Physicochemical investigation of the solid dispersion systems of etoricoxib with poloxamer 188

Solid dispersion systems of a poorly water-soluble drug, etoricoxib were prepared with poloxamer 188 in 1:0.5, 1:1.5 and 1:2.5 ratios and evaluated by FTIR, powder XRD and dissolution studies. Physical studies demonstrated a strong hydrogen bonding with significant decrease in the crystallinity and formation of amorphous etoricoxib in its binary systems. All binary systems of etoricoxib showed faster dissolution than pure drug alone (P?<?0.001). However, 1:2.5 proportion of etoricoxib: poloxamer 188 showed superior performance (DE₄₅: 71.27%?±?3.85) in enhancing solubility and dissolution rate of etoricoxib suggesting optimum ratio of the carrier.     

Formulation development and evaluation of pioglitazone hydrochloride self-emulsifying drug delivery systems

As a widely prescribed anti diabetic drug, pioglitazone belongs to class IΙ under BCS and exhibits low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. Its oral absorption is dissolution rate limited, and its solubility and dissolutionrate need to be enhanced in order to increase its oral bioavailability. In the present study, we aimed to screen various oils, surfactantsand cosolvents. The highest solubility was observed in Labrafac, Tween-80 and propylene glycol. Then the feasibility of formulatingpioglitazone SEDDS was evaluated, and the effect of dilution on the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of pioglitazone was also analyzed. A comparative evaluation of pioglitazone from SEDDS was made in SGF and 1% SLS. Dissolution of pioglitazone from SEDDS was rapid and higher compared with pure drug. The rate and extent of release of pioglitazone hydrochloride from stable SEDDS (F1) were higher in 1% SLS compared with SGF. The FTIR spectra proved that there was on chemical interaction between excipients and drug. SEM studies confirmed that the size was small and spherical.     

Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Study of Solid Dispersions of Lovastatin with Polyethylene Glycol 4000 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30

Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have attracted considerable interest as a means of improving the dissolution rate, and hence possibly bioavailability, of a range of hydrophobic drugs. The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug, Lovastatin, by a solid dispersion technique. Solid dispersions were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) in different drug-to‐carrier ratios. Dispersions with PEG 4000 were prepared by fusion-cooling and solvent evaporation, whereas dispersions containing PVP K30 were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. These new formulations were characterized in the liquid state by phase solubility studies and in the solid state by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility of Lovastatin was favored by the presence of both polymers. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of transfer explained the spontaneous transfer from pure water to the aqueous polymer environment. Solid-state characterization indicated Lovastatin was present as amorphous material and entrapped in polymer matrix. In contrast to the very slow dissolution rate of pure Lovastatin, the dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to improved wettability and dispersibility, as well as decrease of the crystalline and increase of the amorphous fraction of the drug. Solid dispersion prepared with PVP showed the highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of Lovastatin. Even physical mixture of Lovastatin prepared with both polymers also showed better dissolution profile than that of pure Lovastatin. Tablets containing solid dispersion prepared with PEG and PVP showed significant improvement in the release profile of Lovastatin compared with tablets containing Lovastatin without PEG or PVP.     

微管蛋白抑制剂SUD-35固体分散体的制备、鉴定及初步体外药效学研究

目的将难溶性微管蛋白抑制剂SUD-35制备成固体分散体,以增加其溶解度及溶出速率。方法以聚乙二醇6000为载体,溶剂-熔融法制备SUD-35固体分散体。采用差示扫描量热分析与X-射线衍射观察药物在载体中的存在状态,并进行溶解度和体外溶出度研究。采用MTT法对SUD-35固体分散体对小鼠白血病L1210细胞药效进行测定。结果 SUD-35固体分散体中SUD-35的溶解度和溶出速率相对原料药和物理混合物均有明显提高,差示扫描量热分析与X-射线衍射结果显示SUD-35以无定型状态存在于固体分散体中,细胞药效结果显示SUD-35固体分散体对小鼠白血病L1210细胞增殖抑制率强于SUD-35纯药。结论聚乙二醇6000为载体制备SUD-35固体分散体,可显著提高SUD-35的溶解度及溶出速率。     

