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1.
Theresa M. Winhusen Bryon Adinoff Daniel F. Lewis Gregory S. Brigham John G. Gardin II Susan C. Sonne Jeff Theobald Udi Ghitza 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Research suggests that mentholated cigarettes may play a role in cocaine dependence. The purpose of the present study was to expand upon the research on mentholated cigarettes and cocaine dependence and to evaluate the role of mentholated cigarettes in methamphetamine dependence.Methods
Secondary analysis of a multisite, randomized trial evaluating the impact of smoking-cessation treatment in stimulant-dependent outpatients (N = 538). Participants’ reasons for concurrent use of cigarettes and illicit stimulants were assessed via self-report. Stimulant-abstinence was measured by self-report and urine drug screens. Smoking cessation was assessed via self-report and carbon monoxide levels.Results
Of the 301 cocaine-dependent participants, 201 (67%) were menthol and 100 (33%) were non-menthol cigarette smokers. Cocaine-dependent participants who smoked menthol, compared to non-menthol, cigarettes were significantly more likely to report that cigarettes prolong their cocaine high (X2(1) = 16.3, p < .0001, OR = 3.58 [95% CI: 1.88–6.79]) and were less likely to be stimulant abstinent during active treatment (W = 3.6, p < 0.001, d = .39 [95% CI: 0.16–0.62]), at 3-month follow-up (X2(1) = 14.4, p < 0.001, OR = .32 [95% CI: 0.17–0.58]), and at 6-month follow-up (X2(1) = 4.6, p = 0.03, OR = .53 [95% CI: 0.29–0.95]). No parallel differences were found between menthol and non-menthol methamphetamine-dependent smokers. The prevalence of Caucasian menthol smokers was significantly greater in the cocaine-dependent participants (37.2%) than in the methamphetamine-dependent participants (17.61%), (X2(1) = 14.4, p < .001, OR = 2.77 [95% CI:1.62–4.73]). Smoking cessation was not significantly associated with cigarette type for either cocaine- or methamphetamine-dependent participants.Conclusions
The present results suggest that mentholated cigarettes play a role in cocaine, but not methamphetamine, dependence. 相似文献2.
Accornero VH Anthony JC Morrow CE Xue L Mansoor E Johnson AL McCoy CB Bandstra ES 《Neurotoxicology and teratology》2011,33(3):370-378
Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to increased child behavior difficulties in some studies but not others.
Objective
The primary aim was to estimate the relationship between in utero cocaine exposure and child behavioral functioning at age 7 years with ratings made by blinded examiners during a structured testing session. A second aim was to examine whether caregiver drug use and psychological problems might mediate suspected relationships between prenatal cocaine exposure and aspects of examiner-rated behavior.Methods
407 children (212 cocaine-exposed, 195 non-exposed) participating in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study (MPCS) were rated with regard to their behavior during a neuropsychological assessment conducted at age 7 years. Raters were trained research psychometricians blinded to drug exposure status. Individual behavioral items were summarized and the cocaine-behavior relationship was estimated within the context of latent variable modeling, using Mplus software.Results
Two latent variables, Behavioral Regulation and Sociability, were derived via exploratory latent structure analysis with promax rotation. Prenatal cocaine exposure, statistically controlling for child sex, test age, and prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, was associated with Behavioral Regulation (estimated slope ß = − 0.25; 95% CI = − 0.48, − 0.02; p = 0.04) but not Sociability (estimated slope ß = − 0.03; 95% CI = − 0.26, 0.20; p = 0.79). Neither postnatal drug use by caregivers nor the severity of their psychological problems at age 5 follow-up predicted levels of child Behavioral Regulation or Sociability at age 7 years (p > 0.10).Conclusions
Examiner ratings of child behavior at age 7 revealed less optimal behavioral regulation for prenatally cocaine-exposed compared to non-exposed children, in contrast with what had been previously found from parent-report data. This evidence highlights the potential value of trained observers in assessing behavioral outcomes of children exposed in utero to drugs and other toxicants. 相似文献3.
