HPLC测定荆芥饮片煎煮过程中胡薄荷酮的含量变化

目的:利用HPLC测定荆芥饮片煎煮过程中胡薄荷酮的含量变化,为规范含荆芥复方汤剂的临床煎煮方法提供理论依据。方法:以胡薄荷酮为考察指标,采用高效液相色谱法在给定的色谱条件下测定荆芥饮片煎煮5,10,20,30,45 min后水煎液中胡薄荷酮的含量。结果:不同煎煮时间对荆芥饮片中胡薄荷酮的含量有较大影响,胡薄荷酮成分在煎煮30 min后已基本消失。结论:应充分尊重中药传统煎煮方法的特殊要求,对于含挥发油的中药饮片应后下,且结合临床经验认为荆芥饮片的煎煮时间为5 min。     

初匀速法测定中药薄荷有效期

目的:用化学动力学方法预测中药薄荷的有效期,为质量评价提供依据。方法:采用固相微萃取与气质联用技术提取并分析薄荷的挥发性成分,采用因子分析法对薄荷的挥发性成分进行主成分分析。以挥发油和薄荷的主要挥发性成分的含量为指标,采用初匀速温度加速实验法预测其有效期。结果:主成分分析结果表明胡薄荷酮及异薄荷酮可以充分描述饮片的质量,以挥发油和胡薄荷酮及异薄荷酮为指标,薄荷各自t0.9,20℃分别为5.49,2.88年。结论:建议中药薄荷20℃下保存,有效期为2.88年。     

正交试验法筛选黄精炮制工艺及其对黄精有效期研究

目的探讨不同黄精炮制条件对黄精有效期影响及黄精有效期的研究。方法选用炮制后黄精饮片,通过正交试验法筛选黄精炮制工艺对其有效期影响并通过经典恒温和留样观察试验,采用标准曲线法测定黄精多糖的含量,推导出该药有效成分含量变化规律。结果不同的炮制条件下黄精有效期影响均无统计学意义,经典恒温试验测得的黄精多糖含量变化符合一级反应规律。在20℃贮存,黄精多糖的含量变化的速度常数K20℃=7.798×10~(-6),该批黄精的有效期为563 d。经典恒温与留样观察结果基本一致。结论不同的炮制条件下对黄精有效期影响不大,用经典恒温试验预测中药有效期的方法可行,得出的有效期结论可靠。     

丁香有效期的研究*

目的:进行中药(中药材及中药饮片)有效期的研究。方法:选用易走油、气味易散失的丁香,通过经典恒温和留样观察试验,采用HPLC测定丁香酚的含量,推导出该药有效成分含量变化规律。结果:经典恒温试验测得的丁香酚含量变化符合一级反应规律。在20℃贮存,丁香酚含量变化的速度常数K20℃=1.557×10-5,该批丁香的有效期为900d。经典恒温与留样观察结果基本一致。结论:用经典恒温试验预测中药有效期的方法可行,得出的有效期结论可靠。     

测定苦杏仁苷的含量变化预测浙贝化痰颗粒的有效期

目的对浙贝化痰颗粒的有效期进行研究。方法通过经典恒温法试验,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定苦杏仁苷的含量,并研究该药有效成分含量的变化规律。结果经典恒温法测定的苦杏仁苷含量变化符合一级反应规律。在25℃的条件下,苦杏仁苷的含量变化速率常数为K25℃=1.1973×10~(-5)h~(-1)及有效期t0.925℃=1.01年。结论用经典恒温法预测浙贝化痰颗粒的有效期,结论可靠。     

压制中药饮片的质量稳定性评价

目的:比较中药压制饮片和传统饮片的质量稳定性,为解决含挥发性成分的药材贮存提供新思路。方法:选择薄荷、紫苏叶、首乌藤、陈皮为研究对象,以外观、薄层鉴别、水分、挥发油、胡薄荷酮、橙皮苷和2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D葡萄糖苷(简称二苯乙烯苷)含量为指标,通过长期稳定性试验和加速稳定性试验考察饮片压制前后的质量稳定性。胡薄荷酮、二苯乙烯苷和橙皮苷含量测定的流动相分别为甲醇-水(72∶28),乙腈-水(18∶82)和甲醇-乙酸-水(30∶4∶66),检测波长分别为252,320,283 nm。结果:薄荷、首乌藤、陈皮传统饮片放置12个月或6个月后胡薄荷酮、二苯乙烯苷、橙皮苷的含量损失率分别为26.62%,6.52%,7.59%;压制饮片放置12个月或6个月后各指标成分含量损失率分别为17.99%,4.35%,4.33%。压制前后紫苏叶挥发油、薄荷挥发油及其胡薄荷酮含量有显著性差异,其他考察指标则无显著性差异。结论:压制饮片中指标成分的含量损失率均低于传统饮片,饮片经压制后不影响其质量。     

