Ocular hypertensive response to topical dexamethasone in children: a dose-dependent phenomenon

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ocular-hypertensive response to different dosages of topical dexamethasone eye drops in Chinese children. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one consecutive children undergoing bilateral strabismus surgery. INTERVENTION: Topical dexamethasone (0.1%) was administered to children undergoing bilateral strabismus surgery. They were all less than 10 years of age. One eye was randomized to receive a regimen of four times daily, and another received a twice daily regimen. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was serially measured in the postoperative period for 4 weeks or more. Topical steroids were discontinued if IOP was 30 mmHg or more. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraocular pressure was measured on the day before the surgery, on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 22, 29, and 2 weeks thereafter until the IOP reached preoperative levels. Peak IOP, IOP net increase, and time to reach an IOP more than 20 mmHg in the two study groups were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients (20 male, 11 female) were examined. The mean age was 5.8 +/- 2.0 years (range, 2-10 years). Preoperative IOP in groups treated twice daily and four times daily were similar. After topical dexamethasone treatment, both groups showed a significant rise in peak IOP compared with preoperative values (twice daily, 25.2 +/- 6.8 mmHg vs. 14.3 +/- 2.4 mmHg, P < 0.001; four times daily, 28.7 +/- 6.9 mmHg vs. 14.3 +/- 2.9 mmHg, P < 0.001). The peak IOP was significantly higher in the four times daily group (P < 0.001), as was the net increase in IOP (twice daily, 10.9 +/- 5.8 mmHg vs. four times daily, 14.5 +/- 6.4 mmHg; P < 0.001). There was no difference in time for both groups to achieve the peak IOP, but the time to exceed its upper normal value (20 mmHg) was shorter in the four times daily group (twice daily, 12.3 +/- 9.1 days vs. four times daily, 10.0 +/- 7.4 days; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In children treated with topical dexamethasone, ocular hypertension occurs in a dose-dependent manner. Children in the four times daily group had a quicker onset and more severe ocular hypertensive response than the twice daily group. Nevertheless, even the twice daily regimen produced significant IOP rise, suggesting that dexamethasone use in children should be avoided if possible, and it would be desirable to monitor the IOP twice weekly when it is administered to children.     

Topical diclofenac versus dexamethasone after strabismus surgery: a double-blind randomized clinical trial of anti-inflammatory effect and ocular hypertensive response

BACKGROUND: Compared to steroids non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs offer comparable anti-inflammatory action without ocular side-effects. AIM: To compare the anti-inflammatory effect and effect on IOP (Goldmann) of topical diclofenac 0.1% with dexamethasone 0.1% after strabismus surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center, clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three cases of constant horizontal strabismus, qualifying for standard uniocular recession-resection surgery on two horizontal rectus muscles were randomized to either the dexamethasone or diclofenac group. They were excluded if they had previous ocular surgery, recently used anti-inflammatory drugs and had a neurological, systemic or an ocular inflammatory condition. In addition all received ciprofloxacin 0.3% four times daily. Assessment was done on the first postoperative day and at two and four weeks. The inflammatory characteristics graded from nil (0) to severe (3) were: discomfort, chemosis, injection, discharge and drop-intolerance. Their sum provided the total inflammatory score (TIS). RESULTS: Dexamethasone group (n=21) was comparable in age, gender, preoperative IOP, strabismus, anesthesia administered and baseline IOP, to diclofenac (n=22). There were no significant differences in the inflammatory characteristics and TIS. The dexamethasone group had IOP significantly higher at two weeks (95% CI 0.17 to 3.25) and four weeks (95% CI 1.09 to 4.24) compared to diclofenac group and the net change of IOP at four weeks (95% CI 0.60 to 3.14). Compared to the baseline IOP. CONCLUSION: Topical diclofenac is comparable to dexamethasone in providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect with the advantage of significantly lesser IOP rise and should be preferred after strabismus surgery.     