Introduction
Depressive symptomatology is a predictive variable of tobacco use. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence that this symptomatology has on tobacco use when moderated by emotional attention.Methods
A total of 289 participants (127 males, 162 females) completed a survey to measure perceived emotional intelligence, depressive symptomatology, tobacco use and sociodemographic variables. Results were analyzed using a multiple regression model that included self-perceived emotional attention as a moderating variable.Results
In women, an interaction was found between depressive symptomatology and gender for predicting the number of cigarettes smoked (t = 2.45; p = .01), but not in men (t = −.74; p = .45). This interaction was moderated by emotional attention (t = 2.83; p = .005), such that women with medium and high levels of attention consumed a larger number of cigarettes.Conclusions
In women, the effect of depressive symptomatology on tobacco use was moderated by the amount of attention that women paid to those symptoms. Such a moderating effect of attention was not observed in men. We recommend that smoking cessation programs incorporate interventions designed specifically for women, in particular to help them manage depressive symptomatology. 相似文献4.
Introduction
Whereas research supports the importance of regular physical activity to decrease the likelihood of smoking uptake, the mechanisms accounting for this relationship are poorly understood. We sought to determine whether the enjoyment or reward derived from physical activity is one mechanism underlying the relationship between smoking and physical activity.Methods
The sample was composed of 1374 adolescents participating in a prospective longitudinal survey study of health behaviors. Variables were measured via self-report every six months for eight waves of data spanning four years.Results
An associative processes latent growth curve model revealed a significant and negative indirect effect of baseline physical activity on baseline smoking through baseline physical activity reward (bindirect = −.18, z = −3.11, p = .002; 95% CI = −.29, −.07). Similarly, there was a significant and negative indirect effect of physical activity trend on smoking trend through physical activity reward trend (bindirect = −.16, z = −2.09, p = .04; 95% CI = −.30, −.01). The effect of physical activity on smoking at baseline and across time was completely mediated by physical activity reward. There was less support for the idea that smoking progression was associated with reduced physical activity reward and subsequent declines in physical activity.Conclusions
This study provides the first evidence implicating physical activity reward as one mechanism by which physical activity reduces the likelihood of adolescent smoking uptake. Smoking prevention interventions that promote physical activity and target physical activity enjoyment may have an important impact on adolescent smoking initiation and progression. 相似文献5.
Background
Cocaine abuse among women of child-bearing years is a significant public health problem. This study evaluated the efficacy of contingency management (CM), the community reinforcement approach (CRA), and twelve-step facilitation (TSF) for cocaine-dependent pregnant women or women with young children.Methods
Using a 2 × 2 study design, 145 cocaine dependent women were randomized to 24 weeks of CRA or TSF and to monetary vouchers provided contingent on cocaine-negative urine tests (CM) or non-contingently but yoked in value (voucher control, VC). Primary outcome measures included the longest consecutive period of documented abstinence, proportion of cocaine-negative urine tests (obtained twice-weekly), and percent days using cocaine (PDC) during treatment. Documented cocaine abstinence at baseline and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months following randomization was a secondary outcome.Findings
CM was associated with significantly greater duration of cocaine abstinence (p < .01), higher proportion of cocaine-negative urine tests (p < 0.01), and higher proportion of documented abstinence across the 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month assessments (p < 0.05), compared to VC. The differences between CRA and TSF were not significant for any of these measures (all p values ≥0.75). PDC decreased significantly from baseline during treatment in all four groups (p < 0.001) but did not differ significantly between CM and VC (p = 0.10) or between TSF and CRA (p = 0.23).Interpretation
The study findings support the efficacy of CM for cocaine dependent pregnant women and women with young children but do not support greater efficacy of CRA compared to TSF or differential efficacy of CM when paired with either CRA or TSF. 相似文献6.
