分次灌注海水致兔呼吸窘迫综合征模型的建立

目的通过向兔气管插管内灌入海水，建立海水淹溺致急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型。方法14只新西兰大白兔被随机平分为C组（对照组，无任何处理）和S组（海水组，用海水灌注）。观察分次适量海水灌入气管插管后症状学、血气分析、血液动力学、血清中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的变化。2h后给每组试验兔拍摄肺CT片，并观察其组织病理学变化。结果与C组相比，S组的O2和CO2指数显著降低（P〈0．01），呼吸动力学和血液动力学的情况明显恶化。TNF—α和IL-6增高，这一结果提示肺损伤发生于兔被海水灌注之后。另外，还发现模型兔有明显的肺水肿、肺泡隔断裂和炎性渗出。结论成功复制了既符合海水淹溺的实际情况，又符合国内外急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断标准的海水淹溺致急性肺损伤动物模型。     

海水淹溺型肺损伤后一氧化氮的表达及地塞米松的干预作用

目的 观察海水淹溺型兔肺损伤后一氧化氮(NO)的变化及不同剂量地塞米松的干预作用,了解地塞米松对海水淹溺型兔肺损伤的作用.方法 兔经气管注入海水,制备海水淹溺型肺损伤兔模型.将35只健康雄性新西兰大白兔随机分为5组:对照组、海水淹溺组、地塞米松低剂量(0.5 mg/kg)、中剂量(1 mg/kg)、高剂量(5 mg/kg)组.海水淹溺组、地塞米松各剂量组于手术稳定20 min后经气管插管注入配方海水(2 ml/kg),对照组气管切开后注入等量生理盐水,地塞米松各剂量组同时经颈动脉注入不同剂量的地塞米松.注射地塞米松后1、3、6 h取血,测血清NO浓度,并于注射地塞米松6 h后处死动物,迅速取出肺脏,测定肺湿/干重比、肺泡灌洗液(BALF)蛋白含量、肺组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,在光镜下观察肺形态结构的变化.结果 海水淹溺可以使肺湿/干重比、肺泡灌洗液内蛋白含量、血浆中NO含量、肺组织中NOS活性升高,使MDA含量增加、SOD活性降低,引起肺形态结构的病理变化.地塞米松可减轻海水淹溺引起的肺损伤,但地塞米松各剂量组与海水淹溺组之间未见明显差异.结论 海水淹溺可明显升高兔血清中的NO含量,地塞米松可减轻海水淹溺性肺损伤.     

兔海水淹溺肺水肿时肺损伤及其机理研究(论著)

目的：观察急性海水淹溺所致肺损伤并探讨其发生机理。方法：向兔肺内灌入海水造成急性淹溺肺水肿模型。采用全自动血气分析仪和计算机图像分析系统，对兔动脉血气、酸碱等６项指标和肺毛细血管内皮细胞Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶等９项参数进行自动检测和定量测量。结果：灌海水后兔动脉血ｐＨ、ＰａＯ２、血氧饱和度（ＳＯ２）、实际碳酸氢盐（ＡＢ）和碱剩余（ＢＥ）等５项指标明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＰａＣＯ２在灌海水后１０～３０分钟呈短暂性升高。在海水淹溺肺水肿（ＰＥ－ＳＷＤ）组中，肺毛细血管内皮细胞Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力显著降低，肺泡Ⅰ、Ⅱ型上皮细胞和肺毛细血管内皮细胞内Ｃａ２＋沉淀颗粒明显增加。结论：低氧血症和代谢性酸中毒可认为是海水淹溺后肺损伤发生的主要原因，细胞内钙超载和肺内Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力降低与ＰＥ－ＳＷＤ的发生发展密切相关，应引起临床医生的高度重视     

