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1.
J.C. Scaife 《Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior》2009,93(3):354-362
Background
Binge drinking may lead to brain damage. The aim of the present study was to compare the cognitive abilities of binge and non-binge drinkers in tasks which test functions linked to discrete areas of the prefrontal cortex.Methods
Non-binge and binge drinkers were identified according to their binge score derived from the Alcohol Use Questionnaire. Cognitive performance was tested with the Spatial Working Memory task (SWM) linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Intra/Extradimensional Shift and reversal task (IED) linked to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (shift) and to orbitofrontal cortex (reversal), Paired Associates Learning task (PAL) linked to temporal cortex, and Reaction Time Task (RTI) a task measuring motor impulsivity (Inferior frontal gyrus). Personality traits, alcohol outcome expectancies and mood were also evaluated.Results
Binge drinkers recorded a significantly shorter movement time to target in the RTI, and completed fewer stages on first trial in the PAL, compared with non-bingers. In the IED as well as in the SWM, only female binge drinkers were more impaired than non-binge drinkers.Conclusions
Functions linked to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be more impaired in female, whereas functions linked with the temporal lobe may be impaired in both male and female binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers. Functions linked to orbitofrontal cortex were not impaired. The increased speed of response in the RTI in binge drinkers may indicate an increased motor impulsivity in binge drinkers. 相似文献2.
Robert Woolard Janette Baird Richard Longabaugh Ted Nirenberg Christina S. Lee Michael J. Mello Bruce Becker 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Study objective
Brief interventions (BI) for alcohol misuse and recently for marijuana use for emergency department patients have demonstrated effectiveness. We report a 12-month outcome data of a randomized controlled trial of emergency department (ED) patients using a novel model of BI that addresses both alcohol and marijuana use.Methods
ED research assistants recruited adult patients who admitted alcohol use in the last month, and marijuana use in the last year. In the ED, patients received an assessment of alcohol and marijuana use and were randomized to treatment (n = 249) or standard care (n = 266). Treatment consisted of two sessions of BI. At 3 and 12 months, both groups had an assessment of alcohol and marijuana use and negative consequences of use.Results
515 patients were randomized. We completed a 12-month follow-up assessments on 83% of those randomized. Measures of binge drinking and conjoint marijuana and alcohol use significantly decreased for the treatment group compared to the standard care group. At 12-month binge alcohol use days per month in the treatment group were (M = 0.72:95% CI = 0.36–1.12) compared to standard care group (M = 1.77:95% CI = 1.19–1.57) Conjoint use days in the treatment group (M = 1.25.1:95% CI = 0.81–1.54) compared to standard care group (M = 2.16:95% CI = 1.56–2.86). No differences in negative consequences or injuries were seen between the treatment and standard care groups.Conclusions
BI for alcohol and marijuana decreased binge drinking and conjoint use in our treatment group. BI appears to offer a mechanism to reduce risky alcohol and marijuana use among ED patients but expected reductions in consequences of use such as injury were not found 12 months after the ED visit. 相似文献3.
Background
Alcohol use is often regarded as a means of coping with sadness and distress. The present research was conducted to explore the relation between negative mood and the reinforcing value of alcohol, while clarifying the role of coping motives.Methods
Participants with a history of recent alcohol use (N = 44; 72% female) attended a laboratory session and were randomly assigned to either a negative (n = 22) or a neutral (n = 22) mood condition. A manipulation check confirmed that participants in the negative mood condition, but not the neutral mood condition, displayed a significant increase in negative affect. The multiple choice procedure (MCP) was used to measure the reinforcing value of alcohol after the mood manipulation.Results
Regression models employing the MCP crossover point as the dependent variable and mood condition (neutral or negative) and drinking to cope as predictors indicated that a model with an interaction term accounted for the most variance.Conclusions
These results suggest that the relation between mood and the reinforcing value of alcohol is moderated by drinking to cope, and help clarify the conditions under which drinking to cope may lead to negative outcomes. 相似文献4.
