Effect of intensive blood pressure control on the prevention of white matter hyperintensity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials

Hypertension is an important cause of cerebral small vessel disease, especially of white matter hyperintensity (WMH). The ability of intensive blood pressure (BP) control in preventing this pathological progression remains unclear. The authors systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane library for publications until July 20, 2020. Studies included were clinical trials with random allocation to an antihypertensive medication against placebo, or different treatment targets. The primary outcome was intergroup differences in the change of WMH volume. A random‐effect model was applied for pooling effect measures. Subgroup analysis and meta‐regression were conducted to explore heterogeneity. Seven studies with 2693 patients were identified. Compared with the control group, patients in the intensive BP control group had a slower progression of WMH, with a pooled intergroup standard mean difference (SMD) for WMH change of −0.22 (95% CI: −0.35 ~ −0.09, I² = 63%). For studies comparing intensive and standard BP target, the pooled SMD is −0.37 (95% CI:‐0.50~‐0.24, I² = 0%), while the pooled SMD of studies comparing active antihypertensive medication and placebo was only −0.08 (95% CI: −0.17 ~ 0.01, I² = 0%). Meta‐regression analysis showed that the reduction in WMH progression is proportional to the magnitude of intensive BP control (β = −0.028, P < .001). In conclusion, intensive BP control prevents WMH progression, and its effect is associated with the magnitude of intensive BP control.     

踝臂指数改善对心血管危险人群主要心血管事件发生率的影响

目的 评价踝臂指数（ankle-brachial index,ABI）的改善对患者主要心血管事件（major adverse cardiac events,MACE）发生率的影响.方法 选取2009年1月至2009年12月在成都军区昆明总医院行ABI检测异常的131例患者,根据其6个月之内ABI改善与否分组.随访两年,对两组患者2年的MACE发生情况进行分析.结果 在所有131例患者中,失访5例,有效入组例数126例,2年内共发生MACE事件22例.随访6个月时的△ABI＞0％患者入选68例（53.9％）为改善组,随访6个月时的△ABI≤0％患者58例（46.1％）入选未改善组.2年内,未改善组MACE事件为17例（29.3％）,改善组MACE事件为5例（7.4％）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.结论 ABI的改变能够影响患者心血管疾病的发生率,提示ABI的持续监测对心血管危险患者心血管疾病发生率有重要的预测价值.     

支原体肺炎重症感染患儿外周血RDW与心脏不良事件的关系

目的 探讨支原体肺炎重症感染患儿外周血红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与住院期间主要心脏不良事件(MACE)的关系.方法 回顾性分析89例支原体肺炎重症感染患儿的临床资料.观察所有患儿住院期间MACE发生情况,统计患儿血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、RDW等,分析RDW对患儿住院期间MACE的预测价值,并采用多因素Logistic...     

红细胞分布宽度对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI术后院内主要不良心脏事件的预测价值

目的评估红细胞分布宽度(RDW)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后在住院期间发生主要不良心脏事件(MACE)是否有预测价值。方法回顾性分析243例行PCI术治疗的急性STEMI患者全部临床病例资料。记录住院期间所有研究对象MACE发生情况,根据检测的RDW绘制成受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析RDW对行PCI术治疗的急性STEMI患者住院期间发生MACE的预测价值,并选取最佳截点,分为高RDW组和低RDW组。比较两组间临床一般资料、实验室资料、冠状动脉造影资料、超声心动图结果及MACE发生情况的差异,应用单因素、多因素Logistic回归模型计算STEMI患者住院期间MACE发生风险的优势比。结果 ROC曲线显示,RDW预测STEMI患者住院期间发生MACE的ROC曲线下面积为0. 634(95%CI:0. 543～0. 725,P0. 05),当RDW最佳截点取13. 35%时,其诊断效率最高,灵敏度为52. 5%,特异度为68%,高RDW组(RDW≥13. 35%)发生MACE的比例显著高于低RDW组(RDW13. 35%)(24. 42%比12. 10%,P0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示高RDW水平与STEMI患者PCI术后住院期间发生MACE相关(OR=3. 007,95%CI:1. 275～7. 093,P0. 05)。结论 RDW可能为急性STEMI患者行冠状动脉介入治疗术后住院期间MACE的独立预测因子。     