Efficacy of diclofenac versus dexamethasone for treatment after strabismus surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium 0.1% versus dexamethasone 0.1% on the conjunctival healing process and on intraocular pressure (IOP) after strabismus surgery. DESIGN: A randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Forty consecutive pediatric patients who underwent strabismus surgery. INTERVENTION: The patients were assigned before surgery to receive topical diclofenac 0.1% (study group, 20 patients) or dexamethasone 0.1% (control group, 20 patients) from immediately after surgery to up to 4 weeks after surgery (both combined with chloramphenicol 0.2%, polymyxin B sulfate 2500 U). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Between-group comparison of five parameters: patient discomfort, conjunctival chemosis, inflammation, gap, and intraocular pressure (IOP) at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: At postoperative week 2, the diclofenac-treated group showed significantly less patient discomfort and less conjunctival inflammation, edema, and gap than the dexamethasone group (P: = 0.003, P: = 0.04, P: = 0.02, P: = 0. 001, respectively). At week 4, the study patients continued to show less discomfort and conjunctival gap (P: = 0.02). The dexamethasone group showed a significant change in IOP between the preoperative and the fourth postoperative week (P: = 0.001 in the right eye, P: = 0.0005 in the left eye) and an increased prevalence of higher IOP during the fourth postoperative week (P: = 0.01 in the right eye, P: = 0.02 in the left eye). Thirty-eight percent of the dexamethasone group showed an increase in IOP to more than 21 mmHg during the four postoperative weeks. No increase in IOP was noted in the diclofenac group. CONCLUSIONS: Topical diclofenac is superior to dexamethasone for each of the five postoperative parameters examined. Its maximal effect occurred at 2 weeks after surgery, without an increase in IOP or in local subconjunctival hemorrhage.     

A prospective study on ocular hypertensive and antiinflammatory response to different dosages of fluorometholone in children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ocular hypertensive and antiinflammatory response to different dosages of fluorometholone (FML). DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial with randomization of fellow eyes to different postoperative treatment. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one consecutive children undergoing bilateral symmetrical strabismus operation. INTERVENTION: Among 31 children who received bilateral squint operations, one eye was randomized to receive topical FML six times daily (group 1), whereas the other eye received topical FML three times daily (group 2), both for 4 weeks. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and antiinflammatory response were measured serially in the postoperative period for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraocular pressure was measured on the day before surgery and on postoperative days 1, 3, 6, 13, 20, 27, 41, and 55. The antiinflammatory response was also assessed subjectively and objectively at days 6, 13, 20, and 27 after the operations. Peak IOP, net increase in IOP, and antiinflammatory responses in the two study groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-one children, age 3 to 9 years, (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 5.52 +/- 1.81) participated in the study. Intraocular pressure increased significantly in both groups compared with the preoperative values (P < 0.001). The peak IOP ranged from 12.00 to 31.00 mmHg and 12.30 to 25.00 mmHg in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean peak IOP (19.00 +/- 5.06 mmHg vs. 17.13 +/- 3.32 mmHg) was significantly higher in group 1 (P < 0.001). The net increase in IOP was similar (mean +/- SD, 4.37 +/- 4.79 vs. 2.57 +/- 3.32 mmHg; P = 0.005). Ranges of the net IOP increase were -1.00 to 16.00 mmHg and -2.50 to 10.30 mmHg in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Children in group 1 reached the peak IOP earlier than those in group 2 (median, 6 vs. 13 days; P = 0.033). However, there was no significant difference in antiinflammatory response between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular hypertension occurs in a dose-dependent manner in children treated with FML. Children in group 1 had a quicker onset and more severe ocular hypertensive response than those in group 2. It would be desirable to monitor the IOP regularly when FML is used with a high frequency and for a long duration in children.     