Background
There is very limited literature on alcohol use among the elderly and little is known about the impact it has on family and caregivers, especially in low and middle income countries.Aim
To estimate the independent effect of heavy alcohol use among the elderly on the psychological health of their co-residents.Methods
This is a secondary analysis using data from the comprehensive cross-sectional survey of the 10/66 dementia research group population-based research programme in the Dominican Republic. The characteristics of the elderly participants as well as the co-residents were described. The independent association of heavy drinking among the participants with psychological morbidity in their co-residents was estimated. Different models were generated to rule out potential mediating effects of disability and behavioural symptoms.Results
Prevalence of heavy alcohol use in the elderly in Dominican Republic was 10.6%. There was a statistically significant independent effect of heavy alcohol use by the elderly on their co-residents mental health (PR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.07-2.01) which was not accounted by disability (Sobel-Goodman test, p = 0.15). Severity of psychological and behavioural symptoms partially (29.1% of the total effect) explained this association (Sobel-Goodman mediation test, p = 0.006).Conclusions
Health services for the elderly in low and middle income countries will have to be configured around detection of alcohol problems among the elderly as well as offering appropriate support to their co-residents. 相似文献5.
Background
The association between cocaine use and depression has been frequently observed. However, less is known about the significance of depression in the treatment of cocaine use disorders. This study examined possible interrelations between drug use and depression severity among cocaine-dependent patients in psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence.Methods
Monthly assessed drug use and depression severity scores of N = 487 patients during 6-month psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence were analyzed using hybrid latent growth models.Results
Results indicated a moderate but statistically significant (z = 3.13, p < .01) influence of depression severity on increased drug use in the upcoming month, whereas drug use did not affect future depression severity.Conclusions
Findings suggest that depression symptoms are an important predictor of drug use outcomes during psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence and, hence, underline the importance of adequately addressing depression symptoms to improve treatment outcomes. 相似文献6.
Background
Casiopeína IIgly (Cas IIgly) [Cu(4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(glycinate)]NO3 induce oxidative damage in different human tumour cell strains, as the known anticancer agent cisplatin (CDDP) does.Purpose
To compare glutathione (GSH) depletion induced by Cas IIgly and CDDP in murine melanoma B16 cells and its relationship with their antiproliferative effect.Materials and methods
Cell growth was determined according to the sulforhodamine B assay. Intracellular GSH levels were measured by the reduction of Ellman’s reagent (DTNB).Results
Cas IIgly IC50 in B16 cells was 54.5 μM (24.21 μg/mL), which depleted GSH from 1092 to 585 ng per million cells in a 30 min incubation period. In the other hand, CDDP was less toxic at the same conditions with an IC50 equal to 197.76 μM (59.33 μg/mL), and depleted GSH to 50% of the normal only after a longer exposure period (4 h). The addition of 1.8 mM ascorbic acid (Asc) or 1 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) enhanced Cas IIgly toxicity, whereas it was prevented by 100 U/mL catalase. BSO sensitised B16 cells to CDDP, but neither Asc or catalase modified CDDP effects.Conclusions
The antiproliferative effect of both drugs correlated to intracellular GSH levels. Unlike CDDP, GSH depletion induced by Cas IIgly occurs earlier, it is enhanced by ascorbic acid and preventable by catalase. Redox cycles, feasible only with Cas IIgly, may be an important difference in their mode of action. 相似文献7.
Gabriele Caselli Antonella Gemelli Sara Querci Anna Maria Lugli Flaviano Canfora Claudio Annovi Daniela Rebecchi Giovanni M. Ruggiero Sandra Sassaroli Marcantonio M. Spada Edward R. Watkins 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Background
Rumination is an abstract, persistent, and repetitive thinking style that can be adopted to control negative affect. Recent studies have suggested the role of rumination as direct or indirect cognitive predictor of craving experience in alcohol-related problems.Aims
The goal of this study was to explore the effect of rumination induction on craving across the continuum of drinking behaviour.Methods
Participants of three groups of alcohol-dependent drinkers (N = 26), problem drinkers (N = 26) and social drinkers (N = 29) were randomly allocated to two thinking manipulation tasks: distraction versus rumination. Craving was measured before and after manipulation and after a resting phase.Results
Findings showed that rumination had a significant effect on increasing craving in alcohol-dependent drinkers, relative to distraction, but not in problem and social drinkers. This effect was independent of baseline depression and rumination and was maintained across the resting phase. Conclusions: Rumination showed a direct causal impact on craving that is specific for a population of alcohol-dependent drinkers. 相似文献8.