The occurrence and potential predictive factors of major adverse cardiac and cerebral events in end-stage renal disease patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: A prospective cohort study

Major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCE) are common complications, which prolong hospitalization and increase mortality rate in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate MACCE occurrence and its potential predictive factors in those patients.In this prospective cohort study, 196 diagnosis of ESRD patients who underwent CAPD treatment in our hospital were eligible, and their clinical data (including demographic data and biochemical indexes) were documented. Besides, their MACCE occurrence was assessed within 3-year follow-up period.In patients, 1-, 2-, and 3-year MACCE occurrence rates were 5.1%, 11.7%, and 14.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean duration of accumulating MACCE occurrence was 33.1 (95% confidence interval: 32.0–34.2) months. Furthermore, age, peritoneal dialysis duration (PDD), C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and total cholesterol high correlated with increased accumulating MACCE occurrence, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) high correlated with decreased accumulating MACCE occurrence. Notably, by further multivariate Cox''s proportional hazard regression analysis, age, PDD, CRP, serum uric acid, and FBG high were independent predictive factors for raised accumulating MACCE occurrence, while HDL-C high was an independent predictive factor for attenuated accumulating MACCE occurrence.MACCE are common; besides, age, peritoneal dialysis duration, C-reactive protein, serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol serve as potential markers for indicating MACCE in ESRD patients who underwent CAPD.     

Effects of orlistat on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled clinical trials

Obesity and high blood pressure (BP) are strongly related and weight loss is mightily associated with a significant BP decrease. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate and quantify the BP decrease associated with orlistat use in randomized controlled trials. The search included PubMed-Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases by up to June 05, 2017, to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the impact of orlistat on blood pressure. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a random-effects model, with weighed mean difference and 95% confidence interval as summary statistics. Meta-regression and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the modifiers of treatment response. Our meta-analysis included 27 randomized controlled clinical trials which comprehended overall 8150 subjects (4419 in the orlistat group and 3731 in the control one). We observed a statistically significant decreasing effect of orlistat on both systolic BP (?1.15 mmHg [?2.11, ?0.19]) and diastolic BP (?1.07 mmHg [?1.69, ?0.45]), regardless of its dosage. Significant associations were found between changes in systolic BP and diastolic BP with treatment duration but not with corresponding baseline BP values. In conclusion, Orlistat use contributes weight loss associated decrease in BP in overweight and obese subjects.     

Influence of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials

Background and aimsFindings were not consistent on the therapeutic effect of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure. We aimed to review systematically and perform a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of the DASH diet on blood pressure in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among adults.Methods and resultsWe conducted a systematic review and random effects meta-analysis of all RCTs which evaluated the effect of the DASH diet on blood pressure including published papers until June 2013, using PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Google scholar database. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to find out possible sources of between-study heterogeneity. Seventeen RCTs contributing 20 comparisons with 2561 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that the DASH diet significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 6.74 mmHg (95%CI: −8.25, −5.23, I² = 78.1%) and diastolic blood pressure by 3.54 mmHg (95%CI: −4.29, −2.79, I² = 56.7%). RCTs with the energy restriction and those with hypertensive subjects showed a significantly greater decrease in blood pressure. Meta-regression showed that mean baseline of SBP and DBP was explained 24% and 49% of the variance between studies for SBP and DBP, respectively.ConclusionThe results revealed the profitable reducing effect of the DASH-like diet on both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults; although there was a variation in the extent of the fall in blood pressure in different subgroups.     

