测谎中皮肤电反应的认知效应初探

目的：探讨个体认知状态与皮肤电反应之间的关系,为改进测谎技术提供科学依据.方法：以42名大学生作为被试,运用照片再认法,以不同认知任务为素材进行测谎测试.结果：不同认知任务下,被试皮肤电反应差异显著,其中识记过的照片引起更强烈的皮肤电反应.结论：①皮肤电反应确实存在着认知效应.②皮肤电反应还受到说谎引起的“非认知”因素的控制与影响.③皮肤电反应还可能会受到被试反应性质的影响.     

GKT原理的模拟犯罪测试范式实验研究

目的:本实验旨在以实际犯罪较接近的实验场景验证GKT的测谎机制,并探讨其对罪犯以及其他嫌疑人的判定有效性。方法:以72名健康大学生为被试,让被试在模拟犯罪的背景下采用三种包含不同说谎和认知成分的回答方式进行测谎测试,采用Limestone测谎仪测量被试皮肤电反应。结果:回答方式与角色两因子在判定分数上的主效应均显著,交互作用不显著。结论:在模拟犯罪测试范式下,GKT模式中认知与说谎机制是共存的,其中认知成分不占主要地位,说谎成分占主要地位,GKT模式无法兼顾有效地判定"犯罪"和"知情无辜"角色,需进一步改进。     

测谎仪是否真的能辩别谎言

测谎仪的准确名称叫多种波动描记器，是一种同时记录心率、血压、呼吸和皮肤电反应变化的多导仪。由于这种设备常常被用于警方的刑侦工作，人们一般认为多导仪的用途就是测谎。其实不然，多导仪测的就是情绪反应，正像一位评论家指出的那样，当人们撒谎的时候，他们会表现出同样的撒谎反应模式，多导仪的功能限于记录一般的情绪唤起水平，但在记录中无法分辨说谎、害怕焦虑或激动等不同的情绪。     

情绪自主神经反应的影响因素研究

目的：探讨情绪强度等因素对五种基本情绪自主神经反应的影响。方法：使用影片片断作为情绪诱导材料，记录被试心率，心率变异性，血压等生理指标，分析情绪强度，反应阶段和心境等被试变量是否与情绪自主神经反应相关。结果：情绪报告强度较高与较低的被试之间，情绪的不同反应阶段之间，五种基本情绪的R-R间期平均数、收缩压等均差异显著；悲伤情绪下，R-R间期平均数与应激量呈显著负相关，HRV高频功率与应激量亦呈显著负相关；厌恶情绪下，HRV高频功率与心境呈显著负相关；愤怒情绪下，R-R间期平均数与心境呈显著负相关，与EPQ-N呈显著正相关。结论：同一种情绪内部的因素，个性、心境和是否处于应激状态等，都与情绪的自主神经反应有不同程度的相关。     

不同类型高自尊个体情绪启动下的注意偏向和注意控制

目的:考察不同类型高自尊个体在不同情绪启动下注意偏向和注意控制的特点。方法:对大学生956人，根据自尊量表(SES)、内隐联想测验(IAT)得分筛选出脆弱型高自尊组和安全型高自尊组各57人。两组完成不同情绪启动下空间线索实验，当线索无效时，根据被试对攻击性词语的反应时与中性词语的反应时差值(RTI)的变异程度，获得情绪启动下的注意偏向特点；两组完成不同情绪启动下Flanker实验，根据不同情绪启动下被试干扰效应值的差异，获得情绪启动下的注意控制特点。结果:脆弱型高自尊组在高、低回避动机情绪下RTI值均高于中性动机情绪，在高趋近动机情绪下RTI值低于中性动机情绪；安全型高自尊组在高、低趋近动机情绪下RTI值均低于中性动机情绪，在高回避动机情绪下RTI值高于中性动机情绪(均P<0.05)。不同高自尊组在高趋近、高回避动机情绪下干扰效应得分高于中性动机情绪，在低趋近动机情绪下干扰效应得分低于中性动机情绪(均P<0.05)。结论:不同情绪启动对不同类型高自尊个体注意偏向和注意控制起调节或促进作用。     