Hendrée E. Jones Sarah H. Heil Michelle Tuten Margaret S. Chisolm Julianne M. Foster Kevin E. O’Grady Karol Kaltenbach 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
The relationship between cigarette smoking and neonatal and maternal clinical outcomes among opioid-agonist-treated pregnant patients is sparse.Objectives
(1) Is smoking measured at study entry related to neonatal and maternal outcomes in pregnant women receiving opioid-agonist medication? (2) Is it more informative to use a multi-item measure of smoking dependence or a single-item measure of daily smoking? (3) Is the relationship between smoking at study entry and outcomes different between methadone and buprenorphine?Methods
Secondary analyses examined the ability of the tobacco dependence screener (TDS) and self-reported past 30-day daily average number of cigarettes smoked, both measured at study entry, to predict 12 neonatal and 9 maternal outcomes in 131 opioid-agonist-maintained pregnant participants.Results
Past 30-day daily average number of cigarettes smoked was significantly positively associated with total amount of morphine (mg) needed to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), number of days medicated for NAS, AOR = 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.06), neonatal length of hospital stay in days, AOR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.05), and negatively associated with 1-AOR = .995 (95% CI: .991,.999) and 5-min Apgar scores, AOR = .996 (95% CI: .994,.998). Simple effect tests of the two significant TDS × medication condition effects found TDS was unrelated to non-normal presentation and amount of voucher money earned in the methadone [AORs = .90 (95% CI: .74, 1.08, p > .24) and 1.0 (95% CI: .97, 1.03, p > .9)] but significant in the buprenorphine condition [AORs = 1.57 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.45, p < .05) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.12, p < .01)].Conclusions
Regardless of prenatal methadone or buprenorphine exposure, heavier cigarette smoking was associated with more compromised birth outcomes. 相似文献7.
Background
The association between cocaine use and depression has been frequently observed. However, less is known about the significance of depression in the treatment of cocaine use disorders. This study examined possible interrelations between drug use and depression severity among cocaine-dependent patients in psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence.Methods
Monthly assessed drug use and depression severity scores of N = 487 patients during 6-month psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence were analyzed using hybrid latent growth models.Results
Results indicated a moderate but statistically significant (z = 3.13, p < .01) influence of depression severity on increased drug use in the upcoming month, whereas drug use did not affect future depression severity.Conclusions
Findings suggest that depression symptoms are an important predictor of drug use outcomes during psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence and, hence, underline the importance of adequately addressing depression symptoms to improve treatment outcomes. 相似文献8.
Barbara A. Lewis Sonia MinnesElizabeth J. Short Paul WeishampelSudtida Satayathum Meeyoung O. MinSuchitra Nelson Lynn T. Singer 《Neurotoxicology and teratology》2011,33(1):17
Objective
To examine the long term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on the language development of 10-year-old children utilizing a prospective design, controlling for confounding drug and environmental factors.Participants
Children exposed to cocaine in utero (PCE; n = 175) and non-exposed children (NCE; n = 175) were followed prospectively to 10 years of age and were compared on language subscales of the Test of Language Development-Intermediate 3rd Edition (TOLD-I:3) and phonological processing as measured by the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP).Methods
Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), linear regression, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate the relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure to language development, while controlling for confounders.Results
After controlling for confounding variables, prenatal cocaine effects were observed for specific aspects of language including syntax (Sentence Combining subtest of the TOLD-I:3, p = 0.001), semantics (Malopropism subtest of the TOLD-I:3, p = 0.05) and phonological processing (Phonological Awareness subscale, p = 0.01). The caregiver factors of vocabulary, HOME, and psychological symptoms also had consistent effects on language subtests and phonological processing scores. Children with PCE who experienced foster or adoptive care had enhanced language development compared to those living with birth mothers or in relative care. Cocaine exposed girls had lower scores on the phonological awareness subscale of the CTOPP than non-exposed girls.Conclusions
PCE has subtle effects on specific aspects of language development and phonological processing at age 10, even after controlling for confounding variables. Environmental factors (i.e., postnatal lead exposure, home environment, and caregiver vocabulary and psychological symptoms) also impact language skills at 10 years. Adoptive or foster care appears to enrich PCE children's linguistic environment and protects children against language delay in the PCE sample. 相似文献9.
Parada M Corral M Mota N Crego A Rodríguez Holguín S Cadaveira F 《Addictive behaviors》2012,37(2):167-172
Background
Binge drinking (BD) is prevalent among college students. Studies on alcoholism have shown that the prefrontal cortex is vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. The prefrontal cortex undergoes both structural and functional changes during adolescence and young adulthood. Sex differences have been observed in brain maturation and in alcohol-induced damage. The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationship between BD and cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex in male and female university students.Methods
The sample comprised 122 undergraduates (aged 18 to 20 years): 62 BD (30 females) and 60 non-BD (29 females). Executive functions were assessed by WMS-III (Backward Digit Span and Backward Spatial Span), SOPT (abstract designs), Letter Fluency (PMR), BADS (Zoo Map and Key Search) and WCST-3.Results
BD students scored lower in the Backward Digit Span Subtest and generated more perseverative responses in the SOPT In relation to interaction BD by sex, BD males scored lower in the Backward Digit Span test than BD females and non-BD males.Conclusions
BD is associated with poorer performance of executive functions subserved by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results do not support enhanced vulnerability of women to alcohol neurotoxic effects. These difficulties may reflect developmental delay or frontal lobe dysfunction. 相似文献10.