Ocular hypertensive response to topical dexamethasone ointment in children

PURPOSE: To investigate the rate and the degree of the ocular hypertensive response to dexamethasone ointment in children undergoing eyelid surgery. METHODS: Dexamethasone ointment (Dexcosil) was applied three times a day for the first week and twice a day for the second to third week postoperatively to children undergoing epiblepharon surgery. Intraocular pressure (lOP) was measured on the day before surgery, postoperative day 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 2 weeks thereafter until the IOP reached preoperative levels. Peak IOP, IOP net increase and time to reach a peak IOP were analyzed. Dexamethasone ointment was discontinued if the IOP was 25 mmHg or more. Results: A total of 96 children (mean age, 6.5 +/- 2.7 years) were included. Preoperative mean IOP was 13.6 +/- 2.9 mmHg (range 7-19). After dexamethasone ointment treatment, the children showed a significant rise in IOP as compared with the preoperative values. The peak IOP was 20.6 +/- 4.9 mmHg (range 11-39) and the time to reach peak IOP was 8.5 +/- 5.9 days. The low responders (delta IOP < or = 5 mmHg) of our group comprised 35.4% (34/96) of patients, intermediate responders (delta IOP 6-15 mmHg) comprised 56.3% (54/96) of patients and high responders (delta IOP > or =16) comprised 8.3% (8/96) of patients. A net increase in IOP was significantly higher in children 5 years old or less as compared with those older than 5 years (age < or =5, 9.4 +/- 7.5 mmHg vs. age > 5, 6.3 +/- 4.4 mmHg; p = 0.015, unpaired t-test). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular hypertensive response after dexamethasone ointment to the eyelids occurred frequently in children, especially those 5 years old or younger.     

国产与进口拉坦前列素滴眼液降眼压作用的短期效果比较

目的 比较国产与进口拉坦前列素滴眼液的短期降眼压效果。设计 随机、开放、平行对照的临床研究。 研究对象  原发性开角型青光眼患者和高眼压症患者42例。方法 对上述患者按所用药物的不同依随机表法分为A、B两组。A组28例（28眼）,滴用国产拉坦前列素滴眼液（特力洁）,B组14例（14眼）,滴用进口拉坦前列素滴眼液（适利达）,均为每日1次,每次1滴,共28天。受试者于入组当日及用药后第28天8:00、11:00、14:00、16:00测眼压,第7、14、21天则于8:00测眼压。眼压测量采用Goldmann压平眼压计,测量3次取平均值。裂隙灯显微镜观察角膜、虹膜、晶状体情况。主要指标  眼压值。结果 A组用药前眼压为（23.99±1.51）mm Hg, 用药后1～4周眼压分别为（18.04±1.27）mm Hg、（17.75±1.43）mm Hg、（17.63±1.50）mm Hg、（17.49±1.47）mm Hg,用药后眼压明显下降,与用药前相比差异有统计学意义（F=105.72,P=0.000）。B组用药前眼压为（24.37±1.55）mm Hg,用药后1～4周眼压分别为（17.91±1.35）mm Hg、（17.71±1.39）mm Hg、（17.55±1.34）mm Hg、（17.44±1.17）mm Hg,与用药前相比,用药后眼压明显下降,差异有统计学意义（F=67.85 P=0.000）。A、B两组用药前眼压比较无显著性差异（P=0.43）,用药后1～4周两组眼压比较无显著性差异（P值分别为0.76、0.93、0.86、0.89）。入组当日8:00、11:00、14:00、16:00  A、B两组眼压之间的比较无显著性差异（P值分别为0.46、0.44、0.50、0.31）,用药后28天8:00、11:00、14:00、16:00  A、B两组眼压之间的比较无显著性差异（P值分别为0.89、0.85、0.94、0.98）。用药28天时两组患者角膜、虹膜、晶状体均无异常改变。结论  本文的小样本、短期研究显示,国产拉坦前列素与进口拉坦前列素均能有效降低原发性开角型青光眼及高眼压症患者的眼压,两者之间的降眼压效果无显著差异。（眼科, 2012, 21: 111-114）     

The dexamethasone provocative test: a predictive tool for glaucoma?