Brief interventions for college heavy drinkers have shown promise in reducing drinking and alcohol-related negative consequences. However, intervention duration, content, method of delivery, and follow-up length vary across studies. It therefore remains unclear whether intervention length significantly influences the interventions' efficacy. The present study is a randomized clinical trial systematically evaluating the efficacy of two brief interventions aimed at reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences among college student drinkers. Treatment mediators were also evaluated. Participants (N = 278) were, on average, 20.1 years old (SD = 2.4), mostly Caucasian (87%) and female (71%). They were randomly assigned to a 10-minute brief intervention, a 50-minute brief intervention, or an attention-control group. Both active interventions were provided by clinical graduate students trained in Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS). As hypothesized, participants in both active conditions significantly reduced their alcohol consumption, as compared to the control group participants F(2,264) = 9.84, p = .00, η2 = .07. There were no significant differences in alcohol-related negative consequences F(2,264) = 3.08, p = .06, η2 = .02. The hypothesized mediators, alcohol drinking norms and coping behavioral strategies, explained significant variance in intervention efficacy, but neither self-efficacy nor alcohol expectancies were significant mediators. Given the preliminary nature of our investigation, more research is warranted to determine parameters of the critical mechanisms of change within brief alcohol interventions with college student drinkers. 相似文献
9.
Marwan M. Azar 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2010,112(3):178-193
Background
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are highly prevalent and associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy, decreased health care utilization and poor HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected individuals.Objectives
To systematically review studies assessing the impact of AUDs on: (1) medication adherence, (2) health care utilization and (3) biological treatment outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).Data sources
Six electronic databases and Google Scholar were queried for articles published in English, French and Spanish from 1988 to 2010. Selected references from primary articles were also examined.Review methods
Selection criteria included: (1) AUD and adherence (N = 20); (2) AUD and health services utilization (N = 11); or (3) AUD with CD4 count or HIV-1 RNA treatment outcomes (N = 10). Reviews, animal studies, non-peer reviewed documents and ongoing studies with unpublished data were excluded. Studies that did not differentiate HIV+ from HIV− status and those that did not distinguish between drug and alcohol use were also excluded. Data were extracted, appraised and summarized.Data synthesis and conclusions
Our findings consistently support an association between AUDs and decreased adherence to antiretroviral therapy and poor HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected individuals. Their effect on health care utilization, however, was variable. 相似文献10.
Introduction
Research has shown that smoking menthol cigarettes induces smoking initiation and hinders cessation efforts especially among youth. The objective of this paper is to examine the association between menthol cigarette smoking and substance use among adolescent students in Canada.Methods
A nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 4466 Canadian students in grades 7 to 12 from the 2010–2011 Youth Smoking Survey is analyzed. A bivariate probit model is used jointly to examine the association of menthol smoking status with binge drinking and marijuana use.Results
32% of the current smokers in grades 7 to 12 smoke mentholated cigarettes, 73% are binge drinkers and 79% use marijuana. Results of the bivariate probit regression analysis, controlling for other covariates, show statistically significant differences in the likelihood of binge drinking and marijuana use between menthol and non-menthol smokers. Menthol cigarette smokers are 6% (ME = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.03–0.09) more likely to binge drink and 7% (ME = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.05–0.10) more likely to use marijuana.Conclusion
Smoking menthol cigarettes is associated with a higher likelihood of binge drinking and marijuana use among Canadian adolescents. Banning menthol in cigarettes may be beneficial to public health. 相似文献11.