Xiaoyu Liu Runze Li Stephanie T. Lanza Sara A. Vasilenko Megan Piper 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
To understand the dynamic process of cessation fatigue (i.e., the tiredness of trying to quit smoking) with respect to its average trend, effect on relapse, time-varying relations with craving and negative affect, and differences among genders and treatment groups.Method
Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants received either placebo, monotherapy (bupropion SR, nicotine patch, nicotine lozenge), or combined pharmacotherapy (bupropion SR + nicotine lozenge, nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge). Data were collected from 1504 daily smokers who were motivated to quit smoking. The participants completed baseline assessments and ecological momentary assessments for 2 weeks post-quit.Results
Cessation fatigue reduced the likelihood of 6-month post-quit abstinence (OR = 0.97, 95% CI (0.95, 0.99)), and was positively associated with craving and negative affect. After controlling for these two factors, average cessation fatigue increased over time. Compared to men, women experienced greater fatigue (t = −10.69, p < 0.0001) and a stronger relation between fatigue and craving (t = −8.80, p < 0.0001). The relationship between fatigue and negative affect was significantly stronger in men (t = 5.73, p < 0.0001). Cessation fatigue was significantly reduced by combined pharmacotherapy (t = −13.4, p < 0.0001), as well as monotherapy (t = −6.2, p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Cessation fatigue was closely related to craving, negative affect, and cessation outcomes. Women reported greater cessation fatigue than men. Current treatments appeared to reduce fatigue and weaken its relations with craving and negative affect. 相似文献11.
Bednarski SR Zhang S Hong KI Sinha R Rounsaville BJ Li CS 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2011,119(3):e51-e57
Background
Cocaine dependence is associated with cognitive deficits and altered task-related cerebral activation in cognitive performance (see Li and Sinha, 2008, for a review). Relatively little is known whether these individuals are also impaired in regional brain activation of the default mode network (DMN). We demonstrated previously that greater activation of the default brain regions precedes errors in a stop signal task performed by healthy controls (SST, Li et al., 2007). We seek to determine whether individuals with cocaine dependence are impaired in DMN activity, specifically activity preceding error, as compared to the healthy people. We also examine the relation to years of cocaine use.Methods
Individuals with cocaine dependence (CD, n = 23) and demographics-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 27) performed a SST that employed a tracking procedure to adjust the difficulty of stop trials and elicit errors approximately half of the time. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals of go trials preceding stop error as compared to those preceding stop success trials were extracted with generalized linear models using statistical parametric mapping.Results
HC showed activation of bilateral precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) preceding errors during the SST. In contrast, despite indistinguishable stop signal performance, CD did not show these error predicting activations. Furthermore, the effect size of error-preceding vmPFC activation was inversely correlated with years of cocaine use.Conclusions
These findings indicate DMN deficits and could potentially add to our understanding of the effects of chronic cocaine use on cerebral functions in cocaine dependence. Work to further clarify potential changes in functional connectivity and gray matter volume is warranted to understand the relevance of DMN to the pathology of cocaine misuse. 相似文献12.