A retrospective follow-up study of 134 patients (84 women and 50 men) tested for their responsiveness to topically administered corticosteroids was carried out. Of the 134 patients tested, 34 (25.4%) had a high response (IOP rise greater than or equal to 16 mmHg), 66 (49.3%) an intermediate (IOP rise 6-15 mmHg) and 34 (25.4%) a low response (IOP rise less than or equal to 5 mmHg) to topically administered 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops. Follow-up time varied from 5 to 15 years (mean 7.1 years). During the follow-up period 29 (21.6%) patients developed glaucoma. Of these, 9 (31.0%) were high responders and 7 (24.0%) had a low response to corticosteroids. Log-linear analysis showed no correlation between corticosteroid response and development of glaucoma in the study eye (SD = 0.232, DF = 2, P = 0.890), the control eye (SD = 1.234, DF = 2, P = 0.540) or both eyes (SD = 0.618, DF = 2, P = 0.734). At the final examination 75 patients (56%) had an IOP of greater than or equal to 22 mmHg. Of these ocular hypertensive patients 28 (37.3%) were high responders, and 15 (20%) had a low response to corticosteroids. Of the whole material of 134 patients 44 had a family history of glaucoma. Eleven (25.1%) of these were high responders and 14 (31.8%) low responders. Of the 29 patients who developed glaucoma 8 had a family history of glaucoma. Of these 3 were high responders and 3 low responders. The results indicate that the dexaprovocative test yielded relatively limited value in the screening of patients for glaucoma.     

Changes in intraocular pressure after topical anaesthetic instillation

To determine the influence of topical anaesthetic drops, age and central corneal thickness (CCT) in the determination of intraocular pressure (IOP) by non contact tonometry (NCT). · METHODS: Ninety-three eyes from 47 patients were examined for CCT and IOP by NCT before and after the instillation of topical anaesthetic drops. · RESULTS: Average age was 66.4 (SD 16, range 34 to 88 years-of-age). Thirty one patients were female and 16 were male. Average basal IOP was 16.0mmHg (SD 4.0, range 8.5 to 26.1). IOP one minute after topical anesthesia instillation was 15.0mmHg (SD 3.8, range 7.7 to 26.7), and 14.9mmHg (SD 3.9, range 7.6 to 26.3) five minutes after the instillation. The differences were statistically significant for the 0 to 1 minute lapse(P =0.0007) and for the 0 to 5 minute lapse (P = 0.0003), but not for the 1 to 5 minute lapse (P =0.27) (Student's t test for paired data). Average CCT before topical anaesthetic drops was 565.4 microns. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated absence of significant variation between age and IOP changes and between CCT and IOP changes. · CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that the instillation of topical anaesthetics causes a reduction in IOP, which is progressive during the first 5 minutes after instillation. This IOP reduction does not seem to be associated with basal CCT or age.     

局部麻醉剂引起的眼压改变

目的:确定局麻药,年龄和角膜中央厚度对非接触眼压计眼压测量值的影响。方法:记录47例93眼滴局麻药前后角膜中央厚度和非接触眼压计眼压测量值。结果:在47例中女31例,男16例;平均年龄66.4岁(标准差16,范围34～88岁);平均基础眼压16.0mmHg(标准差4.0,范围8.5～26.1mmHg)。滴局麻药后1min平均眼压16.0mmHg(标准差3.8,范围7.7～26.7mmHg),5min平均眼压14.9mmHg(标准差3.9,范围7.6～26.3)。0～1min(P=0.0007)和0～5min(P=0.0003)的数值差异有统计学意义,1～5min(P=0.27)的数值差异无统计学意义(配对资料t检验)。滴局麻药前的平均角膜中央厚度为565.4μm。直线回归分析认为年龄和眼压之间以及角膜中央厚度和眼压之间无直线关系。结论:我们的研究证实,滴局麻药后前5min内引起的眼压降低是进行性的,降低值与角膜中央厚度和年龄无关。     

Topical ibopamine and corticosteroids in the treatment of post-surgery ocular hypotony