Carol Strike Tara Marie WatsonPaul Lavigne Shaun HopkinsRon Shore Don YoungLynne Leonard Peggy Millson 《The International journal on drug policy》2011,22(1):34-40
Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate needle and syringe program (NSP) policies and procedures before and after the dissemination of a set of best practice recommendations.Methods
An on-line survey of 32 core NSP managers (100% response rate) and 62 satellite NSP managers (63% response rate). The survey included items about the distribution of needles/syringes, other injection-related equipment and inhalation equipment, and use of a best practice recommendations document.Results
The majority of NSPs reported following needle and syringe best practice recommendations. Most core NSPs (88%, n = 28) and satellite NSPs (84%, n = 52) distributed cookers following the dissemination of the document. All core NSPs (100%, n = 32) and nearly all satellite NSPs (97%, n = 60) distributed sterile water ampoules in 2008, many more than in 2006. Although more NSPs distributed safer inhalation equipment in 2008, the majority did not distribute these items. More satellite NSPs (44%, n = 27) distributed glass stems than the core NSPs (16%, n = 5). Commonly cited implementation barriers included funding, senior management and decision-making.Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that NSPs will implement empirically based best practice recommendations and welcome such guidance. The managers we surveyed not only reported increased implementation of practices that have been empirically shown to help reduce disease transmission among injection drug users (IDUs), they also used the best practices document for additional purposes, such as planning and advocacy, and expressed interest in having sets of recommendations developed for other areas of harm reduction. Ensuring high-quality and consistent NSP services is essential to prevent transmission of HIV among people who inject drugs and others in the community. Best practice recommendations can assist in achieving these goals. 相似文献12.
Background
Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection, defined as persistent RNA (viral load) for at least 6 months, accounts for up to 50% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and liver cancer cases. Moreover, elevated HCV viral load is consistently associated with high infectivity and poor therapy response. This study aims to identify modifiable behavioral correlates both chronic HCV infection and increases in viral load over time among injection drug users (IDUs).Methods
Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed using self-interview and serological data from a prospective cohort study (2002-2006) among young (age 18-35), HIV-negative, HCV therapy-naïve IDUs (n = 113) from metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA.Results
After adjustment for age, gender and race/ethnicity, using drugs measured or mixed in someone else's syringe (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 6.7) was associated with chronic (n = 75, 66%) versus resolved (n = 38, 34%) HCV infection status. Among chronically-infected IDUs, injecting with a new, sterile syringe infrequently (<1/2 half the time when injecting) compared to frequently (1/2 the time or more when injecting) was associated with increases in viral load over time after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity and time effects.Conclusions
Reductions in risky injection-related practices among young IDUs may ameliorate both the burden of chronic HCV infection-related liver disease and elevated viral load-related poor treatment response. 相似文献13.
Objective
The mixing of alcoholic beverages with caffeine has been identified as a public health problem among college students; however, little is known about the consumption of such drinks among younger adolescents. We estimated the prevalence of caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use among a wide age range of underage drinkers, examined differences in traditional (i.e. self-mixed alcoholic beverages with soda, coffee and tea) and non-traditional CAB use (pre-mixed caffeinated alcoholic beverages or self-mixed alcoholic beverages with energy drinks or energy shots) among underage drinkers by age and other demographic characteristics, and examined differences in hazardous drinking behavior between CAB and non-CAB users.Methods
We used an existing Internet panel maintained by Knowledge Networks, Inc. to assess the use of pre-mixed and self-mixed CABs in the past 30 days among a national sample of 1031 youth drinkers age 13–20. We conducted logistic regression analyses to estimate the relationship between traditional and non-traditional CAB use and risky drinking behavior as well as adverse outcomes of drinking, while controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and general risk-taking (seat belt use).Results
The overall prevalence of CAB use in the sample of underage drinkers was 52.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.4%–57.4%). CAB prevalence was 48.4% among 13–15 year-old drinkers, 45.3% among 16–18 year-old drinkers, and 58.4% among 19–20 year-old drinkers. After controlling for other variables, we found a continuum of risk with non-traditional CAB use most significantly associated with binge drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3), fighting (OR = 4.4), and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 5.6).Conclusions
The problem of caffeinated alcoholic beverage use is not restricted to college-aged youth. The prevalence of CAB use among underage drinkers is higher than previously thought and begins in early adolescence. Adolescents who consume CABs, and particularly non-traditional CABs, are at increased risk of adverse outcomes. 相似文献14.