Shannon Gwin Mitchell Jan Gryczynski Robert P. Schwartz Kevin E. O’Grady Yngvild K. Olsen Jerome H. Jaffe 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Buprenorphine is increasingly being used in community-based treatment programs, but little is known about the optimal level of psychosocial counseling in these settings. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of OP and IOP level counseling when provided as part of buprenorphine treatment for opioid-dependent African Americans.Methods
Participants were African American men and women starting buprenorphine treatment at one of two community-based clinics (N = 300). Participants were randomly assigned to OP or IOP. Measures at baseline, 3- and 6-month included the primary outcome of DSM-IV opioid and cocaine dependence criteria, as well as additional outcomes of illicit opioid and cocaine use (urine test and self-report), criminal activity, retention in treatment, Quality of Life, Addiction Severity Index composite scores, and HIV risk behaviors.Results
Participants assigned to OP received, on average, 3.67 (SD = 1.30) h of counseling per active week in treatment. IOP participants received an average of 5.23 (SD = 1.68) h of counseling per active week (less than the anticipated 9 h per week of counseling). Both groups showed substantial improvement over a 6-month period on nearly all measures considered. There were no significant differences between groups in meeting diagnostic criteria for opioid (p = .67) or cocaine dependence (p = .63). There were no significant between group differences on any of the other outcomes. A secondary analysis restricting the sample to participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for baseline cocaine dependence also revealed no significant between-group differences (all ps > .05).Conclusions
Buprenorphine patients receiving OP and IOP levels of care both show short-term improvements. 相似文献13.
Annamaria Aguirre McLaughlinSonia Minnes Lynn T. Singer Meeyoung MinElizabeth J. Short Teresa Linares Scott Sudtida Satayathum 《Neurotoxicology and teratology》2011,33(5):582
Objective
To assess the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on mental health symptoms in 9-year old children controlling for potential confounders.Methods
332 children (170 prenatally cocaine-exposed (PCE), 162 non cocaine-exposed (NCE) were assessed using self (Dominic Interactive; DI) and caregiver report (Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL).Results
Higher levels of PCE were associated with caregiver report of clinically elevated aggressive and delinquent behavior. With each increased unit of PCE, children were 1.3 times more likely to be rated as aggressive (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.02-1.67, p < 0.04). For each increased unit of PCE, girls were 2 times more likely to be rated as having delinquent behavior (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.46-2.96, p < 0.0001). PCE status was also associated with increased odds of delinquent behavior (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.16-4.97, p = 0.02), primarily due to the increased risk among girls with PCE. While girls with PCE status were 7 times more likely than NCE girls to have delinquent behaviors (OR = 7.42; 95% CI: 2.03-27.11, p < 0.002) boys with PCE did not demonstrate increased risk (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.36-2.65, p > 0.97). Foster or adoptive parents were more likely to rate their PCE children as having more thought problems, inattention, delinquent behavior, aggression, externalizing and overall problems (p < 0.05) than biologic mothers or relative caregivers. Higher 2nd trimester tobacco exposure was associated with increased odds of caregiver reported anxiety (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.06-2.81, p < 0.03) and marijuana exposure increased the odds of thought problems (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.01-2.79, p < 0.05). Children with PCE self-reported fewer symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) compared to NCE children (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21-0.92, p < 0.03). Greater tobacco exposure was associated with increased odds of child reported ODD (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.03-1.78, p < 0.03).Conclusion
Higher PCE was associated with disruptive behaviors including aggression and delinquent behavior among girls by caregiver report, but not child report. These findings highlight the need for early behavioral assessment using multiple informants in multi-risk children. 相似文献14.
Kimberly C. Kirby Carolyn M. Carpenedo Karen L. Dugosh Beth J. Rosenwasser Lois A. Benishek Alicia Janik Rachel Keashen Elena Bresani Kenneth Silverman 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
This is the first study to systematically manipulate duration of voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) to see if extending the duration increases abstinence during and following VBRT.Methods
We randomized cocaine-dependent methadone-maintained adults to Standard (12 weeks; n = 62) or Extended (36 weeks; n = 68) VBRT and provided escalating voucher amounts contingent upon urinalysis verification of cocaine abstinence. Urinalysis was scheduled at least every 2 weeks during the 48-week study and more frequently during VBRT (3/week) and 12 weeks of Aftercare (2/week).Results
Extended VBRT produced longer durations of continuous cocaine abstinence during weeks 1–24 (5.7 vs 2.7 weeks; p = 0.003) and proportionally more abstinence during weeks 24–36 (X2 = 4.57, p = .03, OR = 2.18) compared to Standard VBRT. Duration of VBRT did not directly predict after-VBRT abstinence; but longer continuous abstinence during VBRT predicted abstinence during Aftercare (p = 0.001) and during the last 12 weeks of the study (p < 0.001). Extended VBRT averaged higher monthly voucher costs compared to Standard VBRT ($96 vs $43, p < .001); however, the average cost per week of abstinence attained was higher in the Standard group ($8.06 vs $5.88, p < .001). Participants in the Extended group with voucher costs exceeding $25 monthly averaged 20 weeks of continuous abstinence.Conclusions
Greater abstinence occurred during Extended VBRT, but providing a longer duration was not by itself sufficient to maintain abstinence after VBRT. However, if abstinence can be captured and sustained during VBRT, then providing longer durations may help increase the continuous abstinence that predicts better long-term outcomes. 相似文献15.