Purpose: The aim of the present preliminary study, performed on post-surgical hypotony, was the evaluation of the effects on ocular hypotony of the concomitant administration of ibopamine and corticosteroids. Methods: 14 patients (11 males — 3 females; mean age 47 years) with ocular hypotony following several vitroretinal surgical intervention in different districts, were enrolled. The inclusion criteria were: mean IOP during tonometric curve equal or lower than 6 mmHg, stable IOP for at least 60 days, ongoing treatment with 0.1% dexamethasone (4 times/day), successful surgical intervention, 2% ibopamine (4 times/day) was added to the corticosteroid therapy for 30–60 days. Results: Before ibopamine administration, mean IOP was 4.07 mmHg SD 1.71. At the end of the treatment period, mean IOP increased by 89% in comparison to baseline values (+ 3.64 mmHg SD 5.57). This difference was statistically significant (paired t = 2.39; P = 0.03). One month after ibopamine-treatment discontinuation, mean IOP decreased to pre-treatment values (4.86 mmHg SD 3.50). Conclusions: The results of the present study, although preliminary, suggest the possibility of a future pharmacological treatment of ocular hypotony with ibopamine, whose rationale is based on the increase of aqueous humor production by stimulating the D1 dopaminergic receptor.     

The effect of topical corticosteroids on laser-induced peripheral anterior synechiae.

Purpose: To assess the influence of different topical steroid agents and a non-corticosteroid medication after Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) on the development of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). Method: In two separate prospective, randomised, group-controlled studies, topical fluorometholone 0.1% (FML Liquifilm) was compared with dexamethasone 0.1% (Maxidex) (Study A), or naphazoline hydrochloride 0.1% (Albalon) (Study B) after ALT for chronic open-angle glaucoma, with particular reference to the formation of PAS and the IOP response. Results: In Study A (N = 109) eyes treated with Maxidex had a significantly higher incidence of PAS than those treated with FML - 45% compared with 22%, P < 0.05 (normal deviate test). In Study B (N = 75) the incidence of PAS was equal in eyes treated with FML or Albalon (23%). In the two studies combined (N = 184), the development of PAS was associated with a significantly lower mean response of IOP to ALT - 1.47 mmHg compared with 3.22 mmHg, 0.01 < P < 0.05 (Student t-test). CONCLUSION: The incidence of PAS after ALT is significantly higher with the post-laser use of Maxidex than with FML, and is the same for Albalon as for FML. The therapeutic benefit of ALT is significantly reduced if PAS develop.     

A pilot study of deep sclerectomy with implantation of chromic suture material as a collagen implant: medium-term results

AIMS: A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of deep sclerectomy with a chromic suture implant (DSCI) for open angle glaucoma. METHODS: This prospective trial involved 23 eyes of 16 consecutive patients with uncontrolled open angle glaucoma. The DSCI procedure involved radial suturing of a 2 mm piece of 1/0 chromic suture as an implant. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements and eye examinations were performed preoperatively and regularly postoperatively for up to 66 months. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 36.3 (SD 19.9) months. The mean preoperative IOP was 26.3 (SD 8.5) mmHg. The mean postoperative IOP was 14.1 (SD 2.8) mmHg at month 12, and 16.5 (SD 2.3) mmHg at 36 months. Complete success rate, defined as an IOP lower than 21 mmHg without medication was 77% of eyes at 36 months. Qualified success rate, defined as an IOP lower than 21 mmHg with medication, was 100% at 36 months. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon test analysis of preoperative vs postoperative IOP at 36 months indicated a significant reduction in IOP. Intraoperative complications included rupture of the trabecular meshwork in seven eyes. Exclusion of these patients from the results analysis revealed a mean follow-up of 37.1 months (SD 9), preoperative mean IOP was 25.9 mmHg (SD 4.1), 12-month mean IOP was 13.4 mmHg (SD 2.8), and 36-month mean IOP 16.6 mmHg (SD 2.1). Early postoperative complications included hyphaema in two eyes and dislocation of implant in one eye. One eye developed a central retinal vein occlusion and cataract progression occurred in one eye. The mean postoperative duration of use of topical dexamethasone was 5.4 months (SD 2). CONCLUSIONS: DSCI using a chromic suture implant provides good control of IOP at medium-term follow-up with few postoperative complications. Prolonged use of postoperative anti-inflammatory medication was necessary.     

AL-2512, a novel corticosteroid: preclinical assessment of anti-inflammatory and ocular hypertensive effects.

