嗅裂区鼻出血的特征

目的：探讨嗅裂区鼻出血的临床特征及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析32例嗅裂区鼻出血患者的临床表现及治疗情况。结果：本组患者平均50岁,出血反复发作,病程长,多次鼻腔填塞;出血部位明确22例,不明确8例,蝶窦假性颈内动脉瘤2例;内镜下烧灼、钳夹及嗅裂区局部填塞成功止血21例,筛前动脉结扎6例,DSA治疗1例, 4例保守治疗自愈。结论：嗅裂区出血不易发现、治疗,用内镜及正确的检查方法发现出血点是关键。     

The effects of zinc on the olfactory neuroepithelium and olfactory bulbs of the Sprague-Dawley rat after oral administration of zinc-gluconate trihydrate

BACKGROUND: The most frequent causes of upper respiratory infections are human rhinoviruses. The nasopharyngeal area, which includes the respiratory epithelium, mucosa, and the olfactory neuroepithelium (ONe), is a first-line of defense against airborne viruses and allergens, some of which manage to penetrate the nasal mucosa and invade the tissues of the nasal respiratory epithelium. Biochemical evidence from several studies suggests that zinc is an effective cold treatment and that over-the-counter (OTC) zinc-gluconate compounds may provide the high pharmacologic doses of zinc needed to act as an effective means of treating and reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold. METHODS: A series of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an oral preparation of zinc-gluconate trihydrate or received the equivalent through drinking water to investigate the potential cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic insult to the olfactory receptor cells and other tissue in the ONe and afferent neuronal pathways. RESULTS: Coronal sections of the rat ONe and corresponding olfactory bulbs showed consistent cellular and tissue damage of increasing severity that correlated with the duration of treatment with the zinc compound when compared with the control group animals. CONCLUSION: The results of this analysis indicate that the repeated oral administration of such zinc-containing compounds have neurotoxic effects on the ONe and to the mitral cells in the olfactory bulbs of treated rats. These findings point toward the need for increased investigation into the potential deleterious effects of zinc-containing compounds to humans as well.     

Biopsy of the olfactory epithelium from the superior nasal septum: is it possible to obtain neurons without damaging olfaction?

IntroductionOlfactory epithelium biopsy has been useful for studying diverse otorhinolaryngological and neurological diseases, including the potential to better understand the pathophysiology behind COVID-19 olfactory manifestations. However, the safety and efficacy of the technique for obtaining human olfactory epithelium are still not fully established.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of harvesting olfactory epithelium cells, nerve bundles, and olfactory epithelium proper for morphological analysis from the superior nasal septum.MethodsDuring nasal surgery, 22 individuals without olfactory complaints underwent olfactory epithelium biopsies from the superior nasal septum. The efficacy of obtaining olfactory epithelium, verification of intact olfactory epithelium and the presence of nerve bundles in biopsies were assessed using immunofluorescence. Safety for the olfactory function was tested psychophysically using both unilateral and bilateral tests before and 1 month after the operative procedure.ResultsOlfactory epithelium was found in 59.1% of the subjects. Of the samples, 50% were of the quality necessary for morphological characterization and 90.9% had nerve bundles. There was no difference in the psychophysical scores obtained in the bilateral olfactory test (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT®]) between means before biopsy: 32.3 vs. postoperative: 32.5, p = 0.81. Also, no significant decrease occurred in unilateral testing (mean unilateral test scores 6 vs. 6.2, p = 0.46). None out of the 56 different odorant identification significantly diminished (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe technique depicted for olfactory epithelium biopsy is highly effective in obtaining neuronal olfactory tissue, but it has moderate efficacy in achieving samples useful for morphological analysis. Olfactory sensitivity remained intact.     