荆芥挥发油及其主要成分抗流感病毒作用研究

目的:观察荆芥挥发油及其主要成分薄荷酮、胡薄荷酮在鸡胚内及小鼠体内的抗流感病毒作用。方法:分别以预防(鸡胚感染病毒前1h给药)和治疗(鸡胚染毒后1h给药)两种给药方式,经鸡胚尿囊腔和卵黄囊两种给药途径将不同浓度的药物注入鸡胚,孵育48h后收取鸡胚尿囊液进行血凝试验来评价药物在鸡胚内的抗病毒效应。分别以预防(小鼠感染病毒前5d开始给药,连续5d)和治疗(小鼠感染病毒后当天开始给药,连续5d)方式给药,计算肺指数来评价药物的体内抗病毒效应。结果:胡薄荷酮0.1×2-8ml/胚剂量经尿囊腔预防给药后鸡胚尿囊液的血凝滴度明显降低;荆芥挥发油0.05×2-15ml/胚剂量经尿囊腔治疗给药后尿囊液血凝滴度明显降低;荆芥挥发油0.1×2-12、0.05×2-12、0.025×2-12ml/胚剂量与胡薄荷酮0.1×2-8、0.05×2-8、0.025×2-8ml/胚剂量经卵黄囊预防给药后尿囊液血凝滴度明显降低;荆芥挥发油0.1×2-12、0.05×2-12ml/胚、薄荷酮0.05×2-6ml/胚剂量及胡薄荷酮0.1×2-8、0.05×2-8、0.025×2-8ml/胚剂量经卵黄囊治疗给药后尿囊液血凝滴度明显降低。荆芥挥发油0.226ml/kg、薄荷酮0.5ml/kg、胡薄荷酮0.19 ml/kg剂量治疗方式给药明显降低病毒感染小鼠的肺指数。结论:荆芥挥发油及其主要成分胡薄荷酮在鸡胚内具有较好的抗流感病毒作用,且以卵黄囊途径给药效果为优,薄荷酮的抗病毒效应不明显。荆芥挥发油、薄荷酮及胡薄荷酮治疗方式给药对流感病毒感染小鼠有良好保护作用,但预防给药效果不明显。     

荆芥饮片中胡薄荷酮的含量测定

目的:探讨荆芥饮片中胡薄荷酮的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC,C₁₈色谱柱,流动相甲醇水(80∶20),检测波长252nm。结果:荆芥饮片中胡薄荷酮的含量在0.2～0.7mg·g^-1变化,加样回收率为96.2%,RSD0.81%。结论:采用此法测定胡薄荷酮含量准确可靠,简便易行。     

花期荆芥在盐胁迫下离子吸收、分布和挥发油成分的变化北大核心CSCD

采用盆栽砂培实验,研究不同NaCl浓度(0,25,50,75,100 mmol·L^-1)对花期荆芥离子吸收、分布和挥发油成分的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,荆芥根、茎、叶、花中Na+含量显著增加,且地上部位的Na^+含量逐渐高于根部;根中K^+含量降低,而茎、叶、花中K+含量有所增加;Ca2+含量随着NaCl浓度的变化而上下波动,但总体受盐胁迫的影响较小。荆芥各部位K^+/Na^+,Ca^2+/Na^+随NaCl浓度的增加而降低。中度盐胁迫(50 mmol·L^-1NaCl)促进荆芥挥发油含量增加,重度盐胁迫(100 mmol·L^-1NaCl)抑制挥发油的合成和积累。荆芥挥发油中98%以上的物质为萜类成分,以胡薄荷酮和薄荷酮的含量最高。盐胁迫对荆芥挥发油组成成分的种类影响小,但改变了各主要成分所占的比例。盐胁迫促使胡薄荷酮向薄荷酮转化,胡薄荷酮/薄荷酮值(相对含量)随盐浓度的增加而降低,薄荷酮相对含量在75,100 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下高于胡薄荷酮成为第一主成分。其他成分如D-柠檬烯在中度和重度盐胁迫下含量上升,石竹烯含量仅在轻度盐胁迫下增加。该研究可为盐渍化土壤条件下荆芥的规范化栽培提供理论参考。     