The anti-inflammatory efficacy and ocular hypertensive effect of AL-2512 were characterized in rodent and feline models of ocular inflammation. Neutrophil influx into ocular tissue following topical ocular administration of test drugs was evaluated in models of endotoxin-induced uveitis. In rats, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of AL-2512 was compared with that of 0.1% dexamethasone. Test drug or vehicle was administered topically before subplantar injection of endotoxin. Neutrophil influx was assessed at 24 hours. Feline eyes, injected intravitreally with endotoxin, were treated topically with 0.1% AL-2512, 1.0% prednisolone acetate or vehicle at various timepoints before and after endotoxin injection. At 12 hours, protein concentration and leukocyte count in aqueous humor were determined. In the feline intraocular pressure (IOP) model, after baseline IOP values were established, AL-2512, dexamethasone, or vehicle was administered topically to both eyes of cats. IOP was measured daily before and during treatment. Topical ocular administration of AL-2512 inhibited endotoxin-induced leukocyte influx in rodent and feline models of uveitis. In rats, AL-2512 significantly inhibited neutrophil influx by 89%, compared with 93% by dexamethasone. In feline eyes, AL-2512 significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited leukocyte infiltration of aqueous humor by 59%, compared to 37% inhibition by prednisolone acetate. Intraocular pressure in cats treated for 32 days with AL-2512 or dexamethasone increased 6% and 18%, respectively. The ocular anti-inflammatory effect of AL-2512 was equivalent to dexamethasone and superior to prednisolone acetate in rat and feline models of ocular inflammation, respectively. This steroid provides anti-inflammatory efficacy equivalent to dexamethasone with a reduced risk of inducing ocular hypertension.     

Marked intraocular pressure response to instillation of corticosteroids in children

We examined intraocular pressures of patients with strabismus whose eyes were instilled with corticosteroid eyedrops after a strabismus operation. Group A consisted of 11 children under 10 years of age whose eyes were instilled with 0.1% dexamethasone; Group B consisted of nine patients 10 years old or older whose eyes were instilled with 0.1% dexamethasone; and Group C consisted of 13 children under 10 years of age whose eyes were instilled with 0.1% fluorometholone. In Group A, four patients had intraocular pressures greater than 30 mm Hg, five had intraocular pressures from 21 to 30 mm Hg, and two had intraocular pressures under 21 mm Hg one or two weeks postoperatively. The intraocular pressure decreased to less than 21 mm Hg one week after discontinuation of dexamethasone treatment in all nine patients. No patients in Groups B or C had intraocular pressures greater than 20 mm Hg. Our results suggest that marked ocular hypertensive response to 0.1% dexamethasone treatment occurs frequently in children under 10 years of age.     

三种抗炎药物在Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术后应用的随机对照研究

背景Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术是治疗后发性白内障的重要手段,通常术后常规使用糖皮质激素滴眼液点眼以减轻患者术眼的前房炎症反应,但这存在升高眼压的潜在风险。目的比较氯替泼诺混悬滴眼液、妥布霉素地塞米松滴眼液和氟米龙滴眼液在Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术后局部应用的抗炎效果及对眼压的影响。方法采用随机对照研究设计,对接受Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术的127例患者171眼按随机数字表法随机分为4个组：氯替泼诺组35例47眼,采用氯替泼诺混悬滴眼液点眼;氟米龙组30例40眼,使用氟米龙滴眼液点眼;妥布霉素地塞米松组29例38眼,给予妥布霉素地塞米松滴眼液点眼;聚乙二醇组33例46眼,使用聚乙二醇滴眼液点眼。4个组均于Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术后开始点眼,每日6次,连续使用5d。分别于术前1h及术后1h、1d、3d、1周使用Glodmann眼压计测量眼压,在裂隙灯显微镜下按照Peizeng的标准对术眼的前房炎症反应程度进行评分。结果氯替泼诺组术眼术前1h,术后1h、1d、3d及1周的平均眼压分别为（18．2±4．7）、（20．1±5．7）、（18．7±5．5）、（19．0±4．1）和（19．5±3．5）mmHg;氟米龙组分别为（18．7±5．3）、（20．9±5．7）、（21．3±4．5）、（21．0±4．9）、（22．5±6．5）mmHg;妥布霉素地塞米松组分别为（17．9±6．3）、（20．3±6．1）、（23．0±3．7）、（24．7±4．9）、（24．5±6．5）mmHg;聚乙二醇组分别为（18．4±6．3）、（20．7±3．7）、（22．7±6．5）、（19．6±4．8）、（18．5±3．5）mmHg,4个组术眼眼压的总体比较差异有统计学意义（F组别3．876,P：0．023）;随着时间的延长,氯替泼诺组和聚乙二醇组眼压逐渐下降,而氟米龙组和妥布霉素地塞米松组眼压均高于术前,总体比较差异有统计学意义（F时间=3．801,P=0．031）。各组均未见其他明显眼部和全身药物相关性不良反应。氯替泼诺组和妥布霉素地塞米松组用药后房水细胞分级为1级和2级的百分比明显低于氟米龙组和聚乙二醇组,差异有统计学意义（H=8．276,P=0．012）;氯替泼诺组术眼I级房水闪辉的百分比为8％,氟米龙组为22％,妥布霉素地塞米松组为18％,聚乙二醇组为30％,各组房水闪辉严重程度的总体比较差异有统计学意义（H=9．305,P=0．000）。结论Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术后局部使用糖皮质激素能有效减轻患者术眼的前房炎症反应,其中氯替泼诺滴眼液抗炎疗效更好,对眼压影响较小,不良反应少,可作为Nd：YAG激光后囊膜切开术后的常规局部用药。     

