Prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in Karaj,Tehran, Iran

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in Karaj, Tehran, Iran. The study included all acute diarrhoea patients who visited the hospitals and treatment centres of Karaj during November 2001-October 2002. Of 734 stool samples collected from patients with acute diarrhoea and analyzed for Shigella spp., 123 (16.8%) yielded Shigella spp. (7.5% Shigella flexneri, 5.2% S. sonnei, 2.6% S. dysenteriae, and 1.5% S. boydii). Of the Shigella isolates, 90.8% were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agent(s), and 87.8% were multidrug resistant. The most common resistance was to tetracycline (73.5%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (70.4%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (50.0%). Resistance to cefixime, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and nalidixic acid was observed in 6.1%, 3.1%, 2.0%, and 1.0% of the isolates respectively. These findings suggest that Shigella spp. may be an important aetiological agent of diarrhoea with a high rate of drug resistance in this region, which requires further study.     

Shigella serotypes among hospitalized patients in urban Bangladesh and their antimicrobial resistance

We studied the isolation of Shigella spp., and their antimicrobial resistance. S. flexneri (54 %) was most frequently isolated, followed by S. dysenteriae (20 %), S. boydii (16 %) and S. sonnei (10 %). Among S. flexneri (n = 122), 29 (24 %) were 2a, and 23 (19 %) were 2b. None of the Shigella strains were resistant to mecillinam or ciprofloxacin. Resistance to nalidixic acid was most frequent among S. dysenteriae type 1 (100%) followed by S. flexneri 2a (69%), and S. flexneri 2b (52 %). Systematic monitoring is needed to identify most prevalent serotypes, and to detect changes in the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern.     

73株志贺菌属细菌对11种抗生素的耐药性分析

目的研究志贺菌属细菌的耐药状况及其特点。方法采用改良Kirby-Bauer纸片法对临床分离的73株志贺菌属细菌进行11种抗生素的药敏试验,并对其耐药特点进行分析。结果志贺菌属细菌对除庆大霉素以外的传统抗生素四环素、链霉素、氯霉素、磺胺甲基异恶唑、氨苄西林的耐药率较高,在68.5%～86.3%之间;对头抱类性抗生素头孢噻吩的耐药率为34.2%;对不同喹诺酮类药物的耐药率在36.9%～79.5%之间,差异有显著性(P值均小于0.05);志贺菌属细菌的多重耐药率为79.5%,存在地区及菌型分布差异(P<0.05)。结论志贺菌属细菌对多种抗生素表现耐药,但存在地区和菌型差异,特别是对庆大霉素耐药率较低,可增加其临床应用;使用喹诺酮类药物治疗菌痢时,应做多种喹诺酮类药物药敏试验。     

Nosocomial bacterial infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in university hospitals of hamedan, iran

Background: Nosocomial infections constitute a global health problem, leading to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial infections in edu-cational hospitals of Hamadan, western Iran.Methods: During a 1-year period from April 2006 to March 2007, all patients with cul-ture-proven nosocomial infections from educational hospitals in Hamedan, west-ern Iran were included. Nosocomial infections were defined as a culture-proven infection, which occurred more than 48h after admission in the hospital. An-timicrobial susceptibility testing of isolated bacteria was performed by disc dif-fusion method. Results: A total of 170 cases of culture-proven nosocomial infections were diag-nosed. Most cases were in intensive care units (ICUs) (57.4%). The common sites of infection were lower respiratory tract (51.8%) and urinary tract (31.9%). Kleb-siella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, were the most prevalent pathogens (32.7%, 22.9%, and 14.8% respectively). Most en-terobacteriacea isolates were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. The resis-tant rates to ceftriaxone were 75.5% for K. pneumoniae, and 76% for E. coli. Among P. aeruginosa isolates, 26.5% were resistant to ceftazidim, and 36% to cipro-floxacin. Among S. aureus isolates, 80% were methicillin-resistant. Conclusion: The patients in the ICUs are at a higher risk of nosocomial infec-tions. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the hospitals highlights the need of further infection control activities and surveillance programs.     

Plasmid profile analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella isolates from Nigeria

In an epidemiological survey, plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 100 shigella isolates in Lagos, Nigeria was done. All the isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin. The commonest antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was resistance to ampicillin, colistin sulphate, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline. All but 4 of 100 isolates screened contained one or more plasmids. Plasmid profile analysis distinguished more strains than did antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 36 isolates was able to transfer resistance plasmids to Escherichia coli K-12 by conjugation. Using in vitro transformation, seven isolates transferred resistance. These plasmids specified resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim and ampicillin.     