Olfactory ensheathing cells in facial nerve regeneration

IntroductionOlfactory ensheathing cell is a unique kind of glia cells, which can promote axon growth. Little is known about the differences between olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells in the capability to promote nerve regeneration.ObjectiveTo study the recovery of the rat facial nerve after olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation, and to compare the differences between the facial nerve regeneration of olfactory mucosa-olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory bulb olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation.MethodsInstitutional ethical guideline was followed (201510129A). Olfactory mucosa-olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells were cultured and harvested after 7 days in vitro. 36 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three different groups depending on the transplanting cells: Group A: olfactory mucosa-olfactory ensheathing cells; Group B: olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells; Group C: DF-12 medium/fetal bovine serum. The main trunk of the facial nerve was transected and both stumps were inserted into a polylactic acid/chitosan conduit, then the transplanted cells were injected into the collagen in the conduits. After 4 and 8 weeks after the transplant, the rats of the three groups were scarified and the facial function score, facial nerve evoked potentials, histology analysis, and fluorescent retrograde tracing were tested and recorded, respectively, to evaluate the facial nerve regeneration and to analysis the differences among the three groups.ResultsOlfactory ensheathing cells can promote the facial nerve regeneration. Compared with olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells, olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells were more effective in promoting facial nerve regeneration, and this difference was more significant 8 weeks after the transplantation than 4 weeks.ConclusionWe discovered that olfactory ensheathing cells with nerve conduit could improve the facial nerve recovery, and the olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells are more effective for facial nerve regeneration compared with olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells 8 weeks after the transplantation. These results could cast new light in the therapy of facial nerve defect, and furnish the foundation of auto-transplantation of olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells in periphery nerve injury.     

嗅神经切断术后白血病抑制因子在嗅上皮中的表达

目的分析白血病抑制因子(leukemiainhibi-toryfactor,LIF)与嗅感觉神经元(olfactoryreceptorneurons,ORNs)再生的关系。方法建立嗅神经切断的小鼠动物模型,在术后8小时、2天、3天和5天分别通过免疫组化和相对半定量RT-PCR的方法,在蛋白和mRNA水平观察LIF及其特异性受体LIF-R在嗅上皮中的表达情况。结果LIF和LIF-R的表达都是在术后8小时迅速、一过性地上升,随后又迅速恢复至对照组水平。LIF由残留的ORNs表达,LIF-R则由基底细胞和嗅鞘细胞(olfactoryensheathingcells,OECs)表达。结论LIF是在ORNs凋亡再生机制中较早表达的一种细胞因子,凋亡中的ORNs产生并分泌的LIF作用于基底细胞和嗅鞘细胞,从而启动调节ORNs再生的一系列分子机制。     

上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者嗅上皮超微结构观察

目的通过对上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍的患者鼻腔大体及嗅上皮超微结构的研究，从形态学上观察嗅觉减退或丧失的超微结构改变。方法选择上呼吸道感染后嗅觉减退或丧失患者10例，用T＆T嗅觉测试法测试患者的嗅觉功能。常规前鼻镜、鼻内镜下对鼻腔大体结构进行观察，鼻内镜下钳取嗅区黏膜行透射电镜超微结构观察。结果上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者嗅黏膜超微结构有以下变化：①嗅上皮结构层次仍能保持，但细胞间隙增宽；②上皮表面嗅泡明显减少，即使嗅泡存在，其末端的纤毛也明显减少，部分嗅泡呈空泡状改变；③微绒毛细胞和支持细胞表面的微绒毛减少或缺失；④支持细胞的细胞核变形或固缩，嗅细胞的树突水肿变形，细胞器减少。结论上呼吸道感染后嗅觉功能障碍与嗅黏膜上皮超微结构的改变密切相关。患者嗅泡及嗅泡内纤毛缺失，微绒毛细胞及支持细胞的微绒毛减少是引起嗅觉减退的主要原因，支持细胞胞核的变形及嗅细胞树突的形态学改变与嗅觉改变相关。     