海水淹溺型肺损伤与淡水淹溺型肺损伤特征的比较

目的 通过复制海水和淡水淹溺型急性肺损伤大鼠模型,比较海水淹溺与淡水淹溺造成的急性肺损伤的特征与区别.方法 90只大鼠用随机数字法分为3组,即对照组、淡水淹溺组和海水淹溺组,每组在吸入淡水或海水后30min、1、2、4、8h时间点进行观察,每个时相点取6只大鼠用于实验.气管内灌注淡水或海水4ml/kg,建立急性肺损伤模型,分别检测动脉血气分析、肺湿/干重比值(W/D)、肺微血管通透性(PVMP)、血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量,并观察肺组织病理变化.结果 大鼠吸入淡水或海水后,动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显降低(P<0.05),海水淹溺组比淡水淹溺组降低更为明显(P<0.05).海水淹溺组和淡水淹溺组大鼠的肺W/D值、肺PMVP、血清和BALF中TNF-α含量均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),海水淹溺组较淡水淹溺组升高更明显(P<0.05).病理观察显示,海水淹溺组可见肺间质和肺泡水肿,肺组织灶性出血,并有以中性粒细胞为主的炎性细胞浸润;淡水淹溺组病理学改变与海水淹溺组相似,但损伤程度较轻.结论 海水淹溺较淡水淹溺所引起的肺微血管通透性增加更为明显,低氧血症、肺水肿和炎症反应更严重.     

山莨菪碱对海水淹溺兔外周血单核细胞NF-κB表达的干预作用

目的：探讨山莨菪碱对海水淹溺后兔外周血中单核细胞核转录因子κB（NF-κB）的表达以及海水淹溺性肺水肿（PE-SVCD）治疗作用。方法：家兔气管切开后模拟海水淹溺造成急性肺损伤,于淹溺前（T1）,淹溺后15、30、60、120、240、480min（T2～T7）7个时间点采集外周血进行血气分析,并测定外周血炎症介质含量和单核细胞中NF-κB的淹溺前后表达变化,并采集肺组织。结果：海水淹溺致兔急性肺损伤各时间点肺组织中性粒细胞大量浸润,淹溺后外周血单核细胞NF-κB的表达开始增高,90 min后达到最高峰,而山莨菪碱可降低NF-κB以及炎症因子表达（P〈0.01）。结论：海水淹溺急性肺损伤可能与NF-κB高表达有关。山莨菪碱可降低NF-κB表达,减轻肺损伤程度。     

肺复张联合小潮气量机械通气对海水淹溺致急性肺损伤兔氧合的影响

目的 研究肺复张与小潮气量机械通气联合应用对海水淹溺致急性肺损伤兔的氧合和呼吸力学的影响及安全性评价.方法 18只新西兰兔气管内缓慢灌入2 ml/kg海水,复制成海水淹溺致急性肺损伤兔模型,随后给予6 ml/kg小潮气量机械通气3 h.按是否给予肺复张分为对照组和肺复张组(RM组),每组9只.对照组小潮气量机械通气结束后即行肺高分辨率CT检查.RM组小潮气量通气结束后即给予肺复张,方法为:持续气道正压(CPAP),压力2.94 kPa,时间20 s,小潮气量机械通气期间观察记录2组氧合、呼吸力学、循环、血清炎性因子的变化.结果 RM组PaO2在各观察点明显改善,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);能维持2 h,RM组在复张后15 min和30 min PaC02高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);平台压(Pplat)降低、静态顺应性(Crs,stat)增加,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RM组15 min平均动脉压下降(P<0.05),1 h后基本恢复基础水平;复张过程中,心率增加、血压下降,30～90 s恢复,在15 min时RM组心率较对照组低(P<0.05);2组血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RM组肺高分辨率CT浸润影吸收好于对照组,无气压伤.结论 肺复张与小潮气量通气联合应用能够明显改善兔氧合和肺顺应性,减轻肺损伤,是一种安全有效的治疗海水淹溺致急性肺损伤的机械通气手段.     

海水和淡水肺内灌注对兔肺损伤作用的实验观察

目的 观察海水和淡水肺内灌注引起兔肺损伤情况的异同.方法 21只新西兰兔随机分为正常组、海水灌注组和淡水灌注组,将等量海水和淡水通过气管插管灌入兔肺内,3 h后观察兔在症状学、血气分析、血液动力学、肺损伤指标、组织学等方面的变化,并将上述指标进行统计学处理,观察肺组织损伤程度的异同.结果 血气分析、炎症因子检测、肺组织学损伤评分结果显示,等量海水和淡水灌注均可在一定程度上对实验兔的肺组织造成损伤,且海水灌注对肺组织的损伤要重于淡水灌注(P<0.05).结论 海水肺内灌注造成的肺组织损伤重于淡水灌注.     