Brenda M. Booth Katharine E. Stewart Geoffrey M. Curran Ann M. Cheney Tyrone F. Borders 《Addictive behaviors》2014
Background
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can provide insights into perceived need for cocaine treatment among African American cocaine users.Methods
A cross-sectional community sample of 400 (50% rural) not-in-treatment African-American cocaine users was identified through respondent-driven sampling in one urban and two rural counties in Arkansas. Measures included self-reports of attitudes and beliefs about cocaine treatment, perceived need and perceived effectiveness of treatment, and positive and negative cocaine expectancies. Normative beliefs were measured by perceived stigma and consequences of stigma regarding drug use and drug treatment. Perceived control was measured by readiness for treatment, prior drug treatment, and perceived ability to cut down on cocaine use without treatment.Findings
Multiple regression analysis found that older age (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.15, P < 0.001), rural residence (β = − 0.09, P = 0.025), effectiveness of treatment (β = 0.39, P < 0.001), negative cocaine expectancies (β = 0.138, P = 0.003), experiences of rejection (β = 0.18, P < 0.001), need for secrecy (β = 0.12, P = 0.002), and readiness for treatment (β = 0.15, P < 0.001) were independently associated with perceived need for cocaine treatment.Conclusions
TPB is a relevant model for understanding perceived need for treatment among African-American cocaine users. Research has shown perceived need to be a major correlate of treatment participation. Study results should be applicable for designing interventions to encourage treatment participation. 相似文献16.
Introduction
Smoking cessation interventions for adolescents in substance abuse treatment have shown promise. However, a better understanding of the correlates of substance use disordered (SUD) youths’ intentions toward smoking cessation will help tailor cessation interventions to this population. The current study examined tobacco use, smoking-related self-efficacy, substance use and intentions to quit using alcohol and illicit drugs as correlates of intentions to quit smoking among youth in SUD treatment.Methods
Participants were 178 adolescents who were in inpatient (n = 90) or outpatient (n = 88) SUD treatment and had smoked at least once in the past 30 days. The sample was 44% female, 72% non-Hispanic Caucasian, with a mean age of 16.2 years (SD = 1.2). Participants rated the likelihood that they would be nonsmokers in the next year (9-point scale).Results
SUD youth intention to quit smoking averaged 4.9 out of 10 (SD = 3.2), comparable to intention to quit drinking (M = 5.3, SD = 3.6), but lower than their intention to quit using drugs (M = 6.0, SD = 3.4). Teens’ intentions to quit smoking were associated with nicotine dependence (r = −.30, p < .01) and smoking cessation related self-efficacy (r = .36, p < .01), but not with pretreatment substance use severity (r = −.15). Controlling for nicotine dependence, teens’ intentions to quit smoking were positively related to smoking cessation self-efficacy (pr = .26, p < .01) and intention to quit using illicit drugs (pr = .15, p < .05), but unrelated to intention to quit drinking.Discussion
Findings highlight the appropriateness of addressing adolescent tobacco use during SUD treatment, but emphasize the importance of assessing intention and other cognitions for each substance, as they may differ markedly. 相似文献17.