运用经典恒温法测定总黄酮含量变化以预测浙贝化痰颗粒的有效期

目的 对浙贝化痰颗粒的有效期进行研究。方法 通过经典恒温法试验,采用紫外可见分光光度法(UV)测定总黄酮的含量,研究该药有效成分含量的变化规律。结果 经典恒温法测定的芦丁含量变化,符合一级反应规律。在25℃的条件下,芦丁的含量变化速率常数为K_(25℃)=4.9227×10~(-6)h~(-1),有效期t_(0.9)~(25℃)=2.44年。结论 用经典恒温法预测浙贝化痰颗粒的有效期,结论可靠。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Chrysanthemum indicum (Compositae) Linné, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Curcuma wenyujin (Zingiberaceae) Y. H. Chen et C. Ling are three of the extensively used herbal remedies among traditional Chinese medicines for the purpose of anti-inflammation. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recipe named CPZ consisting extracts of the above three herbs, has shown noteworthy anti-influenza activity, which is closely related to its anti-inflammatory feature.

Aim of this study

To investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of CPZ in vivo for a further exploration of the recipe's anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory property of CPZ on acute inflammation was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice, as well as the carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, in which inflammation-related cytokine including prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) in the edematous paw tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, effect of CPZ on chronic inflammation was observed through granuloma formation in rats subjected to cotton pellet implantation.

Results

CPZ (340, 170, and 85 mg/kg for mice, p.o.) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. And the significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed. Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE₂, but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. Besides, CPZ had a certain degree of restraining effect on the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats and the highest dose of 170 mg/kg even showed a significant suppression on it.

Conclusion

The above results indicated that CPZ possessed a potent anti-inflammatory activity, which is indicated to be closely associated with its regulation on IL-1β and PGE₂ thereby mediating the inflammatory response acting at an appropriate level.     

Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F,a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Aim of the study

Based on the recipe of the traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we developed TZQ-F, a new formula including 8 fractions isolated from Red Paeony root, Mulberry leaf, Lotus leaf, Danshen root and Hawthorn leaf with a good quality assurance. The study was aimed at fraction preparation and effects of the fractions on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

Materials and methods

The active fractions were obtained by macroporous resin, ion-exchange resin and polyamide resin column chromatographies. HPLC analyses were used for quality control. In vitro mechanism study included DPPH radical scavenging, AGEs formation inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition and lipase inhibition, and rats on high-fat diet were used for in vivo study.

Results

In vitro mechanism study showed that among the 8 fractions, three of them had inhibition effects on intestinal disaccharase, three with inhibition effects on lipase, and five with effects of free radical scavenging. In vivo study showed that after 4 weeks of treatment, TZQ-F significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, TG, glucose, LDL-C and HDL-C in rats on high-fat diet. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet.

Conclusions

TZQ-F possesses the potential regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.     

木蝴蝶种子化学成分研究

目的:研究紫葳科Bignoniaceae植物木蝴蝶Oroxylum indicum种子的化学成分.方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等手段进行分离纯化,通过化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构.结果:从木蝴蝶种子的95％乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了20个化合物,分别为木蝴蝶苷A(1)、木蝴蝶苷B(2)、白杨黄素(3)、黄芩苷元(4)、槲皮素(5)、芹菜素(6)、山柰酚(7)、槲皮素-3-O-阿拉伯吡喃糖苷(8)、羽扇豆醇(9)、2α,3β-二羟基羽扇豆醇(10)、赤松素(11)、二氢赤松素(12)、胆甾-5-烯-3,7-二醇(13)、连翘环己醇(14)、异连翘环己醇(15)、zarzissine(16)、(E)-银松素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(17)、腺苷(18)、β-谷甾醇(19) 、β-胡萝卜苷(20).结论:化合物11-13,15～18为首次从木蝴蝶植物中分离得到,其中除化合物18外,其余6个化合物均为首次从紫葳科植物中获得.     

Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus)

The wound healing effect of the aqueous extracts of Inula viscosa, Ajuga chia, Rubia taenifolia and Parieteria diffusa, and the oil of Laurus nobilis, dispersed in water, were examined. The 10% (w/w) Pluronic F127 (PF127) was added to the applied preparations, in order to modify the aqueous extracts viscosity, and to stabilize the oil dispersion. A full thickness wound was made in the dorsal area of the mice. The wounds were treated with the different preparations with 12h intervals for four times in two successive days. For 16 days, the wounds were visually observed, photographically documented and the wound area was measured. After day 16, the animals were sacrificed and the histology of the wound area was examined. The best wound healing activity was observed with the extract of Inula viscosa, followed by Parieteria diffusa, Laurus nobilis, Ajuga chia and the least active extract was that of Rubia taenifolia.