LASIK术后质量分数0.5％氯替泼诺滴眼液应用的随机对照研究

背景 近视性准分子激光角膜原位磨镶术(LASIK)后需局部使用糖皮质激素滴眼液已成为共识,具有良好抗炎效果且不良反应小的糖皮质激素滴眼液有利于术后角膜上皮的快速修复.目的 评估质量分数0.5％氯替泼诺滴眼液在LASIK术后的临床应用效果.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究设计.本研究经中山大学中山眼科中心伦理委员会批准,所有患者纳入前均充分了解本研究的内容并签署知情同意书.112例224眼纳入研究,其中共97例194眼完成随访.双眼接受近视性LASIK的患者以随机数字表法分为0.5％氯替泼诺滴眼液点眼组(试验组)54例108眼和对照组43例86眼,两组患者年龄及术前等效球镜度差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组的基础治疗方法一致.试验组从术后第1天开始局部点用0.5％氯替泼诺滴眼液,每日4次,共1周,对照组以同样的方法点用妥布霉素地塞米松滴眼液.分别于术后1d、1周、1个月对2个组患者的主观症状进行评分,并行裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、中央角膜厚度、角膜荧光素染色检查,同时观查术眼的术中和术后并发症情况,以评价0.5％氯替泼诺滴眼液点眼的安全性.结果 在随访过程中,未观察到与药物相关的全身和眼部严重并发症.术后1d、1周和1个月,试验组和对照组主观症状评分(包括眼痛、异物感、视物模糊评分)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后1周,试验组和对照组校正后的实际眼压分别为(16.27±3.31)mmHg和(17.49±4.48)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.113,P=0.036);术后1个月,试验组和对照组校正后的实际眼压分别为(15.01±3.22)mmHg和(15.30±4.17)mmHg,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.532,P=0.595).术后1d,试验组发生轻度弥漫性层间角膜炎(DLK)者7眼,对照组为5眼,差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.153,P=0.926),术后1周和1个月两组中均未发现DLK.术后1d、1周和1个月两组间的角膜荧光素染色评分差异均无统计学意义(Z=-0.566,P=0.571;Z=-0.689,P=0.491;Z=-1.628,P=0.103).结论 0.5％氯替泼诺滴眼液用于LASIK术后可以有效控制术后炎症反应和DLK,并且减少了传统糖皮质激素升高眼压的风险.     

The effect of topical indomethacin on acute pressure elevation of laser trabeculoplasty in capsular glaucoma

In this controlled study 24 phakic patients with capsular glaucoma received a 5-drop loading dose of topical 1.0% indomethacin on the eye to be treated and the fellow eye prior to argon laser trabeculoplasty and post-operatively every 3 h to the end of the day. A control group consisted of 25 phakic eyes with capsular glaucoma which were lasered without indomethacin drops. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the post-operative mean intraocular pressures (IOP) and mean corrected changes in IOP immediately and one month after laser treatment. However, no eyes in the indomethacin treated group showed a true pressure rise greater than or equal to 10 mmHg whereas 4 eyes in the control group did (P = 0.1).     