Olfactory function and nasal nitric oxide.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between nasal nitric oxide (nNO) concentration and its influence on olfactory function. SETTING: Tertiary otolaryngology care centre. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and 20 healthy subjects participated. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. OUTCOME MEASURES: The nNO concentration was measured by chemiluminescence and olfactory thresholds were measured with the phenyl ethanol threshold of the Sniffin' Sticks. In chronic rhinosinusitis patients this measure was done preoperatively and 3 months after endoscopic sinus surgery. RESULTS: Healthy subjects had significantly higher nNO concentrations and better olfactory thresholds compared to the chronic rhinosinusitis patients, both before and after those had undergone sinus surgery. Olfactory thresholds and nNO concentrations remained unchanged after surgery in the chronic rhinosinusitis group. In the chronic rhinosinusitis group, nNO concentrations correlated positively with the olfactory threshold preoperatively (P < 0.0001) and 3 months after surgery (P < 0.05). In the control group, nNO production did not correlate with the olfactory thresholds (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Olfactory function and nNO concentration correlate in chronic rhinosinusitis patients but not in healthy subjects. This suggests that both parameters do rather not directly influence each other but it might be the inflammatory processes found in chronic rhinosinusitis that affects olfaction and nNO. Nasal nitric oxide produced by the paranasal sinuses seems not to directly influence olfactory function.     

Olfactory disturbances caused by the anti-cancer drug tegafur

Olfactory disturbances induced by the anticancer drug tegafur were studied in separate clinical and experimental investigations. Five patients with olfactory dysfunction after tegafur were studied and were found to have normal endoscopic findings of the olfactory cleft mucosa. The average period for drug administration was 22 months. Recovery from the olfactory disturbance was poor and biopsy of the olfactory mucosa revealed severely degenerated epithelium. In experimental studies in a guinea pig animal model, effects of oral tegafur on mitotic cells in the olfactory epithelium were examined using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake as index. At the conclusion of 3 weeks' treatment, no pronounced morphological changes were seen, but the number of BrdU-incorporating cells decreased in proportion to the dose of tegafur used. Following long-term administration of tegafur 18 months, mitotic cells reacting to BrdU or proliferating cell nuclear antigen had virtually disappeared, indicating persistent inhibition of mitotic cell activity. Morphological changes present included decreased olfactory cell numbers, loss of cells in areas just above basal cells and degeneration of the mucous layer.     

Immunohistochemical study of the human olfactory system]

Taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonic acid) and carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) are found in large quantities in the olfactory epithelium and bulb. Taurine is a structurally simple amino acid, and has been reported to have several putative roles, such as neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, neurogrowth factor and to function in membrane stabilization. Carnosine, on the other hand, has been suggested as a putative neurotransmitter in the olfactory system. We have succeeded in visualizing taurine- and carnosine-like immunoreactivities (LI) in the human olfactory mucosa, and also carnosine-LI in the human olfactory bulb. For this investigation, we collected specimens of the human olfactory bulb by autopsy and from the olfactory mucosa by biopsy, and compared localization of taurine- and carnosine-LI in several cases. By means of biopsy using Nakano's forceps, samples of olfactory mucosa were obtained from 5 cases: a 17 year old female, 23 year old male, 46 year old male, 47 year old male, and a 57 year old male. The olfactory bulb of a 1 month old male was collected at autopsy. These specimens were processed for immunohistochemical study according to the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. In the olfactory epithelium, taurine-LI was demonstrated in some primary olfactory neurons, and in basal cells. Carnosine-LI was observed only in primary olfactory neurons, i.e., dendrites, vesicles and axonal bundles of olfactory receptor cells, but not in basal cells. In the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerve layer and the glomerular layer showed carnosine-LI positive reactions. Therefore, taurine and carnosine may possibly coexist in some olfactory neurons. Olfactory receptor cells are classified as sensory neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A novel surgical treatment for long lasting unilateral peripheral parosmia: Olfactory cleft blocking technique