Tang AM Bhatnagar T Ramachandran R Dong K Skinner S Kumar MS Wanke CA 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2011,118(1):73-77
Background
Malnutrition is a strong predictor of poor outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Drug users are at increased risk of malnutrition regardless of whether or not they are infected with HIV. Little data exists on the nutritional status of drug users (with or without HIV infection) in India.Methods
We describe and compare the nutrition and metabolic status of 107 HIV-positive and 193 HIV-negative male clients of a community-based drop-in center for injection drug users in Chennai, India. Measures of nutrition and metabolic status include body composition, dietary intake, food insecurity, and serum lipid levels.Results
We found poor overall nutritional status in both the HIV-positive and HIV-negative clients, with HIV-positive men faring worse on some parameters. Both groups had extremely low percent body fat, but levels in HIV-positive participants were significantly lower (6.5% versus 7.9%, p = .01). HIV-positive men also had significantly lower total caloric and fat intakes compared to HIV-negative men. A considerable proportion (70%) of both HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug users were food insecure. HDL cholesterol levels were significantly lower and below normal range in the HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative men.Conclusions
The high levels of food insecurity and poor nutritional status in this population, regardless of HIV status, indicates critical need for intervention. Improving nutritional status in those who are infected with HIV prior to initiation of antiretroviral treatment may help patients to reap the full benefits of therapy. 相似文献15.
Impulsivity differences in recreational cannabis users and binge drinkers in a university population
Moreno M Estevez AF Zaldivar F Montes JM Gutiérrez-Ferre VE Esteban L Sánchez-Santed F Flores P 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2012,124(3):355-362
Background
Recreational cannabis use and alcohol binge drinking are the most common drug consumption patterns in young adults. Impulsivity and several psychopathological signs are increased in chronic drug users, but the implications of recreational use are still poorly understood.Methods
We evaluated impulsivity, sensation-seeking traits, impulsive decision-making, inhibitory control and possible symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychosis in three groups of young university adults: recreational cannabis users (N = 20), alcohol binge drinkers (N = 22) and non-drug users (N = 26).Results
The cannabis and binge drinking groups had increased scores for impulsivity and sensation-seeking traits. Both groups also exhibited increased impulsive decision-making on the two-choice task and the Iowa Gambling task; however, only the cannabis group was significantly different from the non-drug group regarding inhibitory control (Go/No-Go and Stop tasks). The cannabis and binge drinking groups did not show differences in the psychopathological symptoms evaluated.Conclusions
Our observations of this population of non-dependent drug users are consistent with the increased impulsivity traits and behaviors that have been described previously in chronic drug abusers. In this study, compared to no drug use, the recreational use of cannabis was associated with a major dysfunction of the different facets of impulsive behaviors. However, alcohol binge drinking was related only to impulsive decision-making. These results suggest that impulsivity traits and behaviors are present not only in chronic drug abusers but also in recreational drug users. Future work should continue to investigate the long-term effects of these common consumption patterns on various impulsive behaviors and psychopathological symptoms. 相似文献16.
Background
In contingency management (CM) interventions, monetary consequences are contingent on evidence of drug abstinence. Typically, these consequences are contingent on individual performance. Consequences contingent on group performance may promote social support (e.g., praise).Methods
Thus, to combine social support with the monetary incentives of CM, we integrated independent and interdependent group contingencies of reinforcement into an Internet-based intervention to promote smoking abstinence. Breath carbon monoxide (CO) measures were compared between treatment conditions and a baseline control condition. Thirteen participants were divided into 5 groups or “teams” (n = 2-3 per team). Each participant submitted video recordings of CO measurement twice daily via the Internet. Teammates could monitor each other's progress and communicate with one another through an online peer support forum. During a 4-day tapering condition, vouchers exchangeable for goods were contingent on gradual reductions in breath CO. During a 10-day abstinence induction condition, vouchers were contingent on abstinence (CO ≤ 4 ppm). In both treatment conditions, concurrent independent and interdependent group contingencies were arranged (i.e., a mixed contingency arrangement).Results
Less than 1% of CO samples submitted during baseline were ≤ 4 ppm, compared to 57% submitted during abstinence induction. Sixty-five percent of participants’ comments on the online peer support forum were rated as positive by independent observers. Participants rated the intervention favorably on a treatment acceptability questionnaire.Conclusion
The results suggest that the intervention is feasible and acceptable for promoting abstinence from cigarette smoking. 相似文献17.