Tamara Duckworth Warner Marylou Behnke Fonda Davis Eyler 《Neurotoxicology and teratology》2011,33(1):88
Background
Preclinical and other research suggest that youth with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may be at high risk for cocaine use due to both altered brain development and exposure to unhealthy environments.Methods
Participants are early adolescents who were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study of PCE prior to or at birth. Hair samples were collected from the youth at ages 10½ and 12½ (N = 263). Samples were analyzed for cocaine and its metabolites using ELISA screening with gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) confirmation of positive samples. Statistical analyses included comparisons between the hair-positive and hair-negative groups on risk and protective factors chosen a priori as well as hierarchical logistical regression analyses to predict membership in the hair-positive group.Results
Hair samples were positive for cocaine use for 14% (n = 36) of the tested cohort. Exactly half of the hair-positive preteens had a history of PCE. Group comparisons revealed that hair-negative youth had significantly higher IQ scores at age 10½; the hair-positive youth had greater availability of cigarettes, alcohol, and other drugs in the home; caregivers with more alcohol problems and depressive symptoms; less nurturing home environments; and less positive attachment to their primary caregivers and peers. The caregivers of the hair-positive preteens reported that the youth displayed more externalizing and social problems, and the hair-positive youth endorsed more experimentation with cigarettes, alcohol, and/or other drugs. Mental health problems, peer drug use, exposure to violence, and neighborhood characteristics did not differ between the groups. Regression analyses showed that the availability of drugs in the home had the greatest predictive value for hair-positive group membership while higher IQ, more nurturing home environments, and positive attachment to caregivers or peers exerted some protective effect.Conclusion
The results do not support a direct relationship between PCE and early adolescent experimentation with cocaine. Proximal risk and protective factors—those associated with the home environment and preteens' caregivers—were more closely related to early cocaine use than more distal factors such as neighborhood characteristics. Consistent with theories of adolescent problem behavior, the data demonstrate the complexity of predicting pre-adolescent drug use and identify a number of individual and contextual factors that could serve as important foci for intervention. 相似文献18.
Background
There is very limited literature on alcohol use among the elderly and little is known about the impact it has on family and caregivers, especially in low and middle income countries.Aim
To estimate the independent effect of heavy alcohol use among the elderly on the psychological health of their co-residents.Methods
This is a secondary analysis using data from the comprehensive cross-sectional survey of the 10/66 dementia research group population-based research programme in the Dominican Republic. The characteristics of the elderly participants as well as the co-residents were described. The independent association of heavy drinking among the participants with psychological morbidity in their co-residents was estimated. Different models were generated to rule out potential mediating effects of disability and behavioural symptoms.Results
Prevalence of heavy alcohol use in the elderly in Dominican Republic was 10.6%. There was a statistically significant independent effect of heavy alcohol use by the elderly on their co-residents mental health (PR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.07-2.01) which was not accounted by disability (Sobel-Goodman test, p = 0.15). Severity of psychological and behavioural symptoms partially (29.1% of the total effect) explained this association (Sobel-Goodman mediation test, p = 0.006).Conclusions
Health services for the elderly in low and middle income countries will have to be configured around detection of alcohol problems among the elderly as well as offering appropriate support to their co-residents. 相似文献19.
Stoltenberg SF Lehmann MK Christ CC Hersrud SL Davies GE 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2011,119(3):e31-e38
Background
Some of the genetic vulnerability for addiction may be mediated by impulsivity. This study investigated relationships among impulsivity, substance use problems and six neurexin-3 (NRXN3) polymorphisms. Neurexins (NRXNs) are presynaptic transmembrane proteins that play a role in the development and function of synapses.Methods
Impulsivity was assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11), the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) and the TIME paradigm; alcohol problems with the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST); drug problems with the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20); and regular tobacco use with a single question. Participants (n = 439 Caucasians, 64.7% female) donated buccal cells for genotyping. Six NRXN3 polymorphisms were genotyped: rs983795, rs11624704, rs917906, rs1004212, rs10146997 and rs8019381. A dual luciferase assay was conducted to determine whether allelic variation at rs917906 regulated gene expression.Results
In general, impulsivity was significantly higher in those who regularly used tobacco and/or had alcohol or drug problems. In men, there were modest associations between rs11624704 and attentional impulsivity (p = 0.005) and between rs1004212 and alcohol problems (p = 0.009). In women, there were weak associations between rs10146997 and TIME estimation (p = 0.03); and between rs1004212 and drug problems (p = 0.03). The dual luciferase assay indicated that C and T alleles of rs917906 did not differentially regulate gene expression in vitro.Conclusions
Associations between impulsivity, substance use problems and polymorphisms in NRXN3 may be gender specific. Impulsivity is associated with substance use problems and may provide a useful intermediate phenotype for addiction. 相似文献20.