The treatment of qualitative olfactory disease is challenging. We aimed to treat parosmia using a new minimally invasive surgical technique-the olfactory cleft blocking technique- by preventing odorants from reaching the olfactory epithelium. A novel surgical procedure for blocking the anterior and inferior openings of the olfactory cleft was accomplished in a patient with unilateral persistent peripheral parosmia. The HRCT and endoscopy were performed preoperatively and postoperatively to evaluate the anatomical structure of the olfactory cleft. The T&T olfactometer was used to assess the preoperative and postoperative olfactory function. After surgery, the patient's parosmia disappeared. Endoscopic examination and CT scan showed complete obstruction of the anterior and inferior portions of the olfactory cleft. No recurrence was reported during a 2-year follow-up. No surgical complications were reported except olfactory loss in the operative nostril. For patients with long-term unilateral peripheral olfactory dysfunction, the olfactory cleft blocking technique seems a novel, simple, safe and effective treatment. Further studies are required with a larger number of patients in order to access success rate.     

Kinetics of olfactory function following endonasal sinus surgery for nasal polyposis

INTRODUCTION: Sinus surgery is known to improve olfactory function in patients with nasal polyposis. However, little is known about the kinetics of this process. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-two adult patients with nasal polyposis underwent endonasal sinus surgery. Olfactory testing was performed with the Sniffin' Sticks assessing threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I) giving the TDI score. Testing was performed 2 days prior to surgery (T1), as well as 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), 3 months (T4), and 6 months (T5) following surgery. RESULTS: The median TDI score was 15.4 (range 8.0-35.5) at T1, indicating that half the patients were anosmic before surgery, while 13.5% were normosmic. At T2, the median TDI score dropped to 8.0 (range 8.0-32.1). Thereafter, it improved to 21.7 (range 8.0-36.9) at T3 (p = 0.04), 22.8 (range 8.0-38.0) at T4 (p < 0.0005), and 27.0 (range 8.0-37.9) at T5 (p < 0.0005), respectively. 43.1% of patients were normosmic at T5, however, 21.6% remained anosmic. Each subtest followed the same pattern. No significant effect on the kinetics of olfactory function could be found for variables such as systemic steroids, partial resection of the middle turbinate, inferior turbinotomy, and allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION: Endonasal sinus surgery significantly improved the severely impaired olfactory function in patients with nasal polyposis. Olfactory function dropped shortly after surgery, and subsequently increased steadily up to the endpoint of the study 6 months postoperatively.     

Predictors of quality of life outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis after sinus surgery

The predictive value of olfaction for quality of life (QoL) recovery after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is still underestimated. The aim of this study was to explore the proportion of patients suffering from CRS who experience clinically significant QoL improvement after ESS and identify pre-operative clinical phenotypes that best predict surgical outcomes for QoL, focusing mainly on the role of patients’ olfaction. One hundred eleven patients following ESS for CRS and 48 healthy subjects were studied. Olfactory function was expressed by the combined “Threshold Discrimination Identification” score using “Sniffin’ sticks” test pre-treatment and 12 months after treatment. All subjects completed validated, widely used QoL questionnaires, specific for olfaction (Questionnaire of Olfactory Deficits: QOD), for assessing psychology (Beck Depression Inventory: BDI) and for general health (Short Form-36: SF-36). Statistically significant improvement of olfactory function by 41.8 % and of all QoL questionnaires scores (all p < 0.001) was observed on the 12-month follow-up examination. Clinically significant improvement for QoL was measured in a proportion of 56.8 % of patients on QOD, 64.9 % on SF-36 and 49.5 % on BDI scales results. Although olfactory dysfunction, nasal polyps, female gender, high socio-economic status and non-smoking habits were significantly associated with better QoL results, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only olfactory dysfunction and nasal polyps were independent predictors significantly associated with higher likelihood of clinically significant improvement in all QoL questionnaire results. Olfactory dysfunction and nasal polyps were independent pre-operative predictors for surgical outcomes with regard to QoL results.     