肠球菌耐药性及万古霉素耐药基因研究

目的:了解浙一医院2006年临床分离的肠球菌耐药性及万古霉素耐药基因型。方法:采用Kirby-Bauer(KB)法对临床分离的肠球菌进行药敏试验,结果按NCCLS/CLSI 2005年版标准判断及采用WH0NET 5.4软件进行统计分析;PCR法检测万古霉素耐药株耐药基因型。结果:2006年共分离肠球菌309株,屎肠球菌143株(46.3%),粪肠球菌133株(43.0%),鸟肠球菌21株(6.8%),铅黄肠球菌12株(3.9%),主要分离自引流液(胸腹水、胆汁)42.7%,尿液24.6%,血液15.5%;肠球菌对环丙沙星、利福平、红霉素敏感性<20%,粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、青霉素敏感率分别为90.9%、92.4%、72.2%,对高浓度庆大霉素的敏感率仅为39.2%;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素、高浓度庆大霉素、呋喃妥因耐药率均超过70%,但对氯霉素、四环素敏感率分别为85.9%、78.9%,两者对磷霉素的敏感率比较接近(84.5%,82.4%)。VRE检出率为2.9%,屎肠球菌占90%,为VanA型耐药,粪肠球菌中未检测到万古霉素耐药株。结论:肠球菌耐药性较为严重,特别是首次在浙一医院分离到VanA型VRE,应引起临床和实验室高度重视。     

嘉兴地区志贺菌属血清型分布及耐药性分析

目的了解嘉兴地区志贺菌属临床分离株的分布及耐药表型特征,为临床治疗提供依据。方法收集2006年11月-2012年10月嘉兴地区7所医院共113株志贺菌属,用ATB-EXPRESSION细菌鉴定仪及志贺菌属诊断血清鉴定到种,K-B药敏试验检测志贺菌属耐药表型,并分析其耐药性;ESBLs确认试验采用双纸片扩散对比法;试验结果采用WHONET5.3软件进行耐药性分析。结果 113株志贺菌属感染≤5岁患儿占40.7%;其中福氏志贺菌占63.7%,宋内志贺菌占36.3%;其中2006-2009年福氏志贺菌占80.0%,宋内志贺菌占20.0%;2010-2012年福氏志贺菌占45.3%,宋内志贺菌占54.7%;志贺菌属亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿米卡星、耐药率均为0;对氨苄西林和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率较高,分别为95.6%、71.7%;产ESBLs志贺菌检出率61.1%,69株产ESBLs志贺菌采用CLSI 2010年版和2009年版分别对头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟的耐药性进行判定,其耐药率分别为98.6%和84.1%、34.8%和20.3%、34.8%和88.4%,差异有统计学意义。结论嘉兴地区志贺菌属感染者以5岁以下的患儿为主,2009年后宋内志贺菌呈上升趋势,产ESBLs志贺菌呈多药耐药性,采用2010年CLSI折点,有利于临床合理选用抗菌药物。     

Epidemic dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1: a sentinel site surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in Burundi.

Annual epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been a public health problem in Burundi for the last 14 years. Recent civil unrest, resulting in the displacement of large numbers of people into refugee settlements, has aggravated the situation. We report the results of a nationwide, health-centre based, sentinel site survey to check the drug resistance of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the causal organism of such epidemics. Shigella spp. (of which 97% were Sd1) were isolated from 73% of the 126 specimens collected from six main sites around the country. There was no difference in culture results from fresh and frozen stool specimens. Overall Sd1 resistance to commonly available antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol) varied from 77% to 99% and was fairly uniformly distributed over the country. All Sd1 isolates were susceptible to newer drugs, such as ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance to nalidixic acid, the current first line of treatment for bacillary dysentery in Burundi, varied from 8% to 83% in the different sentinel sites; global resistance was 57%.     