Effect of statins on blood pressure: Analysis on adverse events released by FDA

Objective: As a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins have been reported to cause unexpected decrease in blood pressure (BP). However, most studies in this issue were subject to inadequate study design or very small sample size. The present study was designed to examine the BP-lowering effect of various statins. Methods: Here we retrieved 5.9 million clinical reports submitted to FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2004 to 2015. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall reporting odds ratio (ROR) of hypotension adverse events concurrent with various statins (i.e., atorvastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin). Results: Comparing the reporting rate of hypotension event between statins and other drugs found that atorvastatin (pooled ROR = 1.26, adjusted p-value = 8.60 × 10^?4) and simvastatin (pooled ROR = 1.94, adjusted p-value = 4.16 × 10^?45) were significantly associated with reduction in BP. On the other hand, the association between rosuvastatin and hypotension was observed to be nonsignificant (adjusted p-value = 0.65). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first pooled analysis on large-scale data of adverse events to identify the BP-lowering effect of statins. The results will contribute to the development of novel statin-based antihypertensive therapies. In addition, the differential effects of individual statins can warrant subsequent research on the underlying mechanisms of BP control.     

Effect of metformin on all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AimsThe Italian Society of Diabetology and the Italian Association of Clinical Diabetologists are developing new guidelines for drug treatment of type 2 diabetes. The effects of anti-hyperglycaemic drugs on all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were included among the critical clinical outcomes. We have therefore carried out an updated meta-analysis on the effects of metformin on these outcomes.Data synthesisA MEDLINE and EMBASE search was performed to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with duration ≥52 weeks (published up to August 2020), in which metformin was compared with either placebo/no therapy or active comparators. MACEs (restricted for RCT reporting MACEs within their study endpoints) and all-cause mortality (irrespective of the inclusion of MACEs among the pre-specified endpoints) were considered as the primary endpoints. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (MH–OR) with 95% confidence interval was calculated for all endpoints considered. Metformin was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of all-cause mortality (n = 13 RCTs; MH–OR 0.80 [95% CI 0.60, 1.07]). However, this association became statistically significant after excluding RCTs comparing metformin with sulfonylureas, SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 analogues (MH–OR 0.71 [0.51, 0.99]). Metformin was associated with a lower risk of MACEs compared with comparator treatments (n = 2 RCTs; MH–OR 0.52 [0.37, 0.73]), p < 0.001. Similar results were obtained in a post-hoc analysis including all RCTs fulfilling criteria for inclusion in the analysis (MH–OR: 0.57 [0.42, 0.76]).ConclusionsThis updated meta-analysis suggests that metfomin is significantly associated with lower risk of MACEs and tendentially lower all-cause mortality compared to placebo or other anti-hyperglycaemic drugs.     

急性冠脉综合征患者介入治疗早期增加阿司匹林和氯吡格雷剂量对主要不良心血管事件的影响

目的:观察急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）早期不同剂量阿司匹林、氯吡格雷对主要不良心血管事件（MACE）的影响。方法: 选择2007年12月～2009年12月ACS行PCI术的患者102例,所有患者按入院先后随机分为两组,1组为加量组（n=54）,患者入院后阿司匹林300 mg顿服,然后300 mg,每日1次,口服1个月后改为100 mg,每日1次,长期口服;氯吡格雷150 mg ,每日1次,1周后改为75 mg,每日1次,口服1年。另1组为对照组（n=48）,患者入院后阿司匹林100 mg,每日1次,以后长期按此剂量口服。氯吡格雷75 mg,每日1次,口服1年。两组患者其他治疗低分子肝素等方法相同。分别于PCI术后1个月、6个月时比较MACE的发生情况。结果: 两组患者临床基线特征基本一致,病变血管分布情况差异无统计学意义。其MACE发生情况在第一个月时,加量组低于对照组,但差异未到达显著水平（7% vs.15%）;在第6个月时,加量组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（2% vs. 17%,P<0.05）。结论: ACS患者在一般治疗的基础上,介入治疗时早期增加阿司匹林、氯吡格雷的剂量可降低PCI术后MACE的发生率。     

一般人群中尿蛋白水平对主要不良心脑血管事件及全因死亡的影响

目的研究一般人群中尿蛋白水平对主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)及全因死亡的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,入选2006年7月至2007年10月参加开滦集团健康体检人群中资料完整者共87292例作为研究对象,平均年龄51.12±12.29岁。采用尿常规试纸法检测晨尿,以尿蛋白水平分为3组:尿蛋白阴性组(-)、微量尿蛋白组(±/+)、大量尿蛋白组(≥2+)。应用COX比例风险模型分析尿蛋白与MACCE及全因死亡的关系。结果平均随访6.90±0.72年,随访期间共发生MACCE 3091例,累积发病率为5.25/千人年;全因死亡事件4087例,累积发病率为6.84/千人年。3组MACCE累积发病率分别为4.84/千人年、7.34/千人年、12.06/千人年;全因死亡率分别为6.10/千人年、10.28/千人年、19.30/千人年,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.01)。校正其他传统危险因素后,与尿蛋白阴性组相比,微量尿蛋白组、大量尿蛋白组发生MACCE的RR值分别为1.24(95%CI 1.10~1.40)、1.58(95%CI 1.38~1.81),全因死亡的RR值分别为1.41(95%CI 1.27~1.56)、2.15(95%CI 1.93~2.39)。结论尿常规显示的尿蛋白是一般人群MACCE及全因死亡的独立危险因素。     

Frequency of major adverse cardiac events within one month of coronary angioplasty: a useful measure of operator performance

OBJECTIVES

To test one-month outcomes in a single center for their statistical power to corroborate conclusions derived from large multicenter databases.

BACKGROUND

Only with large, multicenter databases has it been possible to demonstrate more frequent occurrences of complications in patients treated by “low-volume operators.” Critics feel that such analyses mask excellent performance by many “low-volume operators.”

METHODS

In a high-volume cardiac catheterization laboratory in a large, nonuniversity teaching hospital, baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were collected for a consecutive series of 1,029 patients treated by 37 percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention (PTCI) operators over a four-month period. One-month follow-up was obtained in 967 (94%) patients who form the basis for this analysis.

RESULTS

Only the group of operators performing <50 cases annually had a major adverse cardiac event (MACE) (death, myocardial infarction or symptom-driven revascularization) rate at one month significantly greater than predicted from baseline characteristics. (Observed rate: 15.1%, expected: 9.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.7%, 14.6%.) The difference was driven by the significantly more frequent rate at which repeat revascularization was performed in patients treated by that group of operators (observed: 13.8%, expected: 7.1%, 95% CI: 2.8%, 11.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

As is true of analyses of large multicenter databases, lower volume operators as a group have less good outcomes than those performing more. The greater statistical power provided by one-month MACE rate offers advantages over the use of in-hospital complications for the analysis of operator performance.     

基于机器学习的Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后院内主要不良事件的风险预测研究

目的 基于临床一般变量,使用机器学习方法构建模型,用于预测手术治疗后的Stanford A型主动脉夹层(TAAD)患者院内主要不良事件(MAE)的发生风险.方法 纳入2013年1月至2017年12月在北京安贞医院进行手术治疗的TAAD患者1 641例,收集患者个体特征变量、临床体征以及入院首次临床血清标志物等.结局定义...     

Relation between pre-procedural glucose levels and incidence of major adverse cardiac events in chronic kidney disease patients without established diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background It is well known that there was a significant link between preprocedural blood glucose levels and short-term and long-term adverse outcomes in patients undergoing elective PCI. However, the role of pre-procedural blood glucose levels as a predictor of adverse events in CKD patients who underwent PCI out of established diabetes has yet to be identified. Methods In our study, we conducted a prospective study of 331 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with CKD who underwent PCI out of established diabetes. Patients were divided into two groups based on pre-procedural glucose levels (hypoglycemia < 7.0 mmol/L; hyperglycemia ≥ 7.0 mmol/L). All patients were followed up prospectively for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and mortality for 6 months. Results In our cohort, hyperglycemia patients reported a higher incidence of in-hospital mortality than hypoglycemia patients (7.5% vs. 0%, P < 0.001). Hyperglycemia patients reported a significantly higher rate of 6-month MACEs (10% vs. 2.4%, P = 0.007), all cause mortality (7.5% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.015), and cardiovascular mortality (6.2%vs 1.6%, P = 0.041) compared with hypoglycemia patients with pre-procedural glucose levels < 7.0 mmol/L. Multivariate analysis disclosed that a pre-procedural glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L was a significant independent predictor of MACEs (OR = 2.53, 95% CI 1.68-17.15, P = 0.004), all cause mortality(OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.10-18.84, P = 0.036), and cardiovascular mortality(OR = 6.2, 95% CI 1.53-24.94, P = 0.011) at 6 months in patients after PCI. Conclusion The study suggested that pre-procedural glucose levels are associated with short-term cardiovascular outcome CKD patients who underwent PCI without established diabetes in the setting of ACS.     

Heated water-based exercise training reduces 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure levels in resistant hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial (HEx trial)

Background

Regular exercise is an effective intervention to decrease blood pressure (BP) in hypertension, but no data are available concerning the effects of heated water-based exercise (HEx). This study examines the effects of HEx on BP in resistant hypertensive patients.

Methods

This is a parallel, randomized controlled trial. 125 nonconsecutive sedentary patients with resistant hypertension from a hypertension outpatient clinic in a university hospital were screened; 32 patients fulfilled the study requirements. The training was performed for 60-minute sessions in a heated pool (32 °C), three times a week for 12 weeks. The HEx protocol consisted of callisthenic exercises and walking inside the pool. The control group was asked to maintain habitual activities. The main outcome measure was change in mean 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABPM).

Results

32 patients (HEx n = 16; control n = 16) were randomized; none were lost to follow-up. Office BPs decreased significantly after heated water exercise (36/12 mm Hg). HEx decreased 24-hour systolic (from 137 ± 23 to 120 ± 12 mm Hg, p = 0.001) and diastolic BPs (from 81 ± 13 to 72 ± 10 mm Hg, p = 0.009); daytime systolic (from 141 ± 24 to 120 ± 13 mm Hg, p < 0.0001) and diastolic BPs (from 84 ± 14 to 73 ± 11 mm Hg, p = 0.003); and nighttime systolic (from 129 ± 22 to 114 ± 12 mm Hg, p = 0.006) and diastolic BPs (from 74 ± 11 to 66 ± 10 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). The control group after 12 weeks significantly increased in 24-hour systolic and diastolic BPs, and daytime and nighttime diastolic BPs.

Conclusion

HEx reduced office BPs and 24-hour ABPM levels in resistant hypertensive patients. These effects suggest that HEx may be a potential new therapeutic approach in these patients.     

Estimated glomerular filtration rate and the risk–benefit profile of intensive blood pressure control amongst nondiabetic patients: a post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial

Background

The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT ; ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT 01206062) reported reduced cardiovascular events by intensive blood pressure (BP ) control amongst hypertensive patients without diabetes. However, the risk–benefit profile of intensive BP control may differ across estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR ) levels.

Methods

This is a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT . Nondiabetic hypertensive adults (n  = 9361) with eGFR >20 mL per min per 1.73 m² were enrolled from 102 US facilities between November 2010 and March 2013 and were followed up until August 2015 (median follow‐up, 3.26 years). Patients were randomly assigned to either a systolic BP target of <120 or <140 mmHg (for intensive or standard treatment, respectively). The outcomes of interests were the development of (i) fatal and nonfatal major cardiovascular events and (ii) acute kidney injury (AKI ).

Results

The cardiovascular benefit from intensive treatment was attenuated with lower eGFR (P _interaction = 0.019), whereas eGFR did not modify the adverse effect on AKI (P _interaction = 0.179). Amongst 891 participants with eGFR <45 mL per min per 1.73 m², intensive treatment did not reduce the cardiovascular outcome (54/446 vs. 54/445 events in the standard group, respectively; hazard ratio [HR ], 0.92; 95% CI , 0.62–1.38) with an absolute rate difference (ARD ) of ?0.02 (95% CI , ?0.07 to +0.03) per 100 patient‐years, whereas it increased AKI (62/446 vs. 38/445 events in the standard group; HR , 1.73; 95% CI , 1.12–2.66) with an ARD of +1.93 (95% CI , +1.88 to +1.97) per 100 patient‐years.

Conclusions

Intensive BP control may provide little or no benefit and even be harmful for patients with moderate‐to‐advanced chronic kidney disease.