C57BL／6-gfp小鼠嗅球神经干细胞的培养鉴定及耳蜗核移植

目的建立C57BL／6－gfp小鼠嗅球神经干细胞体外培养的方法,并初步应用于大鼠耳蜗核定位移植。方法培养C57BL／6－gfp小鼠胚胎嗅球神经千细胞,传代并进行分化实验及鉴定后将其立体定位注射于大鼠耳蜗核。结果所培养的神经干细胞生长良好,可稳定传代,能够分化为3种神经细胞。定位注射后可在局部见到绿色荧光阳性的细胞团。结论该方法培养的C57BL／6-gfp小鼠胚胎嗅球神经干细胞可稳定传代并可以作为荧光标记细胞进行移植实验。     

Endoscopic surgery of the olfactory cleft

The olfactory cleft is the specific site of development of many tumours (respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, inverted papilloma, glomangiopericytoma, etc.) and is also the site of CSF rhinorrhoea via the cribriform plate (cribri-rhinorrhoea). Olfactory cleft surgery must therefore be considered to be a specific type of surgery, complementary to ethmoidal labyrinth surgery and anterior skull base surgery. Olfactory cleft tumours can be resected according to five different surgical procedures: olfactory cleft mucosal resection, partial resection of the olfactory cleft, total resection of the olfactory cleft, unilateral endoscopic anterior skull base resection, and bilateral endoscopic anterior skull base resection. The diagnosis and closure of cribri-rhinorrhoea (i.e. documented CSF rhinorrhoea, demonstrated to arise from the cribriform plate during endoscopic examination of the olfactory cleft under general anaesthesia in a patient with no localizing signs on imaging) completes this range of treatment options.     

Olfactory function following nasal surgery

Objective/Hypothesis: This prospective study aimed to investigate predictors of nasal surgery in terms of olfactory function. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods: A total of 775 patients were included in this prospective study (482 men, 293 women; age range 10–81 years, mean age 41 years, standard deviation = 15.3 y). Prior to surgery, patients received a detailed otorhinolaryngologic examination including nasal endoscopy. Olfactory function was assessed with a standardized odor identification test (“Sniffin' Sticks”). In 356 patients, olfactory function was retested 4 months after surgery (63–339 days after surgery; mean 128 days, standard deviation = 29 days); 206 of these patients received sinus surgery, while 150 received surgery involving the septum. Results: Using a conservative definition of change of olfactory function, following sinus surgery, improvement of the sense of smell was found in 23%, no change was seen in 68%, and decreased function was seen in 9% of the patients; in patients with septum surgery, improvement was seen in 13%, no change in 81%, and decreased function in 7%. Patients exhibiting a postoperative decrease of olfactory function had significantly higher preoperative olfactory scores than patients who experienced improvement. In terms of the sense of smell, nasal surgery produced the highest success rates in patients with eosinophilia and a high degree of polyposis. Neither age nor sex had a major impact on the outcome of surgery in terms of olfactory function. Conclusions: These results in a large group of patients confirm previous work. Apart from apparent success in 13 to 23% of patients, there is also a small but significant group of patients (7 to 9%) in whom olfactory function decreases after surgery. Because this decrease was mostly found in patients with relatively good preoperative olfactory function, this group should receive specific attention when counseling patients about the potential risks of nasal surgery.     

Olfactory function following nasal surgery: a 1-year follow-up

Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent symptom of nasal and sinunasal disease. Many of these patients undergo nasal sinus or nasal septum surgery. In this study, we evaluated the benefit of nasal surgery on olfactory function over a period of 12 months. Patients included in this study underwent either nasal sinus or nasal septum surgery. All patients were tested for olfactory function using the “Sniffin’ sticks” 16 item odor identification test. In addition, patients were asked to rate their nasal patency as well as their olfactory function at each visit. 157 patients were tested 3.5 months after surgery and 52 patients were tested again 12 months after surgery. Olfactory function improved significantly 3.5 months after surgery in patients, who received nasal sinus surgery; no significant increase was found in patients treated with nasal septum surgery. At the 12-month follow-up, the increase in olfactory function over all patients just missed statistical significance. Individually, however, 19% of the patients exhibited improvement after 3.5 months and 17% after 12 months. These numbers increased in patients with rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, who exhibited improvement of 30% after 3.5 months, and 32% after 12 months. Nasal sinus surgery produced an increase in measured olfactory function, but not nasal septum surgery. This increase appeared to be stable over the examined period of 12 months.     