苏州市2010—2011年志贺菌菌型分布及耐药性分析

目的了解苏州市志贺菌菌型分布及耐药情况,为细菌性痢疾的防治提供依据。方法用生化条鉴定菌株、血清玻片凝集确定血清型,K-B法作药敏试验。结果 103株志贺菌中鉴定出福氏志贺菌60株,其中F2a占41.67%;宋内氏志贺菌43株。药敏试验结果显示,奈啶酸耐药率最高为95.15%,其次氨苄西林耐药率为94.17%,四环素和复方新诺明耐药率均>80%。所有菌株对诺氟沙星高度敏感。80.58%的志贺菌对9种抗生素中的5种以上具有耐药性。结论 2010—2011年苏州市志贺菌优势菌型为F2a,宋内氏志贺菌检出率有升高趋势;志贺菌对萘啶酸耐药率最高,多重耐药现象日趋严重。     

假丝酵母菌性阴道炎的菌种分类及耐药性监测

目的 调查了解医院收治的假丝酵母菌性阴道炎患者的感染性真菌的菌种分类及其耐药性,为临床医师治疗假丝酵母菌性阴道炎选择有效抗真菌药物提供实验室参考依据.方法 严格按照卫生部临床检验中心颁发的《全国临床检验操作规程》,无菌手法采集女性患者阴道分泌物立即送检;采用临床常规方法进行真菌分离培养、鉴定假丝酵母菌菌种;采用丹麦Rosco纸片扩散法进行真菌药物敏感试验和判断结果,同时进行室内质控.结果 223例假丝酵母菌性阴道炎患者的生殖道分泌物中培养出231株假丝酵母菌属,包括5个菌种,其中白色假丝酵母菌检出率占第1位,占75.1％,第2位热带假丝酵母菌占9.1％,第3位近平滑假丝酵母菌占5.6％,光滑假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌分别占5.2％、6.5％;5种假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B、制霉菌素均保持了100.0％的敏感率;对氟康唑、克霉唑、伊曲康唑等常用抗真菌药物的耐药率分别达到5.4％、22.3％、5.4％.结论 假丝酵母菌性阴道炎的致病性真菌除对两性霉素B、制霉菌素100.0％敏感以外,对其他3种常用抗真菌药物已产生了不同程度的耐药性,应重视假丝酵母菌属耐药性监测工作,以指导临床医师正确选择抗真菌药物进行治疗.     

High level resistance to trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole and other antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Shigella species in Ontario, Canada--an update.

A total of 598 isolates of Shigella species (24 S. dysenteriae, 254 S. flexneri, 30 S. boydii, 290 S. sonnei) submitted to the Ontario Public Health Laboratories in 1990 were tested for their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. Overall 79.6% of isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents and 52.0% were resistant to four or more. Trimethoprim resistance ranged from 26.7% among isolates of S. boydii to 39.4% among S. flexneri strains. The majority of the 224 TMP resistant isolates (88.8%) demonstrated high level resistance (MIC > 1000 mg/l) to trimethoprim. Resistance to cotrimoxazole increased from 3% in 1978 to between 26.7 and 37.6% in 1990. MICs for 90% of isolates (MIC90s) for ampicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin were 128 to > 256 mg/l, > 256 for tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and > 2.0/38.0 for cotrimoxazole. These results from the Canadian Province of Ontario emphasize the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of shigellosis.     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates from chicken in China

We evaluated the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated in 2008 from a chicken hatchery, chicken farms, and chicken slaughterhouses in China. A total of 311 Salmonella isolates were collected from the three sources, and two serogroups of Salmonella were detected, of which 133 (42.8%) consisted of Salmonella indiana and 178 (57.2%) of Salmonella enteritidis. The lowest percentage of S. indiana isolates was found in the chicken hatchery (4.2%), followed by the chicken farms (54.9%) and the slaughterhouses (71.4%). More than 80% of the S. indiana isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (97.7%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (87.9%), cephalothin (87.9%), ceftiofur (85.7%), chloramphenicol (84.9%), florfenicol (90.9%), tetracycline (97.7%), doxycycline (98.5%), kanamycin (90.2%), and gentamicin (92.5%). About 60% of the S. indiana isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (65.4%), norfloxacin (78.9%), and ciprofloxacin (59.4%). Of the S. indiana isolates, 4.5% were susceptible to amikacin and 5.3% to colistin. Of the S. enteritidis isolates, 73% were resistant to ampicillin, 33.1% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 66.3% to tetracycline, and 65.3% to doxycycline, whereas all of these isolates were susceptible to the other drugs used in the study. The S. indiana isolates showed resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents. Strains of Salmonella (n?=?108) carrying the resistance genes floR, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and bla(TEM) were most prevalent among the 133 isolates of S. indiana, at a frequency of 81.2%. The use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to analyze the S. indiana isolates that showed similar antimicrobial resistance patterns and carried resistance genes revealed six genotypes of these organisms. Most of these isolates had the common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns found in the chicken hatchery, chicken farms, and slaughterhouses, suggesting that many multidrug-resistant isolates of S. indiana prevailed in the three sources. Some of these isolates were not derived from a specific clone, but represented a variety of genotypes of S. indiana.     

Increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin

Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh, during 2001-2002, was studied and compared with that of 1991-1992 to identify the changes in resistance patterns and trends. A significant increase in resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (from 52% to 72%, p < 0.01) and nalidixic acid (from 19% to 51%, p < 0.01) was detected. High, but unchanged, resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol, low resistance to mecillinam (resistance 3%, intermediate 3%), and to emergence of resistance to azithromycin (resistance 16%, intermediate 62%) and ceftriaxone/cefixime (2%) were detected in 2001-2002. Of 266 recent isolates, 63% were resistant to > or =3 anti-Shigella drugs (multidrug-resistant [MDR]) compared to 52% of 369 strains (p < 0.007) in 1991-1992. Of 154 isolates tested by E-test in 2001-2002, 71% were nalidixic acid-resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > or =32 microg/mL) and had 10-fold higher MIC90 (0.25 microg/mL) to ciprofloxacin than that of nalidixic acid-susceptible strains exhibiting decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility, which were detected as ciprofloxacin-susceptible and nalidixic acid-resistant by the disc-diffusion method. These strains were frequently associated with MDR traits. High modal MICs were observed to azithromycin (MIC 6 microg/mL) and nalidixic acid (MIC 128 micdrog/mL) and low to ceftriaxone (MIC 0.023 microg/mL). Conjugative R-plasmids-encoded extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was responsible for resistance to ceftriaxone/cefixime. The growing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella is worrying and mandates monitoring of resistance. Pivmecillinam or ciprofloxacin might be considered for treating shigellosis with caution.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens isolated from food products in China

This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Chinese food products. The prevalence of these pathogens was 3.46%, 5.79%, 7%, 0.24%, and 0%, respectively. Raw meats were mainly contaminated with Salmonella (39/365, 10.7%), L. monocytogenes (26/365, 7.1%), and S. aureus (40/365, 11%), while cooked food products were mainly contaminated with L. monocytogenes (45/384, 11.7%) followed by S. aureus (12/384, 3.1%), and raw milk was mainly contaminated with S. aureus (34/209, 16.3%) and Salmonella (4/209, 1.9%). Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated in Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus. Antimicrobial resistance for L. monocytogenes was most frequently observed for cefotaxime (51/72, 70.8%) followed by furazolidone (40/72, 55.6%). Multiple resistance (resistance to >or=2 antibiotics) was observed for 63.9% (46/72) of L. monocytogenes isolates. Resistance of Salmonella was most frequently observed to amoxicillin (11.6%), ticarcilline (11.6%), cephalothin (11.6%), and cefuroxime (11.6%). Multiple resistance was observed for 16.3% (7/43) of the Salmonella isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to penicillin (93.1%) followed by tetracycline and oxacillin COAG (49.4% and 37.9%, respectively). About 79% (69/87) of S. aureus isolated demonstrated multiple resistance. The data showed that raw meat, cooked food products, and raw milk were most commonly contaminated with foodborne pathogens and many pathogens were resistant to different antibiotics. The study provided useful information for assessment of the possible risk posed to Chinese consumers, which has significant public health impact in China.     

Emerging resistance to newer antimicrobial agents among Shigella isolated from Finnish foreign travellers

In Finland, most cases of shigellosis are related to travel abroad. Antimicrobial drug resistance of 1814 Shigella strains isolated from Finnish patients during 1990-2005 was studied using discs of 12 antimicrobial agents. Since 2000, the E-test has been performed to determine ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid-resistant isolates. The proportion of multi-resistant strains (resistant to >or =4 antimicrobials) was highest among isolates from China and India, but is increasing significantly in other parts of Asia. Resistance to nalidixic acid has become common among the strains from the Far East, and the first isolates also resistant to ciprofloxacin were detected during 2004-2005. All the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates belonged to the S. flexneri 2a serotype. All the nalidixic acid-resistant S. flexneri strains had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, whereas 23% of the nalidixic acid-resistant S. sonnei strains were still completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin.     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms

Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes (n = 38) isolated from the four dairy farms to 15 antimicrobial agents was evaluated. All 38 L. monocytogenes isolates from the four farms evaluated were resistant to more than one antimicrobial in different combinations. All L. monocytogenes isolates evaluated were resistant to cephalosporin C (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > or = 512 microg/mL), streptomycin (MIC > or = 32) and trimethoprim (MIC > or = 512). Most L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to ampicillin (92%, MIC > or = 2), rifampicin (84%, MIC > or = 4), rifamycin (84%, MIC > or = 4), and florfenicol (66%, MIC > or = 32) and some were resistant to tetracycline (45%, MIC > or = 16), penicillin G (40%, MIC > or = 2) and chloramphenicol (32%, MIC > or = 32). All L. monocytogenes isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin and vancomycin. Susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to the antimicrobials evaluated was quite consistent among the dairy farms evaluated. However, some variability in antimicrobial susceptibility among dairy farms was noted. Nineteen of 38 L. monocytogenes isolates contained more than one antimicrobial resistance gene sequence. A high frequency of floR (66%) was found in L. monocytogenes followed by penA (37%), strA (34%), tetA (32%), and sulI (16%). Other tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, and tetG) and other antimicrobial resistance genes (cmlA, strB, aadA, sulI, vanA, vanB, ampC, ermB, ereA, and ereB) were not found in any of the L. monocytogenes isolates from the four dairy farms. Results of the present study demonstrated that L. monocytogenes isolated from the dairy farm environment were resistant to many antimicrobials and contained one or more antimicrobial resistance genes.     

Prevalence of arsenicosis in terai, Nepal

This paper summarizes the findings of surveys on arsenicosis cases conducted during 2001-2004 in terai, Nepal, by governmental and non-governmental organizations in their respective project areas and by some national and international institutes. Studies were conducted in six arsenic-contaminated districts of terai, namely Nawalparasi, Bara, Parsa, Rautahat, Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu. In these districts, arsenic contamination in tubewells varied from 2.1% to 25.7%. The prevalence of arsenicosis was, on average, 2.2% and varied from 0.7% in Kapilavastu district to 3.6% in Nawalparasi district. In the community-based study, the highest prevalence (18.6%) of arsenicosis was found in Patkhouli village of Nawalparasi, where 95.8% of tubewells were contaminated with arsenic. The prevalence of arsenicosis was higher in older age-groups (>50 years) of both the sexes. Males suffered more from arsenicosis than females (odds ratio: 2.50, 95% confidence interval 1.80-3.47). Skin manifestations, such as melanosis and keratosis, were the common symptoms of arsenicosis. Most patients were identified in the early or mild stage of the disease. They are expected to recover if further exposure to arsenic could be avoided by providing arsenic-safe drinking-water through intervention measures.     

205株肠球菌耐药性研究

目的 了解肠球菌耐药特点，以指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。方法 收集2000年1月～2002年12月间分离的肠球菌菌株，用法国梅里埃产品VITEK-32全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果 共分离肠球菌205株，其中粪肠球菌117株，屎肠球菌76株，其他肠球菌12株。尿标本中分离肠球菌110株，占分离肠球菌的53．66％。检出耐万古霉素肠球菌15株(粪肠球菌10株，屎肠球菌5株)。粪肠球菌对所选抗菌药物的敏感率一般高于屎肠球菌，对万古霉素敏感率明显高于其他抗菌药物。结论 肠球菌耐药性高，屎肠球菌较粪肠球菌更高。应重视对患者送检标本的细菌学培养、鉴定和药敏试验，根据结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

绍兴地区肺炎链球菌的血清型和耐药性

目的:调查绍兴地区流行肺炎链球菌的血清型和耐药性,对不同来源的菌株进行比较,计算PCV7的覆盖率,为临床用药提供指导。方法:收集105株不同样本来源的肺炎链球菌,使用Pneumotest-latex鉴定血清型,统计耐药性,并研究两者之间关系。结果:105株肺炎链球菌,青霉素不敏感仅1株咽拭子分离菌,红霉素、克林霉素耐药率为99.3%,未检到万古霉素、左氧氟沙星耐药株,复方SMZ、四环素、利福平、氯霉素的耐药率分别为77.9%、86.2%、5.1%、10.6%。主要检出的血清组/型为19和23,占所有菌株的47.6%(49/103),PCV疫苗覆盖率为62.1%。结论:不同样本来源的肺炎链球菌的流行血清型和耐药性差异有统计学意义,眼部分离肺炎链球菌较其他部位分离株耐药程度低,PCV7覆盖率低,需长期监测。