依托泊苷固体分散体的制备及体外研究

目的 制备依托泊苷固体分散体，改善依托泊苷的溶出度。方法 应用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVPK30）和聚乙二醇（PEG6000）为载体，以溶剂法制备固体分散体。采用正交实验设计考察制备固体分散体的最佳工艺条件，并对所得样品进行体外溶出度研究，以X线衍射、DSC-量热分析进行物相鉴定。结果 依托泊苷在载体PVPK30和PEG6000中结晶消失。药物的溶出速度随载体比例增加而增加。结论 采用PVPK30和PEG6000所制依托泊苷固体分散体能显著提高药物的体外溶出度，药物以无定形状态或分子态存在于载体中。     

环孢素-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体的体外评价

目的以泊洛沙姆188（F68）为载体制备环孢素（CsA）固体分散体并考察其体外溶出。方法以溶剂一熔融法制备固体分散体，以差示扫描量热法（DSC）和X．射线衍射法鉴定CsA在体系中的存在状态，以FTIR表征药物与载体的相互作用，以摇瓶法测定CsA的溶解度，按《中国药典》溶出度第三法测定CsA从物理混合物和固体分散体中的溶出。结果X-射线衍射图谱显示CsA结晶衍射峰消失，提示药物以无定形或分子状态存在于固体分散体中。FTIR结果表明药物与载体间无相互作用。药物溶解度和溶出度均随着F68比例的增加而增大，固体分散体和物理混合物60min的累积溶出百分率分别为99．32％和75．41％，两者具显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论F68能提高CsA的溶解度和溶出度，可用来制备CsA的固体剂型。     

吡格列酮联用阿托伐他汀对2型糖尿病患者血脂及血管内皮功能的影响

目的：观察吡格列酮联用阿托伐他汀对2型糖尿病患者血脂及血管内皮功能的影响。方法：选择2型糖尿病患者65例,随机分为对照组30例（A组）,接受常规降糖药治疗和阿托伐他汀10mg/d;实验组35例（B组）,在对照组基础上加用吡格列酮15mg/d,两组患者分别于治疗前、用药12周后检测血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、血浆一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素-1（ET-1）的浓度、肱动脉内径变化率（FMD）。结果：治疗后两组患者的血糖水平均较治疗前明显降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组患者ET-1水平有所降低（P〈0.05）,血浆NO水平和FMD均明显升高,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;B组NO的升高水平和FMD较A组明显,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗后两组患者体重指数均有所改善（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论：吡格列酮联用阿托伐他汀能够更有效降低患者血脂水平,改善2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能。     

氯化血红素固体分散物的研制及其分散特征评价

目的:探讨氯化血红素固体分散物的制备及其分散特征的评价.方法:采用溶剂熔融法制备氯化血红素固体分散物,用差示热量扫描(DSC)图谱、红外光谱、X-射线衍射图谱的变化鉴定药物在载体中的分散特征;并对其溶解度和累积溶出速率进行考察.结果:结果显示,以氯化血红素为主药,聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)为载体制成的固体分散物中,氯化血红素是以分子状态分散在载体中;经溶解度和累积溶出速率的测定,固体分散物溶解度为原药的49倍,固体分散物较原药在30 min时的累积溶出速率提高了22倍.结论:制成固体分散物后,形成填充型固体溶液,氯化血红素的溶解度和溶出速率均得到显著提高,提示本工艺可行,同时也为氯化血红素新制剂的研究提供科学依据.     