海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期肺组织核因子-κB及相关细胞因子的动态变化

目的探讨海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)活性及相关细胞因子动态变化。方法 36只新西兰兔随机分成对照组(0 h)和海水灌注后1、3、6、12、24 h组。灌注组经气管插管灌注2 ml/kg海水。观察各组动物血气分析的变化。计算肺湿干重比值、肺通透指数。以非放射性凝胶迁移实验分析肺组织NT-κB活性,酶联免疫吸附法检测肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-10浓度,同时进行病理学检查,计算肺病理评分。结果与对照组比,海水灌注组氧合指数迅速低至300 mmHg以下,持续时间长达6 h(P<0.01);肺大体标本淤血水肿严重,显微镜下可见炎症细胞浸润等急性肺损伤病理学征象;肺湿干重比于海水灌注后3 h达高峰,肺通透指数及肺病理评分以海水灌注后6 h组数值最高;肺组织NF-κB活性及TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10表达量显著增高,并于6 h达高峰。海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期NF-κB活性与TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10及肺病理评分正相关(P<0.05),TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10与肺病理评分、肺通透指数亦密切相关(P<0.05)。结论 NF-κB活化在海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期与细胞因子过度释放密切相关,在肺组织炎症反应和病理损害中起重要作用。     

海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期肺组织核因子 κB 及相关细胞因子的动态变化

目的探讨海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)活性及相关细胞因子动态变化。方法 36只新西兰兔随机分成对照组(0 h)和海水灌注后1、3、6、12、24 h组。灌注组经气管插管灌注2 ml/kg海水。观察各组动物血气分析的变化。计算肺湿干重比值、肺通透指数。以非放射性凝胶迁移实验分析肺组织NT-κB活性,酶联免疫吸附法检测肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-10浓度,同时进行病理学检查,计算肺病理评分。结果与对照组比,海水灌注组氧合指数迅速低至300 mmHg以下,持续时间长达6 h(P<0.01);肺大体标本淤血水肿严重,显微镜下可见炎症细胞浸润等急性肺损伤病理学征象;肺湿干重比于海水灌注后3 h达高峰,肺通透指数及肺病理评分以海水灌注后6 h组数值最高;肺组织NF-κB活性及TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10表达量显著增高,并于6 h达高峰。海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期NF-κB活性与TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10及肺病理评分正相关(P<0.05),TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10与肺病理评分、肺通透指数亦密切相关(P<0.05)。结论 NF-κB活化在海水淹溺型急性肺损伤早期与细胞因子过度释放密切相关,在肺组织炎症反应和病理损害中起重要作用。     

高压氧综合治疗海水淹溺性肺水肿20例疗效观察

荣成市地处胶东半岛东端,三面环海,海岸线长达1000多华里,海岸线上分布着10大海港、50多个岛屿,有400多个渔村,海水淹溺事件时有发生。海水淹溺后,除少数因喉部及气管反射性痉挛引起急性窒息导致死亡外,海水淹溺性肺水肿和海水淹溺性急性肺损伤也是后续死亡的主要原因,病理生理改变和发病机制较为复杂。海水是高渗液体,含有大量的Na+、Cl-、Ca2+及Mg2+等对呼吸道和肺泡具有直接刺激作用。海水进入呼吸道后,可直接造成肺泡腔水肿,另外,肺泡上皮细胞和毛细血管内皮细胞受损后,其通透性明显增加,引起机体血管内液体向肺泡腔和肺间质渗出,从而导致急性肺水肿和急性肺损伤,进一步发展为海水型呼吸窘迫综合征,是海水淹溺后续死亡的主要原因,救治极为困难,是临床上常见的危重病症之一。荣成市人民医院自2013年1月至2019年9月收治了38例海水淹溺性肺水肿患者进行治疗,其中20例在常规治疗的基础上加用高压氧治疗,取得比较满意的疗效。现报道如下。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.