测谎问题的呈现方式对自主生理反应的影响

目的:比较测谎问题的两种呈现方式(声音呈现和文本呈现)对个体在隐藏信息测试中自主生理反应的影响。方法:以30名健康大学生为被试,让其模拟犯罪并完成隐藏信息测试,测试时的问题由提前录制好的男士声音提问或由屏幕呈现文本提问,并采用16通道生理记录仪记录被试测试时的皮肤电变化和心率变化。结果:1关键项的皮肤电变化和心率变化均显著大于无关项;2声音呈现方式下的心率变化显著大于文本呈现方式,但两种呈现方式下的皮肤电变化无显著差异。结论:相比文本呈现方式,声音这一社会性刺激使受测者在隐藏信息测试中产生更大的生理反应。     

雾霾的视觉刺激对情绪和攻击性影响的初步研究

目的:探索雾霾的视觉刺激是否会激发人们的消极情绪并进一步对其攻击性产生影响。方法:通过呈现不同类型的图片来研究被试的情绪状态和攻击性水平。结果:实验一结果呈现晴空图片具有积极情绪属性,雾霾图片具有消极情绪属性;实验二结果表明,在不同图片类型的刺激下,受试者对攻击性词语的反应时是显著的(F=24.67,P0.001)。其中晴空图片刺激下的反应时显著小于雾霾图片刺激下的反应时(P0.05),前测和雾霾图片刺激下的反应时差异不显著(P0.05)。不同图片类型刺激下,被试对非攻击性词汇的反应时差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:雾霾的天空图片可以诱发个体的负性情绪,晴朗的天空图片可以诱发个体的正性情绪。雾霾的天空图片对内隐攻击性的影响并不显著,但这需要进一步研究验证。     

情绪效价影响自我姓名加工的电生理证据

目的:通过事件相关电位技术考察情绪效价对自我姓名加工的影响。方法:采用block设计,使用情绪图片分别诱发正、负性情绪,被试完成被动Oddball范式,对小圆进行按键反应,而对大圆及自我、明星、陌生人姓名不反应,分析三类姓名的脑电差异。结果:负性情绪下的自我姓名比正性诱发了更大的N2,相比于朋友与陌生人,自我姓名在正、负性情绪下诱发了更大的P300,但仅在负性条件下诱发了更大N2。结论:情绪效价作用在自我姓名加工的中晚期时间段内产生影响,特别是在N2时间段内,负性刺激引起情绪负性偏向,而个体同时为了维护自我正面偏见,产生了正、负性情绪效价的冲突。     

日常负性生活事件、感知压力与情绪个体内可变性的关系——基于经验取样法的研究

目的：探讨日常负性生活事件与情绪个体内可变性（情绪变迁、情绪自旋与情绪脉冲）的关系,以及日常感知压力在两者间的多水平中介效应。方法：对144名被试当下正发生或感受到的负性生活事件、感知压力和核心情绪状态进行持续14天、每天3次的动态跟踪测量。结果：多层结构方程模型表明负性生活事件对效价变异性、激活变异性、情绪自旋和情绪脉冲具有正向预测。感知压力在负性生活事件对效价变异性、情绪自旋和情绪脉冲的影响中具有中介效应。结论：个体日常经历的负性生活事件通过其内在感知到的压力程度,进而导致个体在情绪效价维度上产生变化,同时引起核心情绪状态的不稳定和情绪强度波动。     

警察的工作倦怠及与工作要求、工作资源和身心健康的关系

目的：以我国警察为被试，探讨工作倦怠及其与工作要求、工作资源和身心健康的关系。方法：用修订后的MBI-HSS以及其他有关问卷对4855名警察进行网上调查。结果：①高工作要求或者缺乏工作资源都会导致个体的情绪衰竭，缺乏工作资源是去人性化和个人成就感降低的主要原因；②工作倦怠会导致个体出现身心健康问题，也会导致个体产生离职想法；③高工作要求和缺少工作资源通过倦怠的某些维度导致个体出现身心健康问题和产生离职想法，同时，高工作要求可直接导致身心的不健康，缺乏工作资源可直接导致个体产生离职想法。结论：工作要求和缺少工作资源引起警察的工作倦怠．而工作倦怠又会导致个体身心健康问题以及离职意向。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.