Rehabilitation of olfaction post-laryngectomy: a randomised control trial comparing clinician assisted versus a home practice approach

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35 , 39–45. Objectives: To determine (i) the prevalence of impaired olfaction in a group of individuals post-laryngectomy, and (ii) whether intensive, clinician-supported training of the Nasal Airflow Inducing Manoeuvre (NAIM) was more effective at improving olfactory acuity than intensive, home practice over a 6-week period. Designs: Cohort study followed by a randomised control trial of two treatments over a 6-week period with a 3-month review. Participants: Olfactory acuity was evaluated in 43 laryngectomy patients. Results revealed 95% had impaired olfactory acuity (anosmic or hyposmic). From this group 40 eligible participants with reduced olfactory acuity were then randomly assigned into either the clinician-supported or home practice treatment group. Main outcome measures: Olfactory acuity and functional impact measures relating to olfactory acuity (participation restriction, wellbeing/distress). Results: Although olfactory acuity significantly improved in both treatment groups following 6 weeks of therapy, results indicated significantly greater improvement in the clinician-assisted group immediately post-treatment. By 3 months, post-treatment effects were maintained. Both modes of treatment improved levels of patient wellbeing, however, only the clinician-assisted mode made a significant positive effect on levels of perceived participation restriction. Conclusion: Reduced olfactory acuity is prevalent post-laryngectomy. Olfactory acuity can be significantly improved using either 6 weeks of clinician-assisted or home practice using the NAIM manoeuvre, although the current data suggest that intensive clinician-assisted treatment can assist patients to improve more rapidly and have a positive impact on functional state.     

The effect of a herbal combination of primrose, gentian root, vervain, elder flowers, and sorrel on olfactory function in patients with a sinonasal olfactory dysfunction

Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in patients with inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Among numerous drugs, so far only the use of steroids has been shown to have a positive effect on olfactory function. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate whether patients with sinonasal disease would benefit in terms of olfactory function from oral treatment with a herbal drug (combination of primrose, gentian root, vervain, elder flowers, and sorrel: Sinupret(r)) which is commonly used in sinusitis. Olfactory function was tested using a standardised olfactory test kit (`sniffin` sticks`). The drug was applied in a double-blind fashion: after an initial therapy of 7 days of oral prednisolone for all participants with a sinonasal olfactory disease, participants were divided into a placebo- and a verum-group; tests were performed before and after treatment over a 2 months period. Statistical analysis did not reveal any major differences in olfactory function in relation to treatment. Considering that its benefit for the inflammatory component of sinusitis has been shown, the herbal drug may exhibit positive effects on olfactory function in a different setting, e.g., when applied without preceding administration of prednisolone, or when used in patients with certain degrees of rhinosinusitis.     

Analysis of the clinical effect of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom during otolaryngology outpatient service.

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and its influence factors.

Material and methods: A total of 60 confirmed cases of URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction were enrolled into the present study. The olfactory training lasted for 24 weeks. These patients were tested using Sniffin’ Sticks and threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) composite scoring before treatment, and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Results: It was found that URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction patients had more evident deterioration in odor identification ability. The effective rates of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment were 1.67%, 26.67% and 41.67%, respectively. The TDI scores at the 3rd and 6th months, but not at the 1st month, were significantly higher, when compared to those before treatment. The course of diseases was a significant influence factor on the therapeutic effect of olfactory training (OR = 0.805, 95% CI: 0.696–0.931).

Conclusions: Olfactory training can efficiently cure URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction, and in particular, significantly improve the odor discrimination ability and odor identification ability.

Significance: Providing useful data for further research regarding olfactory dysfunction.