Physicochemical characterization and dissolution properties of meloxicam-gelucire 50/13 binary systems

A solid dispersion of Meloxicam (MX), a poorly soluble, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Gelucire 50/13 was prepared by spray drying. Spherical microparticles were yielded with smooth surfaces as observed by scanning electron microscopy. According to differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry analysis, MX was transformed from the crystalline state to the amorphous state as confirmed by the disappearance of its melting peak and the crystalline peaks. The dissolution tests at pH 7.4 revealed that the dissolution rate of encapsulated MX was 2.5-fold higher than that of the corresponding physical mixture and fourfold higher than the drug alone, respectively. The microparticles prepared at a ratio of 1:4 (drug/Gelucire) exhibited a 4-fold higher anti-inflammatory activity on the paw edema of rats in comparison to the drug alone. All in all, this work reveals that spray drying is a suitable technique for preparation of solid dispersions with improved biopharmaceutical and pharmacological characteristics of MX.     

托伐普坦固体分散体的制备及体外溶出特性考察

目的 采用固体分散技术提高难溶性药物托伐普坦的体外溶出度。方法 选用聚维酮K_29/32为载体材料,以溶剂蒸发法制备托伐普坦固体分散体。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X-射线粉末衍射法(XRPD)对所得固体分散体进行鉴定, 并进行溶解度、体外溶出实验。结果 固体分散体的DSC 图谱及X-射线粉末衍射确定了托伐普坦以无定形态分散在载体中, 体外溶解实验表明其溶出较原料药、物理混合物均有明显提高。结论 将托伐普坦与PVP K_29/32制成固体分散体,其分散状态发生了改变,溶出性能明显提高。     

Soluplus®、PVP VA64为载体的氟苯尼考固体分散体的制备及体外评价

目的 采用新型载体材料Soluplus^®和PVP VA64制备氟苯尼考固体分散体,以增加其溶解度及体外溶出度。方法 应用溶解度参数法初步预测药物与载体材料的相容性,进一步采用溶剂蒸发法制备氟苯尼考-Soluplus^®和氟苯尼考-PVP VA64固体分散体,并采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、X-射线粉末衍射法（XPRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）对所得固体分散体进行表征,且与PVP K30进行比较。以溶解度和体外溶出度为评价指标,对不同载体制备的氟苯尼考固体分散体进行比较。结果 DSC、XPRD和FTIR结果表明,不同高分子材料制得的氟苯尼考固体分散体中药物均呈无定型状态;几种载体材料均能增加氟苯尼考的溶解度及溶出速率,增溶效果为PVP VA64>PVP K30>Soluplus^®,其中PVP VA64固体分散体的溶解度增加最为显著,25℃在标准硬水、自来水、纯化水中的溶解度约为原料药的3倍,且自来水中5 min时累积溶出率可达88.23%,为氟苯尼考原料药的20.56倍。结论 采用溶剂蒸发法制备氟苯尼考-PVP VA64固体分散体可以显著提高药物的溶解度及体外溶出度。     

Physicochemical characterization of artemether solid dispersions with hydrophilic carriers by freeze dried and melt methods

Solid dispersions of artemether (ARM), a poorly soluble drug, were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPK25, MW 25000) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG4000, MW 4000) as excipients. These dispersions were studied by physical mixture, freeze-drying, and melting methods. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetery, and dissolution studies. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the complete crystalline nature of artemether, whereas physical mixtures, melt mixtures (MM), and freeze-dried solid dispersions (FDSD) of ARM-PVP and ARM-PEG showed reduced peak intensities with increased PVP/PEG content. PEG showed lower decreases in intensity than PVP preparations. Differential scanning calorimetery also confirmed this finding by showing either a small or absent endotherm. Red shifts in O-H stretching vibrations of ARM were higher in the MM of ARM-PVP than its FDSD as exhibited by fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. The carbonyl peak of PEG was blue shifted in MM and FDSD, whereas the C=O peak of PVP was red shifted in FDSD and MM, indicating different H-bonding by PEG and PVP with ARM. The rate of dissolution (phosphate buffer at pH 4.5) was improved up to 4-fold in MM and FDSD compared to artemether, and up to 50% compared to physical mixtures. The preparation of solid dispersions influenced the rate of dissolution at various drug-carrier ratios, i.e., the dissolution order of 1:1–1:4 ratio was MM > FDSD; FDSD > MM at 1:6–1:8 ratios of both ARM-PVP and ARM-PEG; and FDSD of ARM-PEG > FDSD of ARM-PVP > MM of ARM-PEG > MM of ARM-PVP at a 1:10 ratio.     

