=-2.611,P<0.05)和精加工策略(t=-2.362,P<0.05)维度上的得分高于男生,男生在计划策略(t=4.454,P<0.01)、监视策略(t=4.948,P<0.01)、调节策略(t=4.073,P<0.01)3个维度上的得分显著高于女生;③不同类型学校高中生在学习策略水平上存在显著差异(t=5.256,P<0.01)。结论①学生的学习策略并未表现出随年级增长而提高的趋势;②不同性别学生在认知策略和元认知策略水平上存在显著差异;③重点中学学生学习策略的总体水平显著高于普通中学。     

初中生人际交往中交互现象及其与自我意识的关系

目的：考察初中生人际交往中的交互现象及其与自我意识的关系。方法：运用社会测量法对265名初中生进行人际关系测试，并在一周后对他们进行自我意识测量。结果：①初中生人际交往中存在交互现象。②不同年级初中生行为和焦虑方面的自我意识差异显著；不同性别初中生自我意识在焦虑维度上差异显著；③自我意识中智力与学校情况方面显著影响初中生个体接纳水平。结论：初中生人际交往中存在交互现象，并受自我意识个别维度的影响．     

初中生的父母教养方式与社会支持的关系

目的 探讨初中生的父母教养方式与社会支持之间的关系.方法 使用父母教养方式问卷和中学生社会关系网络问卷对548名初中生的父母教养方式和社会支持状况进行调查.结果 ①接纳型在父母的教养类型中处于主导地位,但初中生父母对初一年级学生的接纳程度显著高于初三年级学生,对初三年级学生的拒绝、干涉程度显著高于初一年级;初中生父母的教养方式存在显著的性别差异,且对女生的教养方式总体上比对男生积极;②总体上看,同性朋友是初中生社会支持最主要的来源,但不同年级、不同性别的初中生社会支持状况差异显著.母亲是低年级初中生、女生最重要的社会支持来源,同性朋友是高年级初中生、男生最重要的社会支持来源.结论 父母教养方式与初中生感受到的社会支持之间存在一定的内在联系.     

初中生社会支持特点的调查分析

目的 探讨不同年级、性别初中生的社会支持状况。方法 从两所初中抽取1-3年级学生420名,用社会支持评定量表在各班团体施测。结果 ①初中生社会支持状况总分为39.31±6.15。男女生社会支持评定状况只在3个项目上有显著性差异。②年级之间的差异达到非常显著的水平,二年级社会支持得分最高,三年级最低。且在主观支持因子上性别与年级因素存在交互作用。③部分初中生在支持利用度方面存在一定问题。结论 初中生的社会支持总体状况良好,但有些问题必须重视。     

泰安市高中生物理学习自我监控能力调查

目的调查高中生物理学习自我监控能力现状，探讨高中生物理学习自我监控能力与年级、性别的关系。方法采用高中生物理学习自我监控量表对泰安市1002名高中生进行问卷测试。结果①泰安市高中生在物理学习自我监控量表以及各维度上的平均分较高；②不同年级学生在物理学习自我监控量表以及各维度（除定向外）上的平均分差异不显著；③在监察、调节、控制等3个维度上男生优于女生，在定向维度上女生优于男生。在全量表以及其他维度上性别差异不显著。结论泰安市高中生物理学习自我监控能力的总体情况是良好的；高中生物理学习自我监控能力存在一定的性别差异，年级差异不显著。     

湛江市1500名初中生心理健康状况测查与分析

目的本调查从心理健康角度出发评定湛江市初中生心理健康状况，为中学心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用《心理健康诊断测验》（MHT）量表对1500名湛江市初中生进行测量。结果发现初中生心理问题检出率有上升趋势，有一项或一项以上心理健康问题的学生占30．93％。女生心理健康总体水平低于男生，差异达到显著水平。初二有多项因子检出率均高于其他两个年级，初一与初二，初二与初三在心理健康状况上差异达显著水平。结论湛江市初中生心理健康状况不容乐观，亟待有针对性加强心理健康教育与干预措施，不同性别与年级的学生在心理辅导内容与教育方式上应有不同的对策。     

初中生的人格倾向与考试焦虑的关系

目的:探讨初中生人格倾向与考试焦虑的关系。方法:以艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQRSC)和考试焦虑量表(TAS)为测查工具在临沂市某两所初级中学选取初一和初二两个年级的208名初中生进行研究。结果:1不同性别的初中生在人格倾向中的外向性、精神质和神经质3个维度上均存在显著差异(t=3.902,-5.975,-6.191;P0.001);不同年级的初中生仅在精神质维度上存在显著差异(t=-3.541,P0.001);2不同性别、不同年级的初中生在考试焦虑上均不存在显著差异,但女生的考试焦虑水平高于男生,初一学生的考试焦虑水平略高于初二学生;3初中生的考试焦虑水平仅与人格倾向中的精神质维度存在显著正相关(r=0.308,P0.01)。结论:1初中女生比男生情绪更不稳定,更具有攻击情绪,但男生比女生更外向活泼;初二学生比初一学生更具反抗性、攻击性;2初中生考试焦虑有普遍性;3精神质对考试焦虑有预测作用。     

初中生学业归因方式、学业情绪与心理健康

目的探讨初中生学业归因方式和学业情绪对心理健康的影响。方法采用问卷调查法,以山东省3所中学的511名初中生为被试。结果①不同年级初中生的能力归因存在显著差异,初一学生的能力归因高于初二、初三学生(P0.05);②不同性别和年级初中生的学业情绪存在显著差异,男生的积极低唤醒学业情绪和消极低唤醒学业情绪显著高于女生(P0.05);初一学生的积极高唤醒情绪低于初二、初三学生(P0.01;P0.05);③不同年级初中生的心理健康水平存在显著差异,初一学生的考试镇定低于初三学生(P0.01);④学业归因方式和学业情绪对心理健康具有显著预测作用。结论初中生的学业归因方式和学业情绪是其心理健康的重要影响因素。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.