The effect of topical corticosteroids on laser-induced peripheral anterior synechiae

Purpose : To assess the influence of different topical steroid agents and a non-corticosteroid medication after Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) on the development of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP).
Method : In two separate prospective, randomised, group-controlled studies, topical fluorometholone 0.1% (FML Liquifilm) was compared with dexamethasone 0.1% (Maxidex) (Study A), or naphazoline hydrochloride 0.1% (Albalon) (Study 6) after ALT for chronic open-angle glaucoma, with particular reference to the formation of PAS and the IOP response.
Results : In Study A ( N =109) eyes treated with Maxidex had a significantly higher incidence of PAS than those treated with FML—45% compared with 22%, P <0.05 (normal deviate test).
In Study B ( N =75) the incidence of PAS was equal in eyes treated with FML or Albalon (23%).
In the two studies combined ( N =184), the development of PAS was associated with a significantly lower mean response of IOP to ALT—1.47 mmHg compared with 3.22 mmHg, 0.01< P <0.05 (Student t -test).
Conclusion : The incidence of PAS after ALT is significantly higher with the post-laser use of Maxidex than with FML, and is the same for Albalon as for FML. The therapeutic benefit of ALT is significantly reduced if PAS develop.     

酒石酸溴莫尼定0．15％滴眼液治疗开角型青光眼及高眼压症的临床研究

目的评价0．15％酒石酸溴莫尼定（阿法舒）滴眼液降眼压的有效性和安全性。方法初诊原发性开角型青光眼或高眼压症46例（86只眼）单用或联合应用阿法舒滴眼液,3次／d,每次1滴。将连续滴药后2、4、8、12周的眼压与基线眼压进行比较研究,同时观察全身及局部副作用。结果使用阿法舒滴眼液后眼压均明显下降。由（22．89±3．91）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）分别下降为滴药后2、4、8、12周的（19．43±2．84）mmHg、（19．43±3．44）mmHg、（18．98±3．17）mmHg和（18．87±2．83）mmHg,用药后与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。初诊单纯使用阿法舒者,及换用或加用阿法舒者用药后与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不良反应均为轻度。结论阿法舒滴眼液能显著降低原发性开角型青光眼及高眼压症患者的眼压,有效并且安全。     

Timolol 0.5%/dorzolamide 2% fixed combination versus timolol 0.5%/pilocarpine 2% fixed combination in primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertensive patients

PURPOSE: To establish the efficacy and safety of timolol maleate/dorzolamide fixed combination (TDFC) versus timolol maleate/pilocarpine fixed combination (TPFC), each given twice daily, in primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertensive patients. METHODS: In this prospective, multicentred, double-masked trial, 37 patients were treated twice daily with timolol for 4 weeks. They were then randomized to one of the treatment medications for 6 weeks, after which they were treated with timolol again for 2 weeks before being placed on the opposite treatment medication for 6 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients completed the trial. Their mean baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) was 22.3 +/- 3.7 mmHg. Following 6 weeks of treatment, the mean trough (08.00 hours) IOP was 18.0 +/- 2.2 mmHg for TDFC and 17.4 +/- 2.0 mmHg for TPFC (p = 0.22). The mean diurnal curve IOP was 18.1 +/- 2.2 mmHg for TDFC and 16.7 +/- 1.9 mmHg for TPFC (p = 0.0007). At the remaining time-points (10.00, 18.00 and 20.00 hours), TPFC IOPs were statistically lower than TDFC IOPs (p < 0.03). There were statistically more unsolicited reports of vision change and ocular pain associated with TPFC (p = 0.04). Six patients were discontinued early from TPFC therapy (17%) versus two from TDFC (6%) (p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that TPFC can provide at least a similar efficacious reduction in IOP as TDFC in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.