长春西汀固体分散体的制备及体外溶出特性

目的:制备长春西汀固体分散体,提高其溶出速度和程度。方法:以泊洛沙姆188(F68)为载体,用溶剂-熔融法制备固体分散体;差热分析、X-射线粉末衍射分析以鉴别药物在载体中的存在状态;并考察载体的用量、溶出介质和转速对药物体外溶出特性的影响。结果:长春西汀的固体分散体中药物部分以分子状态分散,部分以微晶分散。固体分散体VIN-F68(1∶6,w/w)的溶出参数t50t、d与相应物理混合物、原料药粉末和市售片剂间差异存在显著性(P<0.01),溶出介质和转速的选择对药物的溶出有一定影响。结论:长春西汀的固体分散体能显著提高药物的溶出速度和程度。     

二甲双胍和吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者的疗效及抗氧化作用研究

目的 探讨二甲双胍或吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者的疗效及其对超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）的影响。方法 纳入北京市昌平区中西医结合医院收治的2型糖尿病患者160例,按随机数字表法平均分为二甲双胍组和吡格列酮组,分别给予盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片（1 g/次,每日2次）和盐酸吡格列酮片（30 mg/次,每日1次）,两组疗程均为4周。比较两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（PPPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）,血脂以及两组患者SOD、MDA水平。结果 给予降糖药4周后,两组患者FPG、PPPG、HbA1c均显著下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,二甲双胍组患者三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而吡格列酮患者则无显著性变化。吡格列酮组患者血清MDA水平下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;二甲双胍组患者血清SOD水平显著上升（P<0.05）,且显著高于吡格列酮组（P<0.05）;吡格列酮组患者血清MDA水平显著下降（P<0.05）,且显著低于二甲双胍组（P<0.05）。结论 二甲双胍或吡格列酮均能改善胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病并发症;吡格列酮降低MDA水平效果优于二甲双胍,但增加SOD水平仅见于二甲双胍。两种药物对氧化应激的作用机制不同,有利于联合用药。     

卡维地洛-PVPVA64固体分散体的制备与表征

目地：制备卡维地洛的固体分散体,提高其在水中的溶解度和溶出度。方法：以乙烯基吡咯烷酮／醋酸乙烯共聚物（PVPVA64）为载体,无水乙醇为溶剂,制备卡维地洛固体分散体,并通过差示扫描量热法、x-射线粉末衍射法、红外分光光度法、原子力显微镜扫描、溶解度测定、溶出度实验及稳定性试验对固体分散体进行表征。结果：差示扫描量热法、x-射线粉末衍射法以及原子力显微镜扫描的谱图和图像分析表明卡维地洛以无定形状态存在于制得的固体分散体中,而傅里叶变换红外光谱分析则表明在固体分散体中卡维地洛与PVPVA64间可能以氢键结合形式存在。与卡维地洛原料药相比,该固体分散体的溶解度提高了80倍,且1h溶出百分率也从10％以下提高到95．5％。经差示扫描量热法、x-射线粉末衍射法及溶出度实验考察发现,在温度为40℃、相对湿度为75％的环境条件下,于90d内,该固体分散体稳定性良好。结论：卡维地洛与PVPVA64形成固体分散体后可显著提高其溶解度和溶出度,且热力学稳定,可进一步用于制备生物利用度更高的口服固体剂型。     