Introduction
Depressive symptomatology is a predictive variable of tobacco use. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence that this symptomatology has on tobacco use when moderated by emotional attention.Methods
A total of 289 participants (127 males, 162 females) completed a survey to measure perceived emotional intelligence, depressive symptomatology, tobacco use and sociodemographic variables. Results were analyzed using a multiple regression model that included self-perceived emotional attention as a moderating variable.Results
In women, an interaction was found between depressive symptomatology and gender for predicting the number of cigarettes smoked (t = 2.45; p = .01), but not in men (t = −.74; p = .45). This interaction was moderated by emotional attention (t = 2.83; p = .005), such that women with medium and high levels of attention consumed a larger number of cigarettes.Conclusions
In women, the effect of depressive symptomatology on tobacco use was moderated by the amount of attention that women paid to those symptoms. Such a moderating effect of attention was not observed in men. We recommend that smoking cessation programs incorporate interventions designed specifically for women, in particular to help them manage depressive symptomatology. 相似文献18.
Yolton K Xu Y Strauss D Altaye M Calafat AM Khoury J 《Neurotoxicology and teratology》2011,33(5):558-566
Objective
To examine the association of prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and select common phthalates with infant neurobehavior measured at 5 weeks.Methods
We compared the concentration of maternal urinary metabolites of bisphenol A and phthalates at two distinct time points in pregnancy (16w, 26w) with scores on the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) at 5 weeks of age in a cohort of 350 mother/infant pairs.Results
Prenatal exposure to BPA was not significantly associated with neurobehavioral outcomes at 5 weeks. Significant associations between prenatal exposure to measured phthalates and infant neurobehavioral outcomes differed by type of phthalate and were only seen with exposure measured at 26 weeks. Higher total di-butyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites at 26w were associated with improved behavioral organization evidenced by decreased arousal (p = .04), increased self-regulation (p = .052), and decreased handling (p = .02). In males, higher total di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites at 26w were associated with more nonoptimal reflexes (p = .02).Conclusion
The association between prenatal phthalate exposure and infant neurobehavior differed by type of phthalate and was evident only with exposure measured at 26w. Prenatal exposure to DBP was associated with improved behavioral organization in 5-week-old infants. Prenatal exposure to DEHP was associated with nonoptimal reflexes in male infants. There was no evidence of an association between prenatal BPA exposure and infant neurobehavior. 相似文献19.
Aims
This study aims to assess the relationships between age, sex, drinking behaviour and self-reported alcohol-related problem behaviour.Design
Cross-sectional population survey.Setting and participants
Interviews were undertaken in 2004, with a representative sample of Australian residents aged 12 and over (N = 29,445).Measurements
Alcohol use was measured using graduated frequency questions and, using these questions, estimates of total annual intake and frequency of heavy drinking occasions were derived. Alcohol-related problems were measured using a 10-item scale, relating to behaviour in the 12 months prior to the survey.Findings
Alcohol-related problem behaviours clustered into two groups: hazardous behaviour and delinquent behaviour. Rates of problem behaviours and drinking followed similar patterns for males and females, with peaks in early adulthood and a subsequent decline with age. Males drank at higher levels than females and behaved more problematically. Once alcohol consumption and drinking pattern were controlled for, male and female rates of problem behaviours were not markedly different. However, there were substantial differences by age, with young people behaving significantly more problematically than older people with the drinking variables controlled for.Conclusions
The results of this study provide strong evidence that young drinkers behave more problematically than older drinkers with drinking behaviour controlled for. The study also provides further evidence that women and men do not report substantially different rates of alcohol-related problems for similar amounts or patterns of drinking. The study has implications for public health messages that focus on the risk of harm from drinking, clearly demonstrating that young drinkers are more likely to report problems for a given amount of drinking. 相似文献20.