Producing Amorphous Solid Dispersions via Co-Precipitation and Spray Drying: Impact to Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties

Many small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exhibit low aqueous solubility and benefit from generation of amorphous dispersions of the API and polymer to improve their dissolution properties. Spray drying and hot-melt extrusion are 2 common methods to produce these dispersions; however, for some systems, these approaches may not be optimal, and it would be beneficial to have an alternative route. Herein, amorphous solid dispersions of compound A, a low-solubility weak acid, and copovidone were made by conventional spray drying and co-precipitation. The physicochemical properties of the 2 materials were assessed via X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The amorphous dispersions were then formulated and tableted, and the performance was assessed in vivo and in vitro. In human dissolution studies, the co-precipitation tablets had slightly slower dissolution than the spray-dried dispersion, but both reached full release of compound A. In canine in vitro dissolution studies, the tablets showed comparable dissolution profiles. Finally, canine pharmacokinetic studies showed that the materials had comparable values for the area under the curve, bioavailability, and C_max. Based on the summarized data, we conclude that for some APIs, co-precipitation is a viable alternative to spray drying to make solid amorphous dispersions while maintaining desirable physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics.     

Preparation and characterization of solid dispersions of Quercetin with PEG4000

Objective To enhance the solubility,quicken the speed of digesting and absorption,and increase the bioavailability of quercetin(3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone).Methods A series of Quercetin-PEG4000 solid dispersions were prepared by fusion method.The configuration and property of solid dispersion were characterized by solubility tests,dissolution tests,FTIR spectra,differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and microphotograph.Results 1.According to solubility tests the the mass ratio of quercetin to PEG4000 affected strongly on the solubility of solid dispersions,on the whole,the relation of the solubility of solid dispersions to the mass ratio presented linear relationship.The preparation temperature had little effect on the solubility of solid dispersions.The surface-active agent,polysorbate80 increased strongly the solubility of solid dispersions.2.According to the dissolution tests,the mass ratio of quercetin to PEG4000 affected strongly on the dissolution of solid dispersions,the preparation temperature had little effect on the dissolution of solid dispersions.The surface-active agent,polysorbate80 increased strongly the dissolution of solid dispersions,and after addition polysorbate80,the dissolution of solid dispersions was two times of the dissolution of solid dispersions without polysorbate80.3.According to the DSC results,except that a little of quercetin molecular existed as crystalline state in the solid dispersion with the mass ratio was qu:PEG=1:2,quercetin existed as amorphous phase in other mass ratio solid dispersion.4.According to the FTIR spectra and microphotograph results,the relation of quercetin and PEG4000 was mainly physical mixing in quercetin-PEG4000 solid dispersion.Quercetin was just like solute in solution,and PEG4000 was just like solvent in solution.The force between quercetin and PEG4000 was mainly hydrogen bonding,so the biological activity of quercetin would not be influenced greatly after the formation solid dispersion.Conclusions These results suggest that quercetin existed mainly as amorphous phase in solid dispersion;the solubility and the dissolution in water were increased obviously after formation the solid dispersion.     

Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone/metformin fixed-dose combination therapy compared with pioglitazone and metformin monotherapy in treating patients with T2DM

Abstract

Background:

Studies have shown that many patients with type 2 diabetes do not achieve optimal glycemic control, and progression of diabetes over time requires more than one pharmacotherapy to achieve glycemic goal.     

布格呋喃固体分散体的体外研究

布格呋喃(buagafuran,AF-5)是以( )香芹酮为起始原料通过立体选择性合成的沉香呋喃类化合物[1].它具有显著的抗焦虑作用,毒副作用低,市场前景广阔.布格呋喃为油状液体,脂溶性强,不溶于水.用植物油稀释进行小鼠灌胃,抗焦虑活性与空白组比较无统计学意义,不能较好地发挥药效.室温放置易发生降解,化学